CN102639203A - 从含烃流体去除微细物的方法和系统 - Google Patents

从含烃流体去除微细物的方法和系统 Download PDF

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CN102639203A
CN102639203A CN2010800548942A CN201080054894A CN102639203A CN 102639203 A CN102639203 A CN 102639203A CN 2010800548942 A CN2010800548942 A CN 2010800548942A CN 201080054894 A CN201080054894 A CN 201080054894A CN 102639203 A CN102639203 A CN 102639203A
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J·W·帕藤
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract

从含烃流体去除微细物的方法可包括制备颗粒土质物料的床介质(12)。可使其中具有微细物的含烃流体经过床介质(12),其流速使得微细物部分保留在床介质(12)中,从而形成滤后的含烃流体。该流速足以维持含烃流体的润湿膜经过含烃流体接触的至少大部分颗粒土质物料。滤后的含烃流体可通过适当的出口(16)从床介质(12)收集,其具有显著减少或消除的微细物含量。

Description

从含烃流体去除微细物的方法和系统
相关申请
本申请要求2009年12月3日提交的美国临时申请号61/266,423的优先权,在此将其引入作为参考。
发明背景
许多烃回收过程在烃产物或输出流中留下残留的微细物。微细物在涉及从开采物料如油页岩、煤或焦油砂直接生产烃流体的过程中最为显著。微细物的其他来源可包括加氢处理、加氢裂化和/或其他改质处理中所用的催化剂物料。这些微细物通常对这种含有这些微细物的烃流体的未来应用是有害的。从这些流体去除微细物的一般方法可包括絮凝、沉降、过滤及类似方法。但是,从这些流体有效去除微细物仍具挑战性。例如,做出大量的努力以从页岩油和自原油精制的其他烃去除微细物,这通常利用过滤进行。在焦油砂回收操作中,生成大量腐蚀性尾料。这些尾料包括腐蚀剂,并且一些沥青和微细物悬浮在废物流中。当前,这些尾料仅能够在大沉降池中沉降。在某些情况下悬浮微细物的有效沉降可消耗数十或数百年以进行脱水。虽然为改进处理腐蚀性尾料的选择正做出一些努力,但似乎没有经济有效的选择可用。
由于这些和其他原因,仍需要能以成本有效的方式使微细物从含烃流体基本去除的方法和系统。
概述
从含烃流体去除微细物的方法可包括制备颗粒土质物料的床介质(bedmedia)。可使其中具有微细物的含烃流体经过床介质,其流速使得微细物部分保留在床介质中,从而形成滤后的含烃流体。该流速足以维持含烃流体的润湿膜经过含烃流体接触的至少大部分颗粒土质物料。滤后的含烃流体可从床介质回收。
床介质可以是生成含烃流体的含烃物料,以使含烃流体的生成与微细物的去除同时发生。可选地,在一些情况下,床介质可被配置为专用微细物去除床。
通过以这种方式处理,含烃流体的微细物含量缓慢减少。有利地,滤后的含烃流体的微细物含量可显著减少或消除。
本发明的其他特征和优势将由于下面的详述而显而易见,其举例说明了本发明的特征。
附图简述
图1是用于从含烃流体去除微细物同时生成流体的系统的横截面图。
图2是用于在流体生成后从含烃流体去除微细物的系统的横截面图。
图中所示尺寸、材料和构造仅为方便描述本发明,并不可代表准确的相对比例或考虑作为本发明部分的可选改变。一些方面可能由实际实施方式进行了放大或改变,以便清晰。
详述
本文现将参考示例性实施方式,并使用具体语言对其进行描述。但要理解的是,并不由此意为限制本发明的范围。相关领域且具有该公开内容的技术人员会想到的本文所述发明特征的改变和进一步修正以及本文所述发明原理的其他应用将被认为在本发明的范围内。进一步,在公开和描述本发明的具体实施方式前,要理解的是,本发明不限于本文公开的具体方法和材料,因为其可在一定程度上发生改变。还要理解的是,本文所用的术语仅是用于描述具体实施方式的目的,并不意为限制,因为本发明的范围将仅由所附权利要求及其等价物限定。
定义
在本发明的说明书和权利要求书中,将使用下列术语。
除非上下文明确另外指明,单数形式"一(a)"、"一(an)"和"该(the)"包括复数引用。因此,例如,"入口"包括一个或多个这种结构的引用,"颗粒"包括一个或多个这种物料的应用,"经过步骤"指一个或多个这种步骤。
如本文所用,"吸附(adsorption)"指微细物通过很大程度上由表面能差异驱动的表面相互作用对物料的附着,可包括物理吸附和化学吸附。
如本文所用,"过滤(filtration)"指通过在过滤介质中尺寸小于微细物的小孔或开口中截留而从流体去除微细物。
如本文所用,"微细物(fines)"指悬浮于流体中并具有小于约0.2mm的尺寸的固体颗粒物料。小于约0.1mm的微细物趋于在处理生成烃流体的含烃物料的过程中被释放或生成。直径小于20μm的颗粒通常大量存在。
如本文所用,"含烃物料(hydrocarbonaceous material)"指可提取或获得烃产物的任何含烃物料。例如,烃可以从该物料中直接被提取为液体、通过溶剂萃取去除、直接蒸发或以其它方式去除。但是,很多含烃物料含有干酪根、沥青或不同级别的煤,其可通过加热和热解转化为较小分子量的烃液体或气体。含烃物料可包括但不限于,油页岩、焦油砂、煤、褐煤、沥青、泥煤以及其他有机物料。
如本文所用,"贫物料(lean material)"或类似的术语指经处理,一些或全部烃已被从中去除的含烃物料,如油页岩、焦油砂及类似物。
如本文所用,"膨润土改性土壤(bentonite amended soil)"或"BAS"指任选的由粘土、水和土壤或聚集体组成的密封层。BAS一般包含按重量计约6-12%的膨润土;15-20%的水,其与土壤或聚集体混合。
如本文所用,"润湿膜(wetting film)"指经过颗粒的润湿的流体膜。润湿膜包括表面的至少部分覆盖层。覆盖层的厚度和程度是多个变量的函数,该变量包括但不限于,温度、流速、流体性质(例如,粘度)、颗粒表面性质(例如,孔隙度、表面能、粗糙度等)和界面性质(例如,界面表面能、静电相互作用等)。润湿膜还在一些相邻润湿颗粒之间生成空隙空间,虽然直接相邻的颗粒可具有共同的膜。
如本文所用,"基本上(substantial)"在用于表示物料数量或含量或其具体特征时指足以提供物料或特征想要提供的效果的量。可允许的确切的偏差程度可在一些情况下取决于具体背景。类似地,"基本上不含或类似术语指组合物中缺少确定的组分或试剂。特别是,被确定为"基本上不含"的组分是完全不存在于组合物的,或仅以小到足以对组合物结果不具有可测的影响的量被包含在内。
如本文所用,"约(about)"指所确定的具体性质一般的基于试验误差的偏差程度。术语"约"提供的范围将取决于具体背景和具体性质,并且可容易被本领域技术人员理解。术语"约"不意欲扩大或限制可被另外给予具体值的等价物的程度。进一步,除非另外表述,术语"约"将明确包括"确切地",与下文关于范围和数值数据的讨论一致。
浓度、尺寸、含量和其他数值数据可在本文中以范围形式呈现。要理解的是,这种范围形式仅以方便和简要为目的应用,并应被灵活解释为不仅包括明确描述的作为范围界限的数值,而且包括在该范围内所包含的全部单独的数值或亚范围,如同每个数值和亚范围均得到明确描述。例如,约1至约200的范围应被解释为不仅包括明确描述的界限1和约200,而且包括单独的尺寸如2、3、4和亚范围如10至50、20至100等。
如本文所用,为方便,多个项目、结构组分、组成组分和/或物料可在同一列表中呈现。但是,这些列表应被解释为如同列表中各成员均被分别确定为单独和唯一的成员。因此,这种列表的各个成员不应仅基于其呈现在共同的组中而没有相反的指示就被解释为同一列表中的任何其他成员事实上的等价物。
从含烃流体去除微细物
从含烃流体去除微细物的方法可包括制备颗粒土质物料的床介质。可使其中具有微细物的含烃流体经过床介质,其流速使得微细物部分保留在床介质中,从而形成滤后的含烃流体。该流速足以维持含烃流体润湿膜经过含烃流体接触的至少大部分颗粒土质物料。滤后的含烃流体可从床介质回收。
床介质可以是生成含烃流体的含烃物料,以使含烃流体的生成与微细物的去除同时发生。图1示例了这样的情况:其中用于从含烃流体去除微细物的系统10包括重力泄油床12。重力泄油床具有含烃物料床介质,其最初是富含烃的。该床可部分或完全封闭。在一些应用中,床介质可在大气压下和/或暴露于开放的条件。可选地,床介质可被适当的封闭隔离层14基本上完全封闭。该隔离层可以是防止流体不需要地流入或流出床介质的任何适当的隔离层。适当的隔离层的非限制性实例可包括膨润土改性土壤、混凝土、钢、复合材料或类似物。还可提供任选的另外的内层,从而形成多层系统。例如,可形成另外的颗粒层以提供绝热隔离层,其中蒸气可在外流体隔离层(例如,膨润土改性土壤)内冷却和凝结。
在维持适当的条件(即,取决于含烃物料类型)时,流过整个床介质的含烃流体生成。这些条件一般包括加热特定时间。例如,可在约200°F至约700°F的温度下加热油页岩物料。在这些温度下,油页岩中的干酪根经热解形成烃。类似的条件也可被定制,并施加于焦油砂、煤以及其他含烃物料。一般,气体和液体均在该过程中生成。但是,液体将包含不需要的微细物。通过重力泄油,液体流经颗粒床介质到达流体出口16。这种流动的性质在下文中得到更详细的描述,但要小心控制,以使润湿膜维持经过至少部分床介质。流体出口可被配置以使滤后的含烃流体得以收集,用于运输和/或进一步处理。该方法可以是生成有用的烃产物同时从烃产物取出有问题的微细物的有效方法。
可选地,在一些情况下,床介质可被配置为专用微细物去除床。这可用于例如当含烃流体的生产步骤不涉及适当的土质物料,和/或当其他处理考虑因素妨碍形成润湿膜所需的条件时。在这些情况下,在含烃流体由相应含烃物料生成后,含烃流体被引入床介质。图2示例了专用微细物去除系统20。含烃流体来源22可提供含烃流体,该含烃流体经过床介质24。流体输入口26可被配置以使含烃流体从来源被引入床介质。虽然不要求,但入口还可包括扩散器28或其他类似机构,从而分配含烃流体经过床介质。这种扩散器可通过减少床介质的沟道和未使用部分有助于增加流体接触表面积。在图2中,出口30可用于从床介质排出流体。任选地,系统可包括隔离层32,其包括倾斜的底部以便于收集流体。
床介质可以是吸附结合来自含烃流体的微细物的任何颗粒土质物料。床介质的具体选择可取决于含烃流体的性质和相关的处理条件。但是,适当的颗粒土质物料的非限制性实例可包括油页岩、焦油砂、煤、土壤和这些物料的组合。一方面,颗粒土质物料可以是油页岩。贫乏的(例如,枯竭的)或未枯竭的物料均可以是适合的。虽然不总要求,但含烃流体可在颗粒土质物料与含烃物料是相同物料类型的情况下由含烃物料生成。例如,可使页岩油经过油页岩,或使焦油砂油经过焦油砂。
颗粒土质物料可具有有效提供含烃流体可流经的表面积的平均尺寸。虽然其他尺寸可适合,但一般地物料具有约0.06mm至约1m的平均尺寸。一方面,平均尺寸为约2cm至约1m(例如,油页岩或煤)。另一方面,平均尺寸为约0.06mm至约5mm(例如,焦油砂)。
含烃流体可以是任何其中含有不需要的微细物的烃流体。含烃流体的非限制性实例包括页岩油、焦油砂尾料、煤液化产物及其组合。页岩油可利用适当的技术生成,包括但不限于,封闭体内(In Capsule)(美国申请号12/028,569,在此将其引入作为参考)、表面干馏、原位或类似技术。焦油砂尾料最常见的是可以由公知的腐蚀性热水法形成。煤液化产物可用各种方法获得,包括但不限于,溶剂萃取、碳化、氢化及类似方法。这些液化产物其中很多包括转化过程中自源煤释放的大量二氧化硅微细物。因此,含烃流体来源可以是油页岩系统、焦油砂系统(或焦油砂尾料池)、煤液化系统或在烃产物流或其他副产物流中留下微细物的任何其他产烃系统。
在含烃流体流经介质床时,保持流速以维持含烃流体润湿膜经过颗粒土质物料。这可通过调整各种变量进行控制,该变量例如,土质物料颗粒尺寸、排出流速等。在同时进行生产和去除微细物的情况下,可调整加热速率、压强和热通量。类似地,在专用去除床的情况下,可改变流体入口流速、床颗粒尺寸和床温度。无论如何,润湿膜可覆盖至少部分颗粒土质物料。虽然一般需要利用尽可能大表面积的效力,但可利用小于整个介质床的表面积。一般,含烃流体接触的至少大部分颗粒土质物料可被润湿膜覆盖。
虽然膜厚度可随位置和具体条件而改变,但膜厚度和沿膜流速可足以使微细物传质至颗粒土质物料的表面。微细物扩散迁移经过膜到达表面。通常,微细物由于静电相互作用被吸附至表面,虽然其他力量也可有助于吸附。可维持颗粒土质物料中的状态,以使润湿膜厚度不超过平衡膜厚度。平衡膜厚度相应于不添加另外的油并且膜处于稳定状态——即,不减少——时存在的膜厚度。整个颗粒土质物料一般存在不一致的状态。但是,一方面,平衡膜厚度不超过按体积计土质物料的至少10%。在一些情况下,平衡膜厚度不超过按体积计土质物料的至少30%。润湿膜可一般具有小于约1mm的厚度,通常小于约0.5mm。但是,要理解的是,这些厚度可以是粘度和其他变量的函数。进一步,该方法可相对缓慢,从而允许与大量流体高表面积接触。一方面,流速足以提供含烃流体约2天至约4个月的停留时间。该系统可采用一次通过流体流动,或流体可重复循环通过床以增加微细物去除。一般说来,不超过平衡膜厚度的维持条件可包括受控缓慢初始加热土质物料。由此,长期加热时间可在数周至数月的范围内。加热可利用任何适当的加热源提供。一般,热源可与土质物料的床介质热连接。适当的加热源的非限制性实例可包括燃烧器、嵌入床介质的加热管道、对流加热气源、电阻加热器、这些来源的组合及类似加热源。
床介质可具有任何能使流体接触和流过颗粒土质物料的形状。内部挡板(折流板,baffles)或其他装置可用于引导流体流动和增加与颗粒土质物料的表面积接触。尽管可以使用几乎任何深度,但床介质通常具有约1米至约40米的垂直深度。此外,床介质在使含烃流体经过床介质的过程中可基本上固定。虽然可使用添加剂,但一方面,床介质可基本上不含合成物料。通过维持润湿膜,微细物部分保留在床介质中主要是通过吸附而非过滤。
含烃流体的微细物含量最终缓慢减少。除其他因素外,去除程度是膜厚度和停留时间的函数。有利地,滤后的含烃流体可具有显著减少的微细物含量。在一些方面,滤后的含烃流体可基本上不含微细物。
要理解的是,上述安排示例了本发明原理的应用。因此,虽然上文已联合本发明的示例性实施方式对本发明进行描述,但对于本领域普通技术人员将显而易见的是,可进行多种改变和可选安排而没有背离权利要求所提出的本发明的原理和概念。

Claims (26)

1.从含烃流体去除微细物的方法,包括:
a.制备颗粒土质物料的床介质;
b.使其中具有微细物的所述含烃流体经过所述床介质,其流速使得所述微细物部分保留在所述床介质中,从而形成滤后的含烃流体,所述流速足以维持所述含烃流体的润湿膜经过所述含烃流体接触的至少大部分所述颗粒土质物料;和
c.从所述床介质回收所述滤后的含烃流体。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述床介质也是生成所述含烃流体的含烃物料,使得含烃流体的生成和微细物的去除同时发生。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述使所述含烃流体经过包括在所述含烃流体由含烃物料生成后将所述含烃流体引入所述床介质。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述含烃流体由含烃物料生成,并且所述颗粒土质物料与所述含烃物料是相同的物料类型。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述颗粒土质物料选自油页岩、焦油砂、煤及其组合。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述颗粒土质物料是油页岩。
7.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述颗粒土质物料具有约0.06mm至约1m的平均尺寸。
8.权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述平均尺寸为约2cm至约1m。
9.权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述平均尺寸为约0.06mm至约5mm。
10.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述含烃流体选自页岩油、焦油砂尾料、煤液化产物及其组合。
11.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述润湿膜具有小于约1mm的厚度。
12.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流速足以提供含烃流体约2天至约4个月的停留时间。
13.权利要求1所述的方法,其中至少部分所述润湿膜具有不超过平衡膜厚度的厚度。
14.权利要求13所述的方法,其中该部分所述润湿膜是按体积计所述颗粒土质物料的至少10%。
15.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在使所述含烃流体经过所述床介质的过程中,所述床介质基本上是固定的。
16.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微细物部分保留在所述床介质中主要是通过吸附而非过滤。
17.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述滤后的含烃流体基本上不含微细物。
18.从含烃流体去除微细物的系统,包括:
a.重力过滤床,包含土质物料的床介质;
b.热源,与所述床介质热连接;
c.含烃流体来源;
d.流体输入口,被配置以使所述含烃流体从所述来源引入所述床介质;和
e.流体出口,被配置以使滤后的含烃流体得以收集。
19.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述含烃流体由含烃物料生成,并且所述土质物料与含烃物料是相同的物料类型。
20.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述土质物料选自油页岩、焦油砂、煤及其组合。
21.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述土质物料是油页岩。
22.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述含烃流体选自页岩油、焦油砂尾料、煤液化产物及其组合。
23.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述含烃流体来源是油页岩系统、焦油砂系统、焦油砂尾料池或煤液化系统。
24.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述床介质具有约3米至约40米的垂直深度。
25.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述床介质基本上不含合成物料。
26.权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述热源被配置以维持所述含烃流体的膜厚度,所述含烃流体经过按体积计所述含烃流体接触的所述颗粒土质物料的至少10%,其中所述膜厚度不超过平衡膜厚度。
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