CN102595923B - 乳清蛋白浓缩物及其制备与用途 - Google Patents
乳清蛋白浓缩物及其制备与用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102595923B CN102595923B CN201080046079.1A CN201080046079A CN102595923B CN 102595923 B CN102595923 B CN 102595923B CN 201080046079 A CN201080046079 A CN 201080046079A CN 102595923 B CN102595923 B CN 102595923B
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- Prior art keywords
- whey protein
- whey
- value
- protein concentrate
- wpc
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
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- A23C9/142—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration
- A23C9/1425—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration by ultrafiltration, microfiltration or diafiltration of whey, e.g. treatment of the UF permeate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/20—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey
- A23J1/205—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey from whey, e.g. lactalbumine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
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- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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- G—PHYSICS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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Abstract
本发明涉及用乳清制备乳清蛋白浓缩物(WPC)的方法,所述方法包括(a)提供酸化乳清;(b)在使用一种或多种碳酸盐提高所述酸化乳清的pH值之前和/或之后进行超滤;和(c)使所述超滤的含有碳酸盐的乳清进行喷雾干燥。提供了具有改善的功能特性,特别是增加的凝胶强度和减少的盐敏感度(即,意味着WPC的功能特性较少程度地受盐影响)的WPC。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及具有改善的功能特性的干燥乳清蛋白浓缩物(WPC),制备所述WPC的方法以及所述WPC在制造多种食品中的用途,例如在鱼类、肉类和面包店应用中作为蛋清代用品。
发明背景
WO93/20713(通过引用将其内容并入本文)公开了用酸乳清或甜乳清制造乳清蛋白浓缩物的方法,所述方法包括将乳清的pH值降低到2.5-3.5的pH值范围,然后超滤,并任选地渗滤以进一步去除乳糖。在超滤或渗滤之后,将滞留物的pH值提高到6.0-7.0的pH值范围,然后喷雾干燥。在喷雾干燥前用氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾或氢氧化钙进行pH值调节。或者,可以在超滤前进行pH值调节,在这种情况下乳清产物仍保留所需的凝胶化特性,但由于添加的碱性矿物质随后在超滤/渗滤期间部分去除而具有额外优势,即矿物质含量降低。据报道,该方法导致具有按重量计80-90%的蛋白含量的具有改善的功能特性的WPC的产生。根据本概念或类似概念,乳清蛋白浓缩物以WPC80销售。US 4,362,761有类似的教导。
GB 1,313,085和EP 22.696公开了利用超滤用乳清获得蛋白浓缩物的方法。将乳清调节到低于等电点的pH值,然后使之进行超滤,加热以确保超滤之前和/或之后的微生物破坏,然后获得产品,如果需要的话中和并任选地干燥。GB 1,313,085干物质含量为约30%的浓缩物被喷雾干燥。EP 76685中没有进行中和步骤。
然而,领域内仍然存在进一步改善WPC功能性的需要,特别是关于凝胶强度和相关性质。尽管WO 93/20713声称提供涉及将pH值调节为pH 6.0-7.5的方法,但是优选和公开的实施方案的条件为低于pH 7。原因在于这样的事实:7或更高的pH值水平导致乳清蛋白在浓缩步骤和(喷雾)干燥所涉及的热处理期间过早凝胶化,或至少导致粘度增加。显然,这种过早的凝胶化会导致最终的喷雾干燥步骤之前生产线的非预期阻塞。pH 7时的凝胶化效应在Boye et al.“Factors affecting molecularcharacteristics of whey protein gelation(影响乳清蛋白凝胶化的分子特性的因子)”Int.Dairy Journal 5(1995)337-353中被提出。现有技术未提供阻遏生产时这种过早的凝胶化行为的手段。WPC制备领域之外,XP002558495教导了UF-WPC作为蛋白霜酥皮饼中蛋清代用品的用途,其在制备后用碳酸盐调节到pH 9.5。制备后的pH调节与生产过程中凝胶化问题几乎没有共同点。
发明概述
本发明的目的在于,提供具有改善的功能特性,特别是增加的凝胶强度和减少的盐敏感度(即,意味着WPC的功能特性较少程度地受盐影响)的WPC。另一目的在于,为制备这种具有改善的功能特性的的WPC提供工业可用的生产方法,所述方法不受任何过早的凝胶化妨碍。
本发明人已经发现通过在喷雾干燥之前用碳酸盐进行上述pH调节,修改传统的基于超滤(UF)的生产方法(例如WO93/20713所公开的),可以实现上述目标。依照灰分,该产物相与其基于碱的对应物相比实质上保持不变,但发现至少部分的碳酸盐在随后的喷雾干燥中蒸发为CO2,从而将pH值提高至优选地至少6.6、更优选地6.8、甚至更优选地7或更高、最优选地至少pH 7.5的pH值水平。将预期的pH值改变推迟到实际的喷雾干燥的好处是,之前的生产步骤不被过早的凝胶化和与之关联的生产线阻塞阻碍。另一好处是,由于滞留物最终在十分低的pH值下干燥,其可以经受更严格的热条件以确保微生物破坏。
此外,已经发现,本发明的优选实施方案的方式或方法产生pH值相对于常规WPC80提高的WPC粉末,即具有至少6.6的pH值、优选至少6.8、更优选7.0或更高、优选至少7.5,其具有可通常用于所有种类的食物应用中的增加的凝胶强度,例如在肉类、甜食、(发酵)乳制品和面包房应用中用于封装配料和/或达到饱腹感等。
本发明的(喷雾干燥的)WPC的生产历史根据其(残留的)碳酸盐含量识别。在一方面,本发明人提供了使用乳铁蛋白(LF)、优选地使用牛LF作为指示剂的改进的碳酸盐检测方法。该方法使得可能检测CO2水平及其变化,其相对于本领域内现有的CO2检测方法具有改进的分辨率。该方法可以应用于所有种类的应用,以及食品领域之外需要CO2检测的地方。在本文语境中,发现评定超滤和喷雾干燥的WPC的制备是否涉及上文所述的碳酸盐途径是十分有用的。优选地,至少pH值提高的主要部分,优选地pH值提高的全部是通过使用碳酸盐实现的。换而言之,特别优选地,碳酸盐是在获得粉末的过程中添加到酸化乳清中的唯一的碱。
在食品应用中联合使用WPC粉末和碳酸盐的食品应用是已知的,其中之一是蛋糕烘焙,其包括添加苏打,用于定型。然而,注意到迄今为止在这类过程中,例如US4,421,777所述的,WPC仍然是通过常规的基于碱的生产方法而制备的WPC。后来向WPC粉末添加碳酸氢盐并不改变WPC的功能特性,因为WPC的功能特性在粉末本身的实际制备时已经固定。在(喷雾)干燥之前的制造过程中包含碳酸盐使得因此形成的WPC相对于WPC粉末与碳酸盐联合(“干混合”)的情况明显有区别。在后一种情况,观察到碳酸盐晶体。
发明详述
在第一个方面,本发明涉及用乳清制造具有改善的功能特性的WPC的方法,优选地获得具有基于其干重至少70wt%、优选地80-90wt%的(乳清)蛋白含量的WPC,所述方法包括提供酸化乳清,在使用一种或多种碳酸盐提高所述酸化乳清的pH值之前和/或之后进行超滤,和使所述超滤的含有碳酸盐的乳清进行喷雾干燥以获得乳清蛋白浓缩物(粉末)。换而言之,本发明涉及制造WPC的方法,其中提供酸化乳清并使其进行超滤和喷雾干燥,并且其中在喷雾干燥之前,即超滤之前和/或之后,使用碳酸盐提高所述乳清的pH值。因此,超滤可以在低pH值时或在pH值提高到更中性的pH值后进行。
在超滤之后但在喷雾干燥之前,滞留物可以任选地或必须进行渗滤以进一步去除乳糖和矿物质。
超滤并任选地渗滤后的滞留物优选地具有基于干固体重量至少60wt%的蛋白浓度,更优选地至少70、80、90并最优选地至少95%。滞留物总干固体水平优选地为滞留物总重量的15-35wt%,更优选地20-30wt%。
在本发明的语境中,应当注意并非将术语“酸化乳清”视为限于在领域内通常用于区分由酸性酪蛋白生产过程中获得的乳清与甜乳清(即,在分离凝乳之后奶酪和酶凝酪蛋白制造的正常副产物)的术语“酸乳清”。简而言之,酸乳清是从乳的酸性凝固中获得,而甜乳清来源于乳的蛋白(酪蛋白)的酶凝固。在此,甜乳清或酸乳清都可用作起始材料,尽管酸乳清是优选的。酸乳清pH值为约4-5,而甜乳清pH值为约5.8-6.8。在此,术语“酸化乳清”解释为意指酸化至低于6.0、优选地2.5-5.7、更优选地2.5-5.0、最优选地3.0-4.6的pH值的乳清。使用一种或多种食品级的酸,例如盐酸、硫酸或柠檬酸,实现pH值降低。
在一个实施方案中,由经受pH值降低的甜乳清提供酸化乳清。然而,在优选实施方案中,乳清的来源是乳,其中酪蛋白通过酸化凝固去除。因此,在本实施方案中,酸化乳清是酸乳清。与甜乳清生产相反,酸乳清制造已经包括pH值降低步骤。然而,如果从酸性酪蛋白生产中获得的酸乳清开始,可能需要进一步调节pH值。
喷雾干燥之后,超滤居前和/或居后的pH值提高优选地导致酸化乳清提高到至少6.6、更优选至少6.8、甚至更优选7.0或更高、优选至少7.4的pH值。优选地提高pH值使得终点pH值低于8.5,优选地低于8.0。在更高的pH值水平,乳清蛋白降解和美拉德反应发挥作用。而且,高pH值限制产品的货架期和口感。
认为本领域技术人员可以确定在喷雾干燥时实现特定的pH值转换所需的pH值调节。然而,根据上述优选的终点pH值范围,在喷雾干燥之前的所需pH值优选地通过以下线性关系计算:pH喷雾干燥后=2.21*pH喷雾干燥前-6.8。该关系是根据约25wt%的WPC浓度确定的,但可以根据不同的条件容易地确定。更优选地,使用碳酸盐将喷雾干燥之前的pH值调节为至少pH 6.3。特别优选地,在喷雾干燥之前添加碳酸盐到pH 6.4-7.0。发现在干燥期间优选地70-80%的最初添加的碳酸钠丢失。
重要的是pH值提高是使用一种或多种碳酸盐带来的,优选地钠、钾盐、铵和/或钙的碳酸盐和/或碳酸氢盐。如上文所释,在蒸发步骤中,超滤后的乳清中存在的部分碳酸盐以CO2的形式释放,CO2进而导致所需的pH值提高。在一个实施方案中,至少60wt%、优选地至少70wt%、更优选地至少80%、甚至更优选地至少90%、特别地所有添加的碱性材料是碳酸盐。剩余物可能是由碱金属盐形成的。在一个实施方案中,初始pH值提高是利用例如碱金属盐,优选氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾实现的,然后添加碳酸盐以实现最终争取的pH值水平。通过这种方法,可以减少最初的CO2气泡形成的任何不良影响。
超滤是根据领域内已知的传统方法,优选地利用1,000-50,000D截留分子量(MWCO)的膜进行。在本发明特别优选的实施方案中,所述膜具有低于10,000D的MWCO。可以在超滤后进行渗滤以去除乳糖和矿物质。
如果需要获得低脂肪的WPC或脱脂WPC,酸化乳清可以进行微孔过滤。优选地,微孔过滤是利用孔隙率为0.05-10微米的微孔过滤膜进行的。
如果上文不够清晰,重复地说,本发明不是基于修改那些常规用于本领域内以获得现有的WPC的超滤、微孔过滤、渗滤和喷雾干燥技术。对其进行的不偏离本发明范围的修改或改变被认为在本领域技术人员知识的范畴内。
游离(离子)钙可能对凝胶化特性有负面影响。在实施方案中,可以通过向酸化乳清或滞留物中添加钙结合剂来进一步改善WPC的功能性(凝胶化特性),所述钙结合剂例如柠檬酸盐或其他二价或三价有机羧酸、磷酸盐、酪蛋白磷酸化多肽(CPP)、EDTA等。优选地,钙结合剂是柠檬酸盐或柠檬酸。可以在超滤或渗滤之前或之后添加钙结合剂,在任何情况下优选地在喷雾干燥步骤之前。优选地,钙结合剂与碳酸盐同时添加;这样,相对于在方法的多个阶段添加碳酸盐和钙结合剂,pH值变化是有限的。
在一个实施方案中,在碳酸盐之前添加钙结合剂。这提供了能向滞留物添加更多碳酸盐的好处,在喷雾干燥时产生更高的pH值提高。
优选地,钙结合剂以这样的量添加:干WPC中游离钙水平低于基于约1000ppm,优选地低于约800ppm。在另一实施方案中,钙结合剂可以以总现存钙量基于摩尔/摩尔的80-120%的量添加。
如前所述,在一个实施方案中,pH值上调可以在超滤或超滤与渗滤之前或之后进行。在一个实施方案中,pH值上调优选地在超滤之前或超滤与渗滤之前进行,由于添加的钠、钾和/或钙在随后的超滤期间或超滤与渗滤期间部分去除,从而产生降低的矿物质含量的额外优点。
在另一实施方案中,向上的pH值调节在超滤或超滤与渗滤之后进行。这样具有进行更有效的UF/DF方法的优点。
在另一实施方案中,可以在添加钙结合剂和碳酸盐之前使用碱性试剂,例如碱或碱性盐,进行UF/DF滞留物的pH值上调的一部分,优选地调至5.8-6.2。在之后进行随后的pH值调节。
应当意识到,浓缩物的干燥可以通过除了喷雾干燥之外的任何合适的手段进行。喷雾干燥方法中喷雾干燥器的温度设定优选地调节为对WPC没有热损伤,优选地将喷雾干燥器的入口气温维持在小于180℃,更优选地,喷雾干燥器的入口气温为160℃或更低,更优选地150℃或更低或甚至140℃或更低。温度下限可以由操作喷雾干燥器的领域技术人员容易地评估。喷雾干燥器的出口气温优选地低于110℃,更优选地低于100℃,最优选地低于90℃。
在另一方面,本发明涉及具有改善的功能特性的乳清蛋白浓缩物,优选地以粉末的形式。当溶解于水中时,例如,以25wt%,本发明的WPC的pH值大于等于6.6、优选地至少6.8、最优选地至少7.0、优选地大于7.4。因如上所述的理由,优选地最大pH值小于8.5,或甚至小于8.0。优选地,根据Na2CO3当量对WPC总物质含量的贡献计算,WPC中碳酸盐含量为优选0.5-1.7wt%、更优选地0.7-1.4%。其包括CO2。
基于干物质,WPC的(乳清)蛋白含量优选地大于70wt%、更优选80-90wt%。其优选地表现出随盐的水平增加而维持或甚至增加的凝胶强度,例如在凝胶测试溶液中0-2%的NaCl。根据一方面,提供了根据凝胶强度具有大于6000克、优选地大于6500克的凝胶强度的乳清蛋白浓缩物。这些结果是通过使用Texture Analyser[TA-XT2i,Stable Micro Systems]在压缩速率=0.30mm/s,距离8.0mm,T=25℃下测量最大压缩力获得的。为了比较,这些数字是从包含15%WPC固体和2wt%NaCl的水性组合物获得的,所述WPC已在75℃维持1小时。
应理解,粉末优选地包含少于10%、更优选地少于5%的水。优选地是自由流动性粉末。
优选地WPC获自酸化乳清。与此相应的优选的钙含量,基于WPC物质含量,优选地低于2500ppm、优选地低于2300ppm、更优选地低于2000ppm。钙可能影响凝胶化特性。WPC的功能性(凝胶化特性)可以通过包含诸如柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、CPP等来进一步改善。合适的量(wt/%)包括0.2-2.0%、优选地0.3-1.5%、更优选地0.4-1.2%。如上文所讨论的,这样会降低对WPC的凝胶化行为有不良影响的游离离子钙的水平。
在优选实施方案中,WPC粉末中Na/Ca的比率(wt/wt)可以为至少6.5至高达14.0,因为已经发现在这些范围中获得非常高的凝胶强度。
本发明还涉及本发明的实施方案的WPC在食品应用(制造)中的用途,特别是在面包店、甜食、(发酵)乳制品、营养应用(饱腹感)、功能食品和封装方法(作为封装剂封装例如鱼油)。本发明的高凝胶化WPC在鱼类和肉类产品中有特别的应用,例如熟肉、汉堡包、肝酱和香肠;以及日式鱼产品,例如鱼糜、鱼板、竹鱼烧、鱼糕。此外,本发明的WPC可以合适地用作蛋清代用品。在一方面,本发明涉及用于通过给予本发明的WPC而处理饱腹感的方法。
在另一方面,本发明涉及碳酸盐检测方法,其利用乳铁传递蛋白的铁稳定性与吸收之间的关系。尽管本发明人不希望被任何理论限制,他们相信该方法的成功与这样的事实有关:碳酸盐促进LF结合位点处的铁结合。由于铁与LF的结合伴随着465nm及周围处吸收成比例地增加,可以根据校准曲线计算碳酸盐水平。校准和实际测量都在缓冲液条件下进行以排除其他蛋白的影响,优选地使用磷酸钾缓冲液。在一个实施方案中,本发明涉及确定组合物中碳酸盐量的方法,其通过(i)将组合物的样品与预定量的铁稳定的乳铁传递蛋白在水性条件下接触,一旦在固定波长处的吸收水平稳定,优选地在10分钟以内,确定在所述波长处的吸收,(ii)将所述吸收水平与数据库/校准曲线比较,和(iii)从中计算碳酸盐的量。该方法在实施例4中有概述。发现合适的波长为450-480nm,更优选地455-475nm。
实施例
实施例1a-不添加钙结合剂(柠檬酸)的WPC的制备
使从酪蛋白盐生产过程中获得的酸乳清进行超滤和渗滤。使用10kDa PES膜(HFK-131,Koch,USA)进行超滤。按浓缩系数为20-25、渗滤程度为约30%,进行超滤,导致酸乳清滞留物产品,其干固体含量为约27%,蛋白/总固体为约80%,pH值为4.4-4.6,温度为约8℃。然后,向每1 kg含26.7%干固体的WPC添加约100mmol Na2CO3(基于干重,3.97%的Na2CO3),然后将pH值调节到pH 6.51。然后使水性组合物进行喷雾干燥(入口温度145℃,出口温度99℃)以获得粉末形式。喷雾干燥后的终点pH值(对于25%的WPC溶液)为pH 7.72,对应于残留1.0%的Na2CO3。其包含最少量的水,约5%。蛋白含量为高于75%(约80%),在550℃用NEN6810测量的灰分量为约4.9%。
实施例1b-添加钙结合剂(柠檬酸)的WPC的制备
重复实施例1a,除了在超滤后,添加约100mmol的柠檬酸1.0M水性溶液。然后,向每1kg含26.7%干固体的WPC添加约94.5mmol Na2CO3,然后将pH值调节到pH 6.35。喷雾干燥条件与实施例1a中的条件相同。喷雾干燥后的终点pH值(对于25%的WPC溶液)为pH 7.30。粉末包含最少量的水,约5%。蛋白含量为高于75%(约80%),在550℃用NEN 6810测量的灰分量为约5.71%。
实施例1c-凝胶化特性
在137ml的塑料杯(杯尺寸:5cm直径,高7cm,液高5cm)中制备15%w/w WPC水性溶液(98ml),存在或不存在NaCl,并伴有或不伴有pH值调节。于75℃下使该溶液进行1小时的加热,随后冷却并在4℃过夜储存。
在用Texture Analyser[TA-XT2i,Stable Micro Systems]测量之前,允许样品回暖至室温。进行确定凝胶强度(以克计)的压缩测试。探测器尺寸为45×40mm,探测器高度为160mm。在该测试中测量了最大压缩力(压缩速率=0.30mm/s,距离8.0mm,T=25℃)。对于实施例1a和1b的WPC的结果(按凝胶强度计算)在表1中显示,并与获自从DMV International商购的名称为“TextrionTM PROGEL 800”的WPC80的结果比较。使用1MNaOH进行pH值调节。
表1-凝胶化特性
*II栏和III栏中的结果是获自TextrionTM PROGEL 800的不同批次。观察到相同的趋势。
结论是本发明的实施方案的WPC的使用,导致随盐的添加凝胶强度增加,而由未改良的WPC观察到凝胶强度的显著下降。在增加的盐强度下的特性在肉类应用中是特别重要的,其中盐模拟肉类条件。
实施例2-应用
在无蛋海绵蛋糕配方中测试了获自实施例1a的WPC,并与用WPC80(从FrieslandCampina DMV商购的Textrion PROGEL简称为TP800)获得的海绵蛋糕和基于蛋的海绵蛋糕(传统配方)进行比较。为了方面,在表2中包含了配方。
然后,因此分析获得的海绵蛋糕的组织性状,结果总结于表3a和3b。使用实施例1的WPC获得的海绵蛋糕表现出比正常WPC更好的成绩,更类同于传统海绵蛋糕。这归功于它更好的凝胶化特性。
实施例3-香肠的制备方法:
根据以下配方制备猪肉香肠:
*聚磷酸钠20.0%,焦磷酸(酐)钠20.0%,焦磷酸钠10.0%,1-抗坏血酸5.0%,亚硝酸钠1.2%
使用安装有5mm切板的绞肉机(领域内称为“Wolf”,例如K+G WetterWolf,可获自&Co.,The Netherlands)粉碎猪肉并分成5kg的份。将其余的成分溶解于水中。将猪肉与水在Hobart搅拌器(速度1)中搅拌2分钟,然后以速度2搅拌10秒。然后将猪肉团灌装到常规香肠肠衣(直径4cm)中。然后将肠衣在75℃的热水中加热1小时。然后将肠衣冷却,并在24小时的间歇时间后切成5cm的段,并将段置于塑料杯中(如同实施例1)。
使用实施例1中的方法测量段的凝胶强度,结果在表4中示意。结果表明,凝胶化特性相对于由常规WPC获得的凝胶化特性显著改善(20%)。
表2-海绵蛋糕配方
*BV 46是从FrieslandCampina Kievit获得的糊状物稳定剂(batter stabilizer)。
表3a-海绵蛋糕特性
蛋糕描述 | TP800 | WPC(实施例1) | 标准海绵配方 |
反应时间(分钟:秒)* | 4∶15 | 3∶45 | 3 |
膨胀度(overrun)(%) | 256 | 245 | 240 |
穿透(mm) | 6.1 | 6.6 | 11 |
备注: | 焦糖色 | 微黄色 | 黄色 |
*反应时间:达到最大膨胀所需时间
表3b-海绵蛋糕特性
蛋糕描述 | TP800 | WPC(实施例1) | 标准海绵配方 |
体积(L) | 2.26 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
Texture Analyzer:坚实度,力1(克) | 459.1 | 411.8 | 254.4 |
Texture Analyzer:坚实度,力2(克) | 445,5 | 404.2 | 238.4 |
Texture Analyzer:弹性 | 95.4 | 93.85 | 96.0 |
高度(mm) | 47 | 53 | 59 |
蛋糕重量(g) | 458 | 461 | 504 |
蛋糕密度(重量/体积) | 202.7 | 171.4 | 165.3 |
表4-凝胶强度
样品 | 凝胶强度(g)* |
参照(无WPC) | 1618 |
WPC实施例1b | 4286 |
Textrion 800 | 3575 |
*请注意,凝胶强度是基于6.2%的WPC固体,不能与用15%WPC固体测量的凝胶强度进行比较。
实施例4-碳酸盐检测方法
将商购可获得的乳铁传递蛋白(LF)粉末(获自DMV-international,Veghel)溶解于50mM磷酸钾,150mM NaCl,pH 9.5)中以达到4%(w/w)的浓度。用2N NaOH将pH值调节到9.5。
单独将WPC样品溶解于50mM磷酸钾缓冲液,150mM NaCl,pH9.5中至25%(w/w)。随后,用1N HCl将溶液的pH值调节到7.0-7.2,并将溶液在密封瓶中于90℃热处理30分钟。将获得的凝胶碾碎并分散在(与凝胶)等量的50mM磷酸钾缓冲液,150mM NaCl,pH9.5中,并将混合物在密封瓶中于90℃热处理30分钟。然后以10000rpm(约5600g)离心15分钟,导致凝胶与上清液分离。
将上清液添加到含有LF的溶液中,达到2%LF,35mM磷酸缓冲液,150mM NaCl和pH 9.5。通过将铁结合曲线与预定的标准曲线比较,可以容易地计算碳酸盐浓度。此外,将3.4ml样品转移到含有100μl 33.3mMFeCl3的4ml的1cm比色皿中,在t=0和3分钟后观察465nm处的消光。在这3分钟内,465nm处的吸光度的增加被表达为ΔA465nm=A465nm(t=3)-A465nm(t=0)。
独立地,从一系列的点获得校准曲线:将不同量的1MNa2CO3(0、15、30、45、60、75、90μl)添加到30克2%LF溶液,50mM磷酸钾缓冲液,150mM NaCl,pH 9.5中。混合后,用1N HCl将pH值调节到9.5。同样,获得这些样品的吸收曲线。根据该曲线,可以将获得的WPC样品的吸收水平重新计算为相应的Na2CO3浓度。
通过在喷雾干燥前向WPC添加不同量的碳酸钠,并在喷雾干燥之前和之后测量pH值,从而测试该方法的准确性。第二条符合实施例1。为排除WPC的任何影响,使用不同的WPC重复测量。根据pH值,理论上计算碳酸盐的量并与上述检测方法测量的真实水平比较。将结果总结于表5。
表5:pH值与Na2CO3水平的关系
表5表明碳酸盐即使以非常小的量存在,也可以确定碳酸盐的量而伴有可接受的标准偏差。
Claims (17)
1.用乳清制造乳清蛋白浓缩物的方法,所述方法包括:
a.提供酸化乳清;
b.在使用一种或多种碳酸盐将所述酸化乳清的pH值提高到至少6.3之前和/或之后,进行超滤,和
c.使超滤后的含有碳酸盐的乳清进行喷雾干燥,以便其pH值低于8.5。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在步骤b)中所述pH值被提高到6.4-7.0。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中喷雾干燥后的pH值高于7.0。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中使在超滤后获得的滞留物进行渗滤。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中使在超滤后获得的滞留物进行渗滤。
6.乳清蛋白浓缩物,基于干物质,其乳清蛋白含量为至少70%,其pH值为至少6.6,且根据Na2CO3当量对总重量的贡献计算,其碳酸盐含量为0.7-1.4%。
7.如权利要求6所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,其中所述乳清蛋白浓缩物的pH值为至少7.0。
8.如权利要求6所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,其是粉末。
9.如权利要求7或8所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,其pH值小于8.5。
10.如权利要求6-8中任一项所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,其是凝胶强度为至少6000克的凝胶,所述凝胶强度是利用Texture Analyser在压缩速度=0.30mm/s,距离8.0mm,T=25℃下,对于处于75℃1小时后的含有15%乳清蛋白浓缩物固体和2wt%NaCl的水性组合物测量最大压缩力得到的。
11.如权利要求9所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,其是凝胶强度为至少6000克的凝胶,所述凝胶强度是利用Texture Analyser在压缩速度=0.30mm/s,距离8.0mm,T=25℃下,对于处于75℃1小时后的含有15%乳清蛋白浓缩物固体和2wt%NaCl的水性组合物测量最大压缩力得到的。
12.如权利要求6-8中任一项所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,基于干重,其钙含量少于2500ppm。
13.如权利要求9所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物,基于干重,其钙含量少于2500ppm。
14.权利要求6-13中任一项所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物或由权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法获得的乳清蛋白浓缩物在食品应用中的用途。
15.如权利要求14所述的用途,其中所述食品应用包括面包店产品、甜食、发酵乳制品、鱼类和/或肉类应用。
16.如权利要求15所述的用途,其中所述肉类应用是熟肉、汉堡包、肝酱或香肠;所述鱼类应用为日式鱼产品。
17.权利要求6-13中任一项所述的乳清蛋白浓缩物或由权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法获得的乳清蛋白浓缩物在用于引起饱腹感或用作蛋清代用品或用作封装剂中的用途。
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CN104304642B (zh) * | 2014-10-09 | 2017-06-06 | 光明乳业股份有限公司 | 一种浓缩型乳清蛋白wpc80及其制备方法 |
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CN102595923A (zh) | 2012-07-18 |
AU2015205932A1 (en) | 2015-08-20 |
AU2010307432A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
NZ599299A (en) | 2014-04-30 |
US20160002288A1 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
WO2011046431A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
EP2488046A1 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
US20120263852A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
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