CN102435325A - Single-photon counter for identifying empty-illumination thermo-electron noise pulse - Google Patents
Single-photon counter for identifying empty-illumination thermo-electron noise pulse Download PDFInfo
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- CN102435325A CN102435325A CN2011104285552A CN201110428555A CN102435325A CN 102435325 A CN102435325 A CN 102435325A CN 2011104285552 A CN2011104285552 A CN 2011104285552A CN 201110428555 A CN201110428555 A CN 201110428555A CN 102435325 A CN102435325 A CN 102435325A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a single-photon counter for identifying an empty-illumination thermo-electron noise pulse. A photoelectric detector and an optical shutter are arranged in a film carrier; and an amplifier, an identifier, a pulse shaper, a counter, an embedded system, a step signal generator and a computer are arranged outside the film carrier and electrically connected with one another. When the single-photon counter is used, the optical shutter is closed; the thermo-electron noise pulse energy spectrum of a thermo-electron noise pulse signal of the photoelectric detector is scanned by the step signal generator and the identifier; a thermo-electron noise pulse energy spectrum curve measured by the computer when the shutter is closed is combined; lower threshold voltage is set by the embedded system and then is output to a reference voltage end of the identifier; and during measurement, thermo-electron noise pulses with lower amplitudes are filtered off, and photoelectron pulses with higher amplitudes are output to the counter, so that high signal to noise ratio is achieved, light intensity is measured under ultra-low noise, and defects of low sensitivity, high noise, low luminous intensity measurement stability and the like of the traditional single-photon counter are overcome. Moreover, the single-photon counter is suitable for various photoelectric sensors, and can be used for measuring ultra-weak optical signals during light scattering and the like.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter.
Background technology
Along with development of modern science and technology, in fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, medical science, environment, astronomy and information science, require increasingly highly to what measure faint optical signal, demand constantly increases.Single photon counter is a kind of measuring method of measuring the atomic low light level, the photocurrent strength ratio photodetector thermonoise level (10 at room temperature of the light that it is measured itself
-14W) lower, common measuring method is to come out this signal measurement that is submerged in the noise.Under atomic low light level irradiation, this method is handled light according to single photon, and photon detector is output as the discrete pulse signal of nature, adopts pulse authentication technique and digital counting technology to come out atomic low light level signal extraction.At present, the detection technique in the limit field of light has become the important means of the various more advanced phenomenons of research, and single photon counter photometry technology has been widely used in the optoelectronics all trades and professions.
Single photon counter is a kind of highly sensitive low noise Detection of Weak Signals equipment, and critical piece has photoelectric sensor, amplifier, Discr. sum counter etc.Photoelectric sensor also can be exported a series of noise spike in the individual pulse that output is produced by incident photon.The key factor that influences the photoelectric sensor single photon counting is dark-current pulse; It is generally acknowledged that dark current mainly is because the thermionic emission of photoelectric sensor; Therefore the pulse of thermoelectron pulse voltage aspect ratio photoelectron will be hanged down a bit, and getting rid of the effective method of noise is exactly to adopt the size of distinguishing each pulse, the method for height.The pulse signal that amplifies through amplifier connects Discr.; Through selecting the following discriminating voltage and the last discriminating voltage of Discr.; Realize only letting the single photoelectron pulse of emission of cathode formation pass through; And do not allow the pulse lower and higher to pass through, thereby with a large amount of thermionic noises and other noise elimination than last discriminating voltage than following discriminating voltage., select setting extremely important for the height of following discriminating voltage here, it is the most important means with a large amount of thermionic noise eliminations; If being provided with of following discriminating voltage is too high, then a large amount of useful signal pulses are also deducted, and cause sensitivity to descend; If it is low that following discriminating voltage was provided with, then a large amount of thermionic noise pulses are also passed through, and cause signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) to descend, and weak signal is submerged in the noise.
The user of existing most of single photon counters is in the defective of considering above-mentioned existence; But can only "ball-park" estimate for threshold value, can not confirm the size of its value accurately, threshold setting is all bigger than normal; And threshold value immobilizes; Add the user mode of each components and parts of system and the influence of various factors such as difference of tenure of use, make the sensitivity of whole instrument and the parameter index of signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) all descend comparatively fast, had a strong impact on the research and development task of the sector.
Summary of the invention
To above-mentioned situation, the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of simple in structure, compact, easy to manufacture; Need not to drop into new equipment, highly sensitive, thermionic noise is low; Measuring accuracy is high, and easy to use, commercial promise is good; Suitable penetration and promotion realizes the unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter of hypersensitivity and ultra-low noise measurement light intensity intensity.
To achieve the above object, a non-thermal electrical noise pulse discriminator light photon counters, within the cartridge main photodetector having optical shutter and the cartridge located outside the turn amplifiers, discriminators, pulse shaper, counters, embedded system, step signal generators and computers that are electrically interconnected; said cartridge within the optical shutter and the photodetector is arranged between a light hole and diaphragm, and which in turn runs through the optical shutter aperture blades diaphragm to the photodetector, when used first light within the cartridge shutter closed, no light through the light hole, light shutter and aperture, light exposure on the photodetector, step ladder signal generator output signal to the discriminator reference voltage terminal, hot electron scanning photodetector impulse noise spectrum, the noise spectrum of the measured parameters of the system, while the computer on which the shutter is closed the light measured thermal electronic noise and pulse-height distribution curve digital threshold is set, electronic noise from the measured thermal pulse spectrum curve to determine the threshold voltage magnitude for V lower = V Po + V drift, embedded system control output lower threshold voltage, the lower threshold voltage is input to the discriminator reference voltage terminal, and then the amplifier processed optical pulse signal and thermal electrical noise pulses through discriminator pulse shaping is below the lower threshold voltage is filtered in the hot electron noise pulses, the photoelectron pulse signal input to the counter by the discriminator, to achieve high sensitivity and low signal to noise ratio of the high intensity light intensity noise measurements.
For the effect that realizes reducing noise He significantly improve sensitivity, its further step also has:
Optical shutter is a mechanical type manual control optical shutter.
Optical shutter is that mechanical type controls optical shutter automatically.
When optical shutter is closed, do not have any smooth incident, autoscan thermionic noise pulse height distributes.
When optical shutter is opened, realize the high s/n ratio luminous intensity measurement.
Step generator comprises the square-wave generator of being made up of operational amplifier IC1, capacitor C 1, resistance R 1, R2, R3 and R4; Form signaling switch by Sheffer stroke gate IC2, diode D3 and D4; And input embedded system trigger sweep signal; The ramp generator of forming by operational amplifier IC3 and IC4; Wherein be that the differential amplifier that core is formed is regulated output voltage through its output terminal sampling with IC4, the gate-control signal stack of the output voltage of IC4 and IC2 output forms step signal output at operational amplifier IC3 output terminal and supplies with the Discr. reference voltage terminal.
The Discr. threshold voltages be set to manual setting.
The Discr. threshold voltages be set to automatic setting.
Produce stepped rising scanning voltage during step generator work, ascending gradually changing adds aforementioned stepped rising scanning voltage at the Discr. reference voltage terminal, and scanning calorimeter electronic noise pulse height distributes, and realizes the discriminating of thermionic noise pulse.
Before the optical shutter surveying work begins,, make it be in optimum Working according to thermionic noise pulse height distributed and arranged Discr. threshold voltages.
The present invention is employed in and establishes photodetector, optical shutter in the magazine, magazine peripheral hardware amplifier, Discr., pulse shaper, counter, embedded system, step generator and computing machine, and they are electrically connected each other; Optical shutter during use in the closed magazine of elder generation; Photodetector thermionic noise pulse signal is through step generator and Discr. scanning calorimeter electronic noise pulse power spectrum; The thermionic noise pulse spectrum curve that records when closing shutter in conjunction with computing machine; By embedded system output threshold voltages to Discr. reference voltage terminal is set; Elimination through the photoelectron pulse and the enter counter of higher amplitude, realizes the technical scheme of high s/n ratio and ultra-low noise measurement light intensity intensity than the thermionic noise pulse of amplitude during measurement; The sensitivity that has overcome traditional single photon counter is low, noise is high, defectives such as luminous intensity measurement poor stability.
The present invention compares the beneficial effect that prior art produces:
(1) the present invention only will install an optical shutter on traditional single photon counter; Through the control optical shutter; Record the pure thermionic noise burst spectrum of single photon counter in real time, systematic parameter is set, eliminate the performance difference and the difference of user mode and tenure of use of system's components and parts according in good time state; The sensitivity of system is significantly improved, and thermionic noise reduces greatly.
(2) the present invention adds a ladder signal generator at traditional single photon counter Discr. reference voltage terminal, and the control step generator produces stepped rising scanning voltage, and scanning records the pure thermionic noise burst spectrum of single photon counter.
(3) parts of the present invention's increase, it is simple in structure, compact, and is easy to manufacture, need not to drop into new equipment, and cost free increases.
(4) the present invention's use, easy to maintenance, highly sensitive, thermionic noise is low, and measuring accuracy is high.
(5) system architecture of the present invention is simple, reliable, low cost of manufacture, and processing ease has greatly improved the sensitivity of single photon counter and the stability of luminous intensity measurement, and commercial promise is good, suitable penetration and promotion.
The present invention is suitable for the measurement of the single photon counter and the atomic low light level signals such as light scattering, astronomical photometry, military affairs, chemistry, material, biomedicine and low light level optical fiber communication of various photoelectric sensors.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is further described.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the unglazed structural representation of differentiating the single photon counter system according to the thermionic noise pulse of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is magazine of the present invention, optical shutter, diaphragm and photodetector horizontal sectional drawing.
Fig. 3 is a stepped in time rising scanning voltage curve map of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a step generator circuit diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a thermionic noise pulse spectrogram of the present invention.
Among the figure: 1, magazine; 1-1, light hole, 1-2, diaphragm, 2, optical shutter; 3, photodetector; 4, amplifier; 5, Discr.; 6, step generator; 7, pulse shaper; 8, counter; 9, embedded system; 10, computing machine.
Embodiment
As shown by the drawings, a non-thermal electron noise light pulse discriminator single photon counter, its main feature within the cartridge a light fast? Gate 2 and the photodetector 3, this inner light cartridge a shutter 2 and 3 of the photodetector Rooms also set a stop light through holes 1-1 and 1-2, and the light hole 1-1 sequentially through two optical shutter blade diaphragm 1-2 to the photodetector 3, an outer cartridge in turn set the amplifier 4, the discriminator 5, the pulse shaper 7, counter 8, embedded system 9, step signal generator 6 and the computer 10, which are electrically connected; optical shutter 2 with mechanical manual control light shutter, mechanical shutter automatically controlled light; when the light shutter 2 is closed, without any light incidence, the automatic scanning thermal electronic noise pulse height distribution; when the light shutter 2 is turned on, to achieve high signal to noise ratio of light intensity measurement; optical shutter two measurements before work begins, should be based on hot electron noise pulse height 5 the distribution setting discriminator threshold voltage, it is in the best working condition; step signal generator 6 shown in Figure 4, which comprises an operational amplifier IC1, capacitor C1, resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 form a square wave generator , the NAND gate IC2, diodes D3 and D4 partial signal switch, and enter the scanning signal triggering the embedded system 9, the operational amplifier IC3 and IC4 ramp generator consisting, in which the core component of IC4 via the output of the differential amplifier sampling the output voltage adjustment terminal, IC4 and IC2 output voltage gating output signal superimposed, the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC3 a stepped wave signal supplied to the discriminator output in Figure 3 the reference voltage terminal 5; staircase generator generated during the operation step 6 like scanning voltage rise, from small to big changes gradually in the discriminator 5 reference voltage terminal stepped up to join the aforementioned scanning voltage, scanning thermal electronic noise pulse height distribution, to achieve thermal electronic noise pulse identification; use, first close the cassette 1 of light shutter 2, no light through the light hole 1-1, 1-2 optical shutter two and a diaphragm, light exposure on the photodetector 3, step ladder signal generator 6 signal to the discriminator output reference voltage terminal 5 scanning photodetector 3 Thermal electronic noise pulse spectrum, the noise spectrum of the measured system parameters, and the computer 10 in its closed optical shutter 2 measured thermal electronic noise and pulse-height distribution curve digital threshold is set, the measured heat electronic noise pulse spectroscopy curve to determine the size of the threshold voltage V
Next = V
Abduction + V
bleaching , embedded system 9 controls the output of the threshold voltage, the lower threshold voltage is input to the discriminator 5 reference voltage terminal, then the amplifier 4 is processed optical pulse signal and thermal electrical noise pulses through the discriminator 5, pulse shaping 7 is filtered off below the lower threshold voltage of the thermal electron noise pulses, the photoelectron pulse discriminator 5 by input to the counter 8, to achieve high sensitivity and low signal to noise ratio of the high intensity light intensity noise measurements.
In conjunction with accompanying drawing, a kind of unglazed principle of work of differentiating single photon counter according to the thermionic noise pulse.
Unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter system; It comprises that photodetector 3 is installed in the magazine 1; Light is radiated on the photodetector 3 by the light hole 1-1 of magazine 1, on the light hole 1-1 optical shutter 2 is installed in the magazine 1, and the single photon counter system does not have the light signal input when optical shutter 2 is closed; Photodetector 3 self produces thermionic noise; Obtain the different thermionic noise pulse electrical signal of big low height through amplifier 4 amplifications, trigger step generators 6 by computing machine 10 control embedded systems 9 and produce ladder rising scanning voltage as shown in Figure 3, thermionic noise pulse electrical signal input Discr. 5; Add stepped rising scanning voltage at Discr. 5 reference voltage terminals; The scanning of triggering Discr. 5 reference voltages realizes the scanning of thermionic noise pulse voltage height by Discr. 5, and scanning is passed through the thermionic noise pulse signal of Discr. 5 again through 7 shapings of pulse reshaper; Enter counter 8 is measured then, and it is as shown in Figure 5 to obtain noise spike height profile curve through computing machine 10 data acquisition and processing (DAP); Through Computer Analysis noise spike height profile curve, obtain noise spike height profile point of inflexion on a curve, begin from flex point; Rising along with scanning voltage; Thereafter, the pulse height distribution curve is a curve that count value is very little and constant basically, reaches optimal state; This has been enough to explain when flex point the overwhelming majority's noise filtering; But this is desirable state, and when carrying out the pulse discriminating, small drift can take place discriminating voltage usually; Therefore, for reaching highest signal to noise ratio and sensitivity, after obtaining knee voltage, should on the knee voltage basis, add V
Float=20mV～30mV is worth with this and is set at threshold voltages; Most thermionic noises that so fully guaranteed filtering, and also very little to the sensitivity influence have guaranteed the high stability of surveying instrument simultaneously.
With reference to Figures 1 and 2, the measuring very weak optical signal, the optical shutter on the cartridge 1 2, the feeble light through the through-aperture diaphragm 1-1 and 1-2 irradiated on the photodetector 3, light shutters previously closed by the computer 2 measured pulse height distribution curve 5 to accurately determine the discriminator threshold voltage, in fact, the measured magnitude of the voltage threshold value V
the = V
Abduction V
drift , under the control by the embedded system 9 threshold voltage is set, this lower threshold voltage input to the discriminator 5 reference voltage terminal, handled by the optical amplifier 4 the pulse signal by the discriminator 5 low threshold voltage lower than a large number of hot electrons noise pulses filtered so that only photoelectron pulse signals input to the counter 8 and the measurement, thereby greatly improving the signal to noise ratio measurement.
Claims (10)
1 a non-thermal electrical noise pulse discriminator light photon counters, characterized in that the cartridge (1) the major A light shutter (2) and a photodetector (3), the cartridge (1) located outside the turn amplifier (4) , the discriminator (5), a pulse shaper (7), the counter (8), embedded systems (9), step signal generator (6) and a computer (10) which are electrically connected to each other; said cartridge (1) the inner light shutter (2) and a photodetector (3) is arranged between a through aperture (1-1) and a diaphragm (1-2), and the light hole (1-1) successively through the optical shutter (2) leaves the diaphragm (1-2) to the photoelectric detector (3), when used, the first closing the cartridge (1) of the light shutter (2), light of light through the through-hole (1-1), the optical shutter (2) and a diaphragm (1-2), light irradiated on the optical detector (3), the step signal generator (6) signal to the discriminator output step (5) the reference voltage terminal, scanning photodetector (3) Hot electronic noise pulse spectrum, measured system noise spectrum parameters, while the computer (10) in its closed optical shutter (2) the measured thermal electronic noise and pulse-height distribution curve digital threshold is set, electronic noise from the measured thermal pulse spectroscopy curve to determine the size of the threshold voltage V
Next = V
Abduction + V
drift , embedded system (9) controls the output lower threshold voltage, the lower threshold voltage is input to a discriminator (5) reference voltage terminal, then the amplifier (4) processed optical pulse signal and thermal electrical noise pulses through discriminator (5) , pulse shaper (7) was filtered off and the lower threshold voltage is less than the thermal electron noise pulses, the photoelectron pulse signal through discriminator (5) input to the counter (8), to achieve high sensitivity and low signal to noise ratio of the high light intensity noise measurement.
2. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter, it is characterized in that optical shutter (2) is a mechanical type manual control optical shutter.
3. according to claim 1ly unglazedly differentiate single photon counter, it is characterized in that optical shutter (2) controls optical shutter automatically for mechanical type according to the thermionic noise pulse.
4. the unglazed thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter that shines according to claim 1 is characterized in that optical shutter (2) when closing, does not have any smooth incident, and autoscan thermionic noise pulse height distributes.
5. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter, when it is characterized in that optical shutter (2) is opened, realize the high s/n ratio luminous intensity measurement.
6. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter; It is characterized in that step generator (6) comprises the square-wave generator of being made up of operational amplifier IC1, capacitor C 1, resistance R 1, R2, R3 and R4; Form signaling switch by Sheffer stroke gate IC2, diode D3 and D4; And input embedded system (9) trigger sweep signal; The ramp generator of forming by operational amplifier IC3 and IC4; Wherein be that the differential amplifier that core is formed is regulated output voltage through its output terminal sampling with IC4, the gate-control signal stack of the output voltage of IC4 and IC2 output forms step signal output at operational amplifier IC3 output terminal and supplies with Discr. (5) reference voltage terminal.
7. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter, it is characterized in that the manual setting that is set to of Discr. (5) threshold voltages.
8. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter, it is characterized in that the automatic setting that is set to of Discr. (5) threshold voltages.
9. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter; Produce stepped rising scanning voltage when it is characterized in that step generator (6) work; Ascending gradually changing; Add aforementioned stepped rising scanning voltage at Discr. (5) reference voltage terminal, scanning calorimeter electronic noise pulse height distributes, and realizes the discriminating of thermionic noise pulse.
10. according to claim 1 unglazed according to thermionic noise pulse discriminating single photon counter; Before it is characterized in that optical shutter (2) surveying work begins; According to thermionic noise pulse height distributed and arranged Discr. (5) threshold voltages, make it be in optimum Working.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201110428555.2A CN102435325B (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2011-12-20 | Single-photon counter for identifying empty-illumination thermo-electron noise pulse |
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| CN201110428555.2A CN102435325B (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2011-12-20 | Single-photon counter for identifying empty-illumination thermo-electron noise pulse |
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| CN102435325A true CN102435325A (en) | 2012-05-02 |
| CN102435325B CN102435325B (en) | 2014-09-03 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103837690A (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2014-06-04 | 西门子医学诊断产品有限责任公司 | Method for ascertaining a transmission value |
| CN104697646A (en) * | 2015-02-09 | 2015-06-10 | 中国计量学院 | Single photon counting identifier circuit with dark counting pulse discrimination |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103837690A (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2014-06-04 | 西门子医学诊断产品有限责任公司 | Method for ascertaining a transmission value |
| US9664670B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 | 2017-05-30 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products Gmbh | Method for ascertaining a transmission value |
| CN103837690B (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2018-09-18 | 西门子医学诊断产品有限责任公司 | Method for determining transmission value |
| CN104697646A (en) * | 2015-02-09 | 2015-06-10 | 中国计量学院 | Single photon counting identifier circuit with dark counting pulse discrimination |
| CN104697646B (en) * | 2015-02-09 | 2017-06-16 | 中国计量学院 | A kind of single photon counting discriminator circuit with dark counting pulse discrimination power |
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