CN102557348B - Soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device - Google Patents
Soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102557348B CN102557348B CN2012100047282A CN201210004728A CN102557348B CN 102557348 B CN102557348 B CN 102557348B CN 2012100047282 A CN2012100047282 A CN 2012100047282A CN 201210004728 A CN201210004728 A CN 201210004728A CN 102557348 B CN102557348 B CN 102557348B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- soil
- artificial swamp
- soil remediation
- sewage purification
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Abstract
The invention relates to a soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device. In the device, constructed wetland is surface flow constructed wetland and sequentially comprises a surface soil layer, a deep treatment layer, a draining layer, a filter layer and a water guide layer from top to bottom, wherein the surface soil layer is composite soil formed by mixing soil infected by heavy metal, a zeolite molecular sieve and bentonite; the deep treatment layer is iron carbon filler; the draining layer is gravel; the filter layer is non-woven fabric; upper and lower layers of gravel fillers are paved on the water guide layer and the middle part of the water guide layer is separated by the non-woven fabric; an alkaline injection device is arranged at the water inlet end of the constructed wetland and used for controlling the pH value of the constructed wetland and preventing the heavy metal in the constructed wetland from being separated out; an aeration disc is arranged at the bottom of an integrated ecological pool; a water distributor is arranged above the aeration disc; flowing fillers are filled in the integrated ecological pool; an artificial ecological floating bed is floated on the surface of the pool; and a water outlet of the constructed wetland is connected with the integrated ecological pool through a pressure pump. The device performs soil remediation and sewage purification and makes the soil remediation process simple and practical.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the United Technologies of sewage disposal and soil remediation, the integrated ecological treatment apparatus that relates to particularly a kind of soil remediation and sewage purification, when disposing of sewage, repair being subjected to the soil that heavy metal infects, formed by repairing type artificial swamp and integration ecological pond.
The invention still further relates to the method for utilizing said apparatus to carry out soil remediation and sewage purification.
Background technology
In recent years, China's heavy metal contamination alarm bell is beaten again and again, " cadmium rice disturbance " from " blood lead event " to the shock whole nation, in rapid succession, if let alone the lasting generation of heavy metal pollution of soil, according to present development trend, after the several years, the heavy metal pollution of soil accumulation will further aggravate, in case heavy metal content reaches pathogenic degree, situation is just with irremediable.Existing soil remediation technology not only construction cost, working cost is high, and operational means is complicated, and repairing effect is not high.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of a kind of soil remediation and sewage purification.
Another purpose of the present invention is to provide the method for utilizing said apparatus to carry out soil remediation and sewage purification.
For achieving the above object, the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation provided by the invention and sewage purification mainly is comprised of artificial swamp and integration ecological pond, wherein:
Artificial swamp is surface flow artificial marshland, is followed successively by from top to bottom:
The surface soil layer is mixed the composite soil that forms by the soil that infected by heavy metal, zeolite molecular sieve and wilkinite;
The advanced treatment layer is the iron carbon filler;
The draining layer is gravel;
Filtering layer is non-woven fabrics;
The water guide layer is equipped with the two-layer gravel filling in up and down, and the centre separates with non-woven fabrics;
The feed-water end of artificial swamp is provided with alkaline injection device, to control the pH value of artificial swamp, prevents that the heavy metal in artificial swamp from separating out;
The integration ecological pond, its bottom is provided with aeration plate, and the aeration plate top is provided with water distributor, and the inside in integration ecological pond is filled with mobile filler, and the pond face is floating the artificial ecology floating bed;
The water outlet of artificial swamp is by force (forcing) pump connecting integration ecological pool.
The integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification, wherein, the bottom of artificial swamp is a slope to water outlet, and its gradient is more preferably 0.1%.
The integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification, wherein, the plant of the surface soil layer of artificial swamp plantation is heavy metal to be had Herba pteridis vittatae, Herba Houttuyniae, Ligustrum vicaryi, reed and the sainfoin of hyperaccumulation.
The integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification, wherein, on the floating bed in integration ecological pond, plantation has typha orientalis, power flower again, and the plantation ratio is 1: 1.
The integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification, wherein, aeration plate connects an aerator.
The integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification wherein, is connected with under meter between aerator and aeration plate.
The integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification, wherein, the nozzle of water distributor is convergent nozzle.
The present invention utilizes said apparatus to carry out the method for soil remediation and sewage purification, after waste water is flowed into artificial swamp, open alkaline injection device injection alkaline solution (as sodium carbonate solution), the surface soil layer pH that controls artificial swamp is slight alkalinity, prevents that heavy metal from separating out; The plant of artificial swamp plantation is adsorbed heavy metal;
Sewage after processing imports the integration ecological pond, opens simultaneously aerator, and the filler that flows is flowed in welter, clear up sewage by plant adsorption and microorganism growth effect under aerobic environment in remaining pollution substance.
Described method wherein, is gathered in also serike again after the plant Adsorption of Heavy Metals.
The present invention is comprised of artificial swamp and integration ecological pond.Artificial swamp can be repaired being subjected to the soil that heavy metal infects when disposing of sewage, and in one of artificial swamp rear end series connection integration ecological pond, prevents the leakage of heavy metal in wetland, and sewage is carried out advanced treatment.The employing artificial swamp of the invention is administered the heavy metal pollution of soil problem, and soil remediation and sewage disposal are carried out simultaneously, and effect is better, and easy handling becomes simple with the soil remediation process.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation of the present invention and sewage purification.
Primary clustering nomenclature in accompanying drawing:
1 artificial swamp; 2 integration ecological ponds; 3 surface soil layers; 4 advanced treatment layers; 5 draining layers; 6 filtering layers; 7 water guide layers; 8 mobile fillers; 9 artificial ecology floating beds; 10 water inflow nozzles; 11 aeration plates; 12 aerators; 13 alkaline injection devices; 14 force (forcing) pumps.
Embodiment
Please in conjunction with shown in Figure 1, the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation provided by the invention and sewage purification, primary structure is:
Artificial swamp is surface flow artificial marshland, is followed successively by five parts such as a minute surperficial pedosphere 3, advanced treatment layer 4, draining layer 5, filtering layer 6 and water guide layer 7 from top to bottom.The thickness of surface soil layer 3 is 0.5m, mixed the composite soil that forms by the soil that infected by heavy metal, zeolite molecular sieve and a small amount of wilkinite, can be used for serike, the Plants selection of plantation has Herba pteridis vittatae, Herba Houttuyniae, Ligustrum vicaryi, reed and the sainfoin etc. of hyperaccumulation to heavy metal, in Adsorption of Heavy Metals, also has landscape effect; Advanced treatment layer 4 is the iron carbon filler of thick 0.3m; Draining layer 5 is the gravel of thick 0.2m, and particle diameter is 4mm-8mm; Filtering layer is the non-woven fabrics of thickness 50mm; Water guide bed thickness 30mm lays gravel filling, and is minute upper and lower two-layer, middlely separates by non-woven fabrics, and the particle diameter of upper strata gravel filling is 8mm-15mm, and the particle diameter of lower floor's gravel filling is 15mm-30mm.
The feed-water end of artificial swamp is provided with known alkaline injection device 13, and the pH of control wetland is meta-alkalescence (the pH value is about 7-9) slightly, prevents separating out of wetland heavy metal;
The bottom of artificial swamp is a slope, and its gradient is 0.1%, so that reach better water guide effect.
The water outlet of artificial swamp directly imports integration ecological pond 2 by force (forcing) pump 14.The bottom in this integration ecological pond 2 is provided with aeration plate 11, and aeration plate 11 is by the aerator 12 of under meter (known technology, not shown in the figures) connecting integration ecological pool outside; Aeration plate 11 tops are provided with water distributor 10; Be filled with the filler 8 (modification biological floating stuffing, stereo hollow fluidized-bed filler as is well known) that flows in the pond, the pond face is artificial ecology floating bed 9 adrift.Plant typha orientalis, power flower again on artificial ecology floating bed 9, the plantation ratio is 1: 1, and this moment is better to the assimilation effect of ammonia nitrogen, has simultaneously landscape effect.
The nozzle of the water distributor 10 of 2 inside, integration ecological pond is convergent nozzles, strengthens stream competence under the effect of force (forcing) pump 14, and the mobility of reinforcing filler in water distribution improves its treatment effect.
Artificial swamp of the present invention can be repaired being subjected to the soil that heavy metal infects when disposing of sewage, and in one of repairing type artificial swamp rear end series connection integration ecological pond, prevents the leakage of heavy metal in wetland, and sewage is carried out advanced treatment.
When the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation of the present invention and sewage purification uses, sewage is deployed in artificial swamp, is divided into plant treatment and microbiological treatment two portions in artificial swamp.
The plant treatment part, to utilize anti-heavy metal plant or the super activity of accumulating plant reduction heavy metal of planting on the surface soil layer, and the root hair by plant directly from soil exchange adsorption heavy metal with fixing, then heavy metal hyperaccumulative plant is drawn metal pollutant from soil, gathers in subsequently over-ground part and focuses on.This plant of plantation, reach the purpose that reduces or remove heavy metal pollution of soil continuously.The microorganism partly microorganism of the root system of plant by plantation reduces the toxicity of heavy metal in soil, absorption accumulation heavy metal; Microorganism can change rhizosphere environment simultaneously, thereby improves plant to absorption, volatilization or the fixed efficiency of heavy metal.
Be filled with high efficiency mobile filler in the integration ecological pond, the water surface arranges the artificial ecology floating bed, by plant adsorption and microorganism growth effect, advanced treatment is carried out in the water outlet of artificial swamp under aerobic environment, pollution substance remaining in sewage is not only cleared up in this step reaction, its water outlet ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, COD removal effect are up to 90-95%, running cost is low, and effluent quality is good, satisfies national sewage discharge requirement.
Waste water flows into artificial swamp, and after water inlet, 30min opens alkaline injection device, carries out the fs and processes.Sewage after processing pressurizes by convergent nozzle and imports the integration ecological pond under the supercharging of pressure pump, opens simultaneously aerator; Under the flow action after pressurization and under the aeration effect of aeration plate, the filler that flows flows in welter, and the filler mobility strengthens greatly, and the plant growing way is also more luxuriant.
Claims (8)
1. the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of a soil remediation and sewage purification mainly is comprised of artificial swamp and integration ecological pond, wherein:
Artificial swamp is surface flow artificial marshland, is followed successively by from top to bottom:
The surface soil layer is mixed the composite soil that forms by the soil that infected by heavy metal, zeolite molecular sieve and wilkinite;
The advanced treatment layer is the iron carbon filler;
The draining layer is gravel;
Filtering layer is non-woven fabrics;
The water guide layer is equipped with the two-layer gravel filling in up and down, and the centre separates with non-woven fabrics;
The feed-water end of artificial swamp is provided with alkaline injection device, to control the pH value of artificial swamp, prevents that the heavy metal in artificial swamp from separating out;
The integration ecological pond, its bottom is provided with aeration plate, and aeration plate connects an aerator, and the aeration plate top is provided with water distributor, and the inside in integration ecological pond is filled with mobile filler, and the pond face is floating the artificial ecology floating bed;
The water outlet of artificial swamp is by force (forcing) pump connecting integration ecological pool.
2. the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation and sewage purification according to claim 1, wherein, the bottom of artificial swamp is a slope to water outlet, and its gradient is 0.1%.
3. the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of described soil remediation and sewage purification according to claim 1 and 2, wherein, the plant of the surface soil layer of artificial swamp plantation is heavy metal to be had Herba pteridis vittatae, Herba Houttuyniae, Ligustrum vicaryi, reed and the sainfoin of hyperaccumulation.
4. the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation and sewage purification according to claim 1, wherein, on the floating bed in integration ecological pond, plantation has typha orientalis, power flower again, and the plantation ratio is 1: 1.
5. the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation and sewage purification according to claim 1, wherein, be connected with under meter between aerator and aeration plate.
6. the integrated ecological treatment apparatus of soil remediation and sewage purification according to claim 1, wherein, the nozzle of water distributor is convergent nozzle.
7. the method for utilizing the described device of claim 1 to carry out soil remediation and sewage purification after waste water is flowed into artificial swamp, is opened alkaline injection device injection alkaline solution, and the surface soil layer pH that controls artificial swamp is slight alkalinity, prevents that heavy metal from separating out; The plant of artificial swamp plantation is adsorbed heavy metal;
Sewage after processing imports the integration ecological pond, opens simultaneously aerator, and the filler that flows is flowed in welter, clear up sewage by plant adsorption and microorganism growth effect under aerobic environment in remaining pollution substance.
8. method according to claim 7, wherein, gather in also serike again after the plant Adsorption of Heavy Metals of the surface soil layer of artificial swamp plantation.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2012100047282A CN102557348B (en) | 2012-01-09 | 2012-01-09 | Soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2012100047282A CN102557348B (en) | 2012-01-09 | 2012-01-09 | Soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102557348A CN102557348A (en) | 2012-07-11 |
| CN102557348B true CN102557348B (en) | 2013-05-22 |
Family
ID=46404167
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2012100047282A Active CN102557348B (en) | 2012-01-09 | 2012-01-09 | Soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102557348B (en) |
Families Citing this family (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103708672A (en) * | 2012-10-09 | 2014-04-09 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | An efficient purification method of heavy-metal waste water by combining plants and enrichment by a composite filling material |
| CN103420544B (en) * | 2013-08-14 | 2015-01-07 | 广西大学 | In-situ water repair method for clean aquaculture |
| CN103464454B (en) * | 2013-10-11 | 2015-04-08 | 南开大学 | Method for renovating soil suffered from multiple pollution of cadmium, lead and arsenic with ligustrum malongense |
| CN104692531B (en) * | 2013-12-04 | 2016-08-17 | 北京德瑞科森环保科技有限公司 | A kind of subsoil water heavy metal pollution prosthetic device |
| CN103864227B (en) * | 2014-03-21 | 2015-07-22 | 中国环境科学研究院 | Treatment device for recycling micro-invasive excavation multi-medium subsurface leachate as water for cultivation |
| CN103951064A (en) * | 2014-04-16 | 2014-07-30 | 重庆大学 | Ecological filter used for micro-polluted water treatment |
| CN104150706B (en) * | 2014-07-25 | 2016-01-20 | 席北斗 | Slowly system unpowered biological rotating disk water purifying device and method is oozed |
| CN104801535B (en) * | 2015-05-13 | 2017-08-08 | 天津城建大学 | A kind of shelter-forest enrichment conversion ditch device for being used to remove heavy metals in farmland |
| CN105236585B (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2017-10-31 | 辽宁石油化工大学 | A kind of tidal flow artificial wetland matrix fill of advanced treating domestic sewage in rural areas |
| CN105537265B (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2018-08-24 | 安徽工程大学 | A kind of the water hyacinth restorative procedure and repair system of heavy-metal contaminated soil |
| CN106365389B (en) * | 2016-11-11 | 2019-05-21 | 广州资源环保科技股份有限公司 | A kind of Constructed Wetland For Purifying processing system suitable for cities and towns black-odor riverway |
| CN106396298A (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2017-02-15 | 广州蓝碧环境科学工程顾问有限公司 | Purification device for treating poultry farming wastewater through solar bio-floating bed |
| CN106513429A (en) * | 2016-12-31 | 2017-03-22 | 许伟琦 | Integrated ecological remediation system combining soil remediation and sewage treatment, remediation conditioning agent and treating agent |
| CN106946354B (en) * | 2017-05-17 | 2022-11-29 | 中机国际环保科技有限公司 | Septic tank sewage end treatment device |
| CN107200441A (en) * | 2017-07-11 | 2017-09-26 | 云南省环境科学研究院(中国昆明高原湖泊国际研究中心) | A kind of compound sewage processing and the method for heavy metal soil remediation |
| CN107597800A (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2018-01-19 | 杨西建 | A kind of integrated conduct method of plastic garbage |
| CN108892245A (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-11-27 | 林振衡 | Slope wetland constructs method |
| CN108975625B (en) * | 2018-08-18 | 2021-03-09 | 江苏澳洋生态园林股份有限公司 | Constructed wetland system with nitrogen and phosphorus recovery function |
| CN109174957B (en) * | 2018-09-07 | 2021-01-29 | 湖南省农业环境生态研究所 | Remediation method for farmland soil polluted by heavy metal cadmium |
| CN109433819B (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2019-09-10 | 中国农业科学院麻类研究所 | A kind of cadmium pollution paddy field ramie restorative procedure |
| CN109734247A (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2019-05-10 | 中国环境科学研究院 | A kind of ecological waste water processing and utilizing system |
| CN110340139A (en) * | 2019-07-19 | 2019-10-18 | 河南省水利勘测有限公司 | Heavy-metal contaminated soil ecological restoring method |
| CN111484139A (en) * | 2020-01-15 | 2020-08-04 | 西北农林科技大学 | Artificial wetland system for efficiently removing nitrate and/or heavy metals in underground water and operation method thereof |
| CN111977802A (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2020-11-24 | 安徽美自然环境科技有限公司 | Advanced treatment system and method for recycling jet weaving sewage |
| CN113307371A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-08-27 | 西南大学 | Construction method of constructed wetland system |
| CN114940562A (en) * | 2022-05-19 | 2022-08-26 | 同济大学 | Hydraulic circulation type ecological revetment coupling iron carbon filler surface water ecological restoration system |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6447682B1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2002-09-10 | David A. Flowers | Process and system for enhanced nitrogen removal in a wetland wastewater treatment facility |
| CN1587107A (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2005-03-02 | 同济大学 | Horizontal undercurrent artificial wet land sewage treating process of variable grain size combined filler |
| CN1631561A (en) * | 2005-01-14 | 2005-06-29 | 中国矿业大学（北京校区） | In situ restoring agent for heavy metal polluted soil |
| CN101293708A (en) * | 2007-04-25 | 2008-10-29 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Artificial wet land and uses thereof |
| CN102101123A (en) * | 2011-03-10 | 2011-06-22 | 刘阳生 | In-situ restoration method for heavy metal polluted soil |
-
2012
- 2012-01-09 CN CN2012100047282A patent/CN102557348B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6447682B1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2002-09-10 | David A. Flowers | Process and system for enhanced nitrogen removal in a wetland wastewater treatment facility |
| CN1587107A (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2005-03-02 | 同济大学 | Horizontal undercurrent artificial wet land sewage treating process of variable grain size combined filler |
| CN1631561A (en) * | 2005-01-14 | 2005-06-29 | 中国矿业大学（北京校区） | In situ restoring agent for heavy metal polluted soil |
| CN101293708A (en) * | 2007-04-25 | 2008-10-29 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Artificial wet land and uses thereof |
| CN102101123A (en) * | 2011-03-10 | 2011-06-22 | 刘阳生 | In-situ restoration method for heavy metal polluted soil |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102557348A (en) | 2012-07-11 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102557348B (en) | Soil remediation and sewage purification integrated ecological treatment device | |
| CN104150691A (en) | Composite alternate flow wetland molecular sieve biological rotating disc treatment system and method | |
| CN100519449C (en) | Quick-decomposing biological sewage treatment method and treating system | |
| CN107721101A (en) | A kind of microkinetic sewage integrated treatment equipment | |
| CN207451863U (en) | A kind of modularization is layered bio-trickling sewage disposal system | |
| CN105036450A (en) | Method and device of treating village domestic sewage through three-stage circular-flow-type constructed wetland | |
| CN211339184U (en) | Domestic sewage integrated treatment equipment based on steel slag ceramsite filler biological filter | |
| CN108793609A (en) | The method of urban rainwater management and processing | |
| CN205892991U (en) | Biological ecology water treatment facilities | |
| CN204661500U (en) | A kind of device of tertiary circulation streaming artificial wetland treatment domestic sewage in rural areas | |
| CN113087155A (en) | Artificial wetland system for removing antibiotics | |
| CN103159317A (en) | Artificial-aeration-reinforced Land percolation water treatment device | |
| CN105540825A (en) | Fiber bundle bioreactor for sewage treatment | |
| CN214327275U (en) | Modularized vertical-flow constructed wetland sewage plant tail water treatment device | |
| CN201648121U (en) | Horizontal submerged flow artificial wet land | |
| CN102503037B (en) | Hydroponic plant and filter dam combined eutrophication water body ex-situ remediation system | |
| CN214990946U (en) | Reinforced rapid infiltration sewage treatment module combined system | |
| CN211813672U (en) | Energy-efficient sewage treatment system | |
| CN206089345U (en) | Small -size domestic sewage integrated treating equipment | |
| CN205528006U (en) | Nitrogen and phosphorus removal's courtyard formula constructed wetland device | |
| CN205328695U (en) | A tow biological reaction device for sewage treatment | |
| CN205367870U (en) | Dark bed bioreactor of denitrification | |
| CN210711144U (en) | Modularized backwashing constructed wetland device | |
| CN209815907U (en) | Filler ecological wetland for water purification | |
| CN207811369U (en) | A kind of change flow velocity polluted-water ecological purification system |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |