CN102532934B - 一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料 - Google Patents

一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料 Download PDF

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CN102532934B
CN102532934B CN 201110416788 CN201110416788A CN102532934B CN 102532934 B CN102532934 B CN 102532934B CN 201110416788 CN201110416788 CN 201110416788 CN 201110416788 A CN201110416788 A CN 201110416788A CN 102532934 B CN102532934 B CN 102532934B
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贾春阳
周林磊
万中全
李孜
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Abstract

一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料,属于有机高分子材料技术领域。本发明所提供的有机染料属于D-D-π-A型结构的分子,是一类基于三苯胺类的纯有机染料。将本发明提供的D-D-π-A型有机染料应用于染料敏化太阳能电池,获得的较高光电转换效率。本发明提供的有机染料的制备方法克服的贵金属有机染料的部分缺点,其制备方法具有环境友好,成本低廉,制备工艺简单可控等特点,并且无需使用昂贵的原材料金属钌,具有替代贵金属有机染料的应用前景。

Description

一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料
技术领域
本发明属于有机高分子材料技术领域,涉及染料敏化太阳能电池技术领域,具体是指一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料及其制备方法。
技术背景
伴随着人类工业的迅猛发展,随之而来的是煤,石油和天然气等矿物资源的日益枯竭,与人类对能源的需求越来越大的矛盾日渐突显,由此引发的能源危机和环境污染已经成为人类必须面对的严重问题,因此人们迫切需要找到其他绿色可再生能源。当前通过太阳能电池进行光电转换是人类利用太阳能的主要研究方向之一。
自从1991年Michael
Figure BDA0000119928410000011
教授领导的小组在纳米晶薄膜太阳能电池研究中取得突破性进展后(Nature 1991,353,737),纳米晶薄膜太阳能电池以其成本低廉,制备简单以及较高的转换率等优点迅速引起了世界各国科学家的广泛关注和研究。科学家预测染料敏化太阳能电池极有可能取代传统硅系太阳能电池,成为未来太阳能电池的主导。近年来,不含贵金属的纯有机染料敏化太阳能电池受到的关注越来越多,相比较于多吡啶钌配合物,不含贵金属的纯有机染料具有合成简单,成本低,消光系数高以及结构可调控性强等优点,近年来逐渐取代了含多吡啶钌配合物而成为光敏染料领域的研究热点和重点(Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2009.48.2474)。三苯胺及其衍生物具有良好的空穴传输性能和强给电子能力,是一类优异的光电材料。三苯胺类染料是不含贵金属的纯有机染料中效率较高的有机染料之一,其效率已达到9.6-9.9%(Chem.Commun.2009,2198),所以合成新型三苯胺类有机染料对取代多吡啶钌配合物染料,提高染料敏化太阳能的综合性能以及降低电池的成本具有十分重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是解决现有贵金属的配合物敏化剂因原材料昂贵,制备工艺复杂和环境污染等而无法大规模普及的问题,提供一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料及其制备方法,所述有机染料属于D-D-π-A型三苯胺类有机染料,具有成本低廉、环境友好、制备工艺简单可控的特点。
本发明的方案如下:
一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料,如图2所示,所述有机染料的结构式为:
Figure BDA0000119928410000021
其中三苯胺为主级给体,R1为次级给体,R2为芳香烃、杂环芳烃或者杂环芳烃衍生物所构成的基团,A是罗丹宁-3-乙酸、氰乙酸或者己二酸,RX为R1、H或R2+A。
所述次级给体R1的化学结构通式为下述七种化学结构之一:
化学结构通式1:
Figure BDA0000119928410000022
化学结构通式2:
Figure BDA0000119928410000023
化学结构通式3:
Figure BDA0000119928410000024
化学结构通式4:
化学结构通式5:
Figure BDA0000119928410000026
化学结构通式6:
化学结构通式7:
Figure BDA0000119928410000031
其中R为含3-10个碳的烷基连或单个氢原子。
所述R2的化学结构通式为下述十种化学结构之一:
化学结构通式1:
化学结构通式2:
Figure BDA0000119928410000033
化学结构通式3:
Figure BDA0000119928410000034
化学结构通式4:
化学结构通式5:
Figure BDA0000119928410000036
化学结构通式6:
Figure BDA0000119928410000037
化学结构通式7:
Figure BDA0000119928410000038
化学结构通式8:
Figure BDA0000119928410000041
化学结构通式9:
Figure BDA0000119928410000042
化学结构通式10:
Figure BDA0000119928410000043
其中,n≥1;B、D为O、Se或者S,但B、D互不相同;R3氢原子、烷氧基、硝基,羟基、氨基、酰基、环烷基、芳香、烷烃基、烷硫基、烷基硫酰基、卤烷基、卤素、脂基、硫酰基、氰基、链烯基、羧基、酰氧基或杂环中的任意一个。
本发明提供的染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料属于D-D-π-A型有机染料,整个染料的合成过程需经过了三个主要的化学过程,基本结构是基于三苯胺为主级给体,经过一步化学反应将次级给R1接到三苯胺主级给体上,经过硅胶层析提纯后,与R2反应,将形成D-D-π型分子,最后将吸附基团A合成到D-D-π型分子上,经过硅胶层析最后得到D-D-π-A型有机染料。其合成过程中每一步反应均是经典反应,且合成原料中不含贵金属,与传统的贵金属有机染料相比,具有合成简单、成本低、无毒环保、结构可调控性强以及易于纯化等特点。
附图说明
图1是染料敏化太阳能电池基本结构图示意图,1为导电玻璃FTO,2为工作电极,3为对电极,4为电解质。
图2是本发明提供的有机染料结构式。
图3是本发明提供的具体实施方式的制备流程示意图。
图4是本发明提供的有机染料I和II在乙醇中的紫外-可见吸收曲线。
图5是本发明提供的有机染料I和II在乙醇中的紫外-可见发射曲线。
图6是采用对比例染料N719组装的电池得到的电流与电压关系曲线图。
图7是本发明提供的有机染料I和II组装的电池得到的电流与电压关系曲线图。
具体的实施方式:
本发明提供的染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料优选下述两种结构之一:
化学结构式I:
Figure BDA0000119928410000051
化学结构式II:
制备本发明中提及的有机染料I和II的前驱体2由经典反应制备,其合成路线如下:
详细的制备技术如下:
一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料的制备方法,如图3所示,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将1eq三苯胺量的三氯氧磷缓慢滴加到等体积、0℃的二甲基甲酰胺中,冰浴中搅拌1h左右,然后加入1eq三苯胺和1eq三苯胺量的氯仿,加热至100℃左右回流反应60~70小时,然后蒸发除去溶剂,经硅胶层层析得到化合物1。
步骤2:取化合物1、与化合物1等摩尔量的1,2-苯二胺加到三口瓶中,加入适量的甲醇溶液,在加热至65℃左右回流搅拌反应3~4小时,然后蒸发除去溶剂,经硅胶层层析得到化合物2。
步骤3:取化合物2同氰乙酸以摩尔比1∶3的比例加入到三口瓶中,以乙腈作为溶剂,最后滴加六氢吡啶催化剂,在氮气环境中,加热至82℃左右搅拌回流反应3~5小时,旋转蒸发出溶剂,经硅胶层层析得到有机染料I,所述有机染料I中的化学结构式为:
Figure BDA0000119928410000061
或,
取化合物2同罗丹宁-3-乙酸以摩尔比1∶3的比例加入到三口瓶中,以乙腈作为溶剂,最后滴加六氢吡啶催化剂,在氮气环境中,加热至82℃左右搅拌回流反应5~7小时,旋转蒸发出溶剂,经硅胶层层析得到有机染料II,所述有机染料II中的化学结构式为:
上述染料I的质谱数据:
MALDI-TOF(m/z):455.3[M]+(calc.forC29H20N4O2:456.1);
HRMS(m/z):456.1581[M]+(calc.forC29H20N4O2:456.1586)。
上述染料II的质谱数据:
MALDI-TOF(m/z):563.1[M+H]+(calc.forC31H22N4O3S2:562.1);
HRMS(m/z):563.1184[M+H]+(calc.forC31H22N4O3S2:562.1133)。
有机染料的紫外-可见吸收光谱/荧光发射光谱测试。
将上述合成的有机染料配置成1×10-5mol/L的乙醇溶液,采用Shimadzu UV-1700紫外可分光光度计进行吸收光谱的测试,采用Shimadzu RF-5301荧光分光光度计进行荧光测试。结果如图4、5所示,表1中列出实验例1中合成的有机染料的光化学性质。
表1有机染料I和II的光化学性质
Figure BDA0000119928410000063
染料敏化太阳能电池制备,具体步骤如下:
步骤1:导电玻璃基底的预处理:将透明导电玻璃FTO裁成1.5×2cm大小,依次用去油剂、去离子水、丙酮和无水乙醇用超声波充分冲洗,保存在乙醇中备用;
步骤2:染料溶液的配置:将制备的有机染料I和II溶解在分析纯的乙醇中,配成2×10-4mol/L的染料溶液;
步骤3:对电极的处理:将Pt电极用乙醇清洗两次,然后泡在乙醇溶液中备用;
步骤4:工作电极的预处理:将步骤1中清洗的导电玻璃放入4×10-2mol/L的TiCl4溶液中,在70℃浸泡30分钟,然后用去离子水和乙醇冲洗,烘干;
步骤5:工作电极的制备:采用丝网印刷法将二氧化钛浆料印刷在步骤4处理过的导电玻璃表面,放入马弗炉中于450℃焙烧30分钟,冷却至室温,放入步骤2中配置好的有机染料溶液中,暗光浸泡24小时后取出,并用乙醇冲洗,氮气吹干;
步骤6:电解质的配置:配置0.6mol/L的1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘、0.1mol/L的碘化锂以及0.05mol/L碘的无水乙腈溶液;
步骤7:电池的组装:在步骤3清洗过的对电极吹干和5制备的工作电极之间加入步骤6配置的电解质,用夹子夹紧,即制得染料敏化太阳能电池。
N719为光敏染料组装的电池的性能测试。
按照前述同样的电池制备步骤,以N719为光敏染料组装电池分别从工作电极和对电极引出导线,接到电池性能测试装置(CHI660C型电化学工作站),使用氙灯(CHF-XM-500W)作为模拟光源,入射光强100mW/cm2,光照面积为0.41cm2,该电池测得的光电转换效率为5.05%,短路电流为10.85mA/cm2,开路电压为0.71mV,填充因子为0.655;测得的电池电流-电压关系曲线如图6所示。
本发明提供的有机染料I和II分别作为光敏染料的电池性能测试
将前述合成的有机染料I和II分别作为光敏染料,按照同样的电池制备步骤,组装电池,然后按照同样的条件测试电池的光电性能,测得的光电转换效率分别为2.37%和0.50%,短路电流为5.08和1.77mA/cm2,开路电压为0.66和0.50mV,填充因子为0.706和0.563;测得的电池电流-电压关系曲线如图7所示。将所得的数据列于表2中:
表2N719和本发明中所合成的染料用于染料敏化太阳能电池的性能数据对比
Figure BDA0000119928410000071

Claims (2)

1.一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料,其特征在于,所述有机染料的结构式为:
Figure FDA00003464989700011
2.一种染料敏化太阳能电池用有机染料,其特征在于,所述有机染料的结构式为:
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