CN102432349B - Method for producing straw mushroom culture material, straw mushroom culture material formula, and cultivation method of straw mushrooms - Google Patents
Method for producing straw mushroom culture material, straw mushroom culture material formula, and cultivation method of straw mushrooms Download PDFInfo
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- CN102432349B CN102432349B CN 201110270677 CN201110270677A CN102432349B CN 102432349 B CN102432349 B CN 102432349B CN 201110270677 CN201110270677 CN 201110270677 CN 201110270677 A CN201110270677 A CN 201110270677A CN 102432349 B CN102432349 B CN 102432349B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for producing a straw mushroom culture material with water lettuce as a raw material. The method comprises steps that: (1) water lettuce is collected; (2) the water lettuce is subject to a crushing and kneading treatment; (3) water lettuce chips are dehydrated by pressing; (4) the pressed and dehydrated water lettuce chips are subject to a drying and oxidizing treatment; and (5) the culture material is produced. The invention also provides a straw mushroom culture material formula and a cultivation method of straw mushrooms. Compared with existing technologies, according to the mechanical method for producing the straw mushroom culture material, the straw mushroom culture material formula, and the cultivation method of straw mushrooms, the water lettuce fished from rivers is utilized as a resource, and a straw mushroom culture material is produced for culturing straw mushrooms. Therefore, the cost of culture materials in straw mushroom industries can be greatly reduced, a reasonable utilization approach of water lettuce is provided, such that a large amount of cost of water lettuce landfill treatment can be saved for the government. Also, when the water lettuce is used for producing the culture material, the food sanitation safety index of the straw mushrooms is higher than that cultured by using waste cotton.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of edible fungus culture, exactly refer to a kind of method, straw mushroom compost formula and Volvaria volvacea cultivation method of making straw mushroom compost.
Background technology
One, the harm of water lettuce
Water lettuce (Chinese formal name used at school Eichhornia crassipes is the perennial aquatic herbaceous plant of Pontederiaceae phoenix eyes Nelumbo) is a kind of No.1 Alien Invasive Plants that endangers poisons in freshwater, originates in Brazil, is one of the large evil grass in the world ten of position that is number two.At present, endanger the freshwater in most warm place, the whole world, spreading all over more than 60 countries and regions.It introduced China since 1901 as flowers, mistakenly it was widelyd popularize breeding in the whole nation as green fodder in last century five, the sixties again and used, and is slowly out of hand afterwards.Carrying all before one in the vast waters of China in recent years, advance unopposed, spread harm in 19 provinces (municipality directly under the Central Government, autonomous region), overflows in especially southern each province, and the alarm of waters, various places is kept pouring in.As long as there is the rivers water system that causing harm of water lettuce just arranged, due to the water lettuce overgrowing, usually cause the obstructions such as river course, reservoir, irrigation and drainage canal (station), have a strong impact on flowing of water body, the view of rivers, the normal production of unimpeded and agriculture, the fishery in navigation channel, and water conservancy irrigation and drainage; Rot due to its a large amount of breeding and a large amount of death in addition, cause the secondary pollution of water body, have a strong impact on safety of drinking water source etc.; China water lettuce originally the height of individual plant be two, 30 centimetres, existing the highlyest grow to 1.8 meters, can block when it breaks out and stop up the river course and be continuous several kilometers; Thickness in water surface growth can reach 2-3 rice, and the people can walk in the above, even can float a car and does not sink; When serious, it can cover with the tens thousand of mu of waters surface, just as boundless and indistinct grassland.
Water lettuce is one of the fastest plant of known growth rate, the fast terrorise of its growth, if conditions permit, water lettuce can produce 1.4 hundred million plant division within 1 year, can be paved with the water surface of 140 hectares, heavyly reached 28000 tons.Water lettuce can be selected vegetative propagation and seminal propagation, opens altogether flower its every year two to three times, and its each strain inflorescence can produce about 300 seeds, and these seeds borrow water to propagate, and can germinate within these few days when condition is suitable; When condition is not suitable for dormancy still can keep the vigor of life after 15～20 years.These are one of the reasons that can't effect a radical cure of present water lettuce.
Natural world is in the long-term evolution process, and between biology and biology, restriction mutually, mutually coordinate, and separately population is limited in certain scope, and keeps certain quantity, forms stable ecological balanced system.Water lettuce is in its native place South America Brazil, have at least 200 kinds take it as food natural enemy insect and a kind of cowfish (cowfish is food unique in ocean grass mammal, can live in degree of saltiness water, its appetite is very large, can eat up 5%～10% the pasture and water that are equivalent to body weight every day, the title that " weeder in water " arranged), more there is no the waters of serious eutrophication, so water lettuce does not work the mischief in Brazil.Yet in China, the alien species water lettuce is under the situation that breaks away from original producton location natural enemy control, add the water condition of eutrophication, its unrestrictedly mad breeding, destroyed the ecological balance relation between local species, form the biological pollution more fearful than environmental pollution, caused the serious ecocatastrophes such as a large amount of aquatic animals, plant death, born the disastrous effect of " inviting a wolf into house ".
At present China does not still have feasible radical cure method to the control of water lettuce, and effective method remains artificial salvaging now, then delivers to refuse landfill and makes landfill disposal; But water lettuce is just as cancer, even you salvage totally again, its plant and seed as long as condition is suitable, will spread harm just as " cancer cell ", go round and begin again, and be hard to guard against.
According to the preliminary statistics, annual water lettuce disaster is suffered China to surpass the economic loss of 10,000,000,000 yuan, wherein only control expense just up to 1,000,000,000 yuan of left and right.These are direct economic loss, and the Ecological Loss that is caused by the water lettuce invasion is to estimate.In order to control the harm of water lettuce, China has spent a large amount of funds and human and material resources, but not yet can find effective method of controlling.Water lettuce Zi Yuan No obtains rationally and effectively utilizing all the time, has caused surprising waste.Nowadays, how to prevent and treat and rationally to utilize this harmful and huge living resources, having become a great problem.
Two, the reason and the recycling that spread unchecked of water lettuce
The water lettuce overgrowing is overflowed, and introduce and there is no the natural enemy restriction and do not have the effectively preventing method except mistake, be mainly that Water Eutrophication causes due to water pollution.because there is no attaching importance to environmental protection, development along with the industrial revolution and modern agriculture, countries in the world are due to Industrial " three Waste ", municipal refuse, the impacts such as sewage, and use in a large number chemical fertilizer, the reasons such as agricultural chemicals, all caused to some extent a series of environmental pollution, water and soil loss, the destruction Of resources, the ecocatastrophes such as damage by disease and insect breaks out, cause the ecological natural environment of agricultural constantly to worsen, make the residual of harmful substance in agricultural product and pollute day by day increase the weight of (as residual in chemical fertilizer, residue of pesticide, heavy-metal residual, poisonous chemical is residual and be subjected to chemical contamination, biotic pollution etc.), directly affect and threatened people's life and safety.For this reason; many countries have all successively proposed to protect nature and the strategic plan of agricultural sustainable development; its core is exactly to make great efforts to lower pollution and the destruction that various harmful substances cause environment for human survival when developing the economy; rationally, effectively, Resource Recycling Utilization; eliminate public hazards, protection of the environment, realize the balance of economic benefit and ecological benefits.
Anything has duality, and water lettuce has its harmful one side, and its favourable one side is also arranged, and because it is a kind of herbaceous plant, be rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, and quantity is huge, and that abandons causes harm, and what use is precious, can be used as recycling.According to ecological rule reasonable development resource, carry out resource circulation utilization in agricultural production, protection ecology and environment are developed high-level pollution-free food and organic food, are the only ways that promotes agricultural sustainable development and ensure health of people.
Three, straw mushroom industrial profile
Straw mushroom is the famous high temperature modification edible mushroom that has the Perenniporia martius characteristic most, China be in the world cultivating straw mushroom the earliest, largest country, gross yield ranks first in the world, straw mushroom is enjoyed the reputation of " Chinese mushroom " in the world, and this is unique kind that obtains this honorary title in all edible mushrooms at home.Bright straw mushroom delicious flavour, nutritive value are very high, and its nutritive value is characterized in higher than most edible mushroom: (1) protein content is high, be rich in eight kinds of essential amino acids that the mankind can not lack; (2) in common edible mushroom, the content of the vitamin D of beauty treatment and anti-oxidant holy product vitamin C and rickets is the highest with straw mushroom; (3) straw mushroom is a kind of good source of additional mineral matter, its content of mineral substances is that in all edible mushrooms of present commercial cultivation, content is the highest, and contain possess anti-ageing, strengthen immunologic function, the trace element-selenium (Se) of pre-preventing tumor and angiocardiopathy; (4) straw mushroom invigorate the spleen and benefit qi, the effect such as clearing away summerheat, antisepsis, accelerating wound healing, but the physiological function of often edible straw mushroom balance human body, promote the metabolism of human body, strengthen human body to the immunocompetence of disease, have good dietotherapy and health-care effect.Straw mushroom is that in present common edible mushroom, growth rate is the fastest, a kind of mushroom that the production cycle is the shortest.Guangdong is the cradle of China's Volvaria volvacea cultivation, and the main product ground of present domestic straw mushroom mainly concentrates on the ground such as Guangzhou and the Delta of the Pearl River.
Delta of the Pearl River located in subtropical zone, the weather conditions of its warm and moist are most appropriate to Volvaria volvacea cultivation, and simultaneously straw mushroom is again that area, Guangdong,Hongkong and Macao people like and one of the highest famous edible mushroom of sales volume most, is a kind of key health food of high-quality.Along with the raising of people's living standard and the enhancing of health care consciousness, its sales volume all constantly increases in local and domestic and international market.The composts or fertilisers of cultivating of cultivating straw mushroom is mainly waste cotton now, waste cotton is the offcuts of textile industry, originally be the refuse of abandoning, at the beginning of the eighties in last century, (project leader of this unit was Hu Zesheng at that time) cooperated with the Guangzhou suburbs institute of agricultural sciences in the Microbiology Research Inst., Guangzhou City, successfully complete " utilizing the research and extension of waste cotton cultivating straw mushroom " this sparking plan project of assigning of Guangzhou State Scientific and Technological Commission at that time, through in many ways making great efforts, successfully waste cotton has been replaced straw to be utilized as the composts or fertilisers of cultivating of straw mushroom.straw mushroom is in outdoor planting for a long time take straw as composts or fertilisers of cultivating, the not enough impact with being subjected to the adverse weather environment of nutrient because of straw, the level of production is always very low, the outdoor straw that utilizes that tradition falls behind is cultivated (referring to warm season) season, develop into indoor (in the greenhouse) and utilize the waste cotton annually cultivating, straw mushroom output has obtained significant raising, the biologicak efficiency of straw mushroom is (to drop into the siccative weight of composts or fertilisers of cultivating, calculate the percentage of the bright mushroom of output) from utilizing 10% left and right of straw cultivation, rise to 20% to 40% left and right, make straw mushroom plant husbandry obtain very large progress and development, and turn waste into wealth, make waste cotton be fully utilized, solved the difficult problem of national textile industry waste disposal.
So far the waste cotton major part of full Country various places is all transported to the ground such as Guangzhou and Pearl River Delta as the composts or fertilisers of cultivating of cultivating straw mushroom from the middle and later periods eighties.The Guangzhou becomes maximum straw mushroom production base, the whole nation in recent years, and Baiyun District Ren He town becomes at most the township of actual straw mushroom production because of straw mushroom plantation peasant household and straw mushroom room sum.Price due to waste cotton is raised to present the highest more than 1600 yuan/tons (In Guangzhou Area purchase valency) at the beginning of the eighties in last century always from zero at present, because production cost constantly rises, the quality of waste cotton waits again many reasons worse and worse simultaneously, causes the output of straw mushroom more and more lower.More difficult 20% the level (referring at summer culture) that reaches of biologicak efficiency of Volvaria volvacea cultivation, make more and more difficult operation of practitioner at present, and the straw mushroom growing industry has been absorbed in difficult predicament at present.
Summary of the invention
For defects, the technical problem that the present invention solves is to provide a kind of method, straw mushroom compost formula and Volvaria volvacea cultivation method of making straw mushroom compost, the water lettuce resource that utilization is overflowed, manufacture straw mushroom compost as Volvaria volvacea cultivation, cost that can decrease straw mushroom industry composts or fertilisers of cultivating, find again an approach that water lettuce is rationally utilized, can be a large sum of expense that government saves the landfill disposal water lettuce; Utilize simultaneously the straw mushroom of the composts or fertilisers of cultivating cultivation of water lettuce making, the food sanitation safe index of straw mushroom product is better than what cultivate with waste cotton.
In order to solve above technical problem, method of making straw mushroom compost take water lettuce as raw material provided by the invention comprises the steps:
(1) gather water lettuce;
(2) water lettuce is carried out break process and form the water lettuce particle;
(3) with water lettuce particle press dewatering;
(4) the water lettuce particle after press dewatering is carried out dry oxidation processes, in this step, under the effect of water lettuce particle through high temperature, intensive ultraviolet, catalyzer and oxygen, with polyphenols oxidative degradation, remove its oxidative degradation more than 70%;
(5) make composts or fertilisers of cultivating.
Preferably, in described step (2), first the rubbish incidental in water lettuce is removed before carrying out break process.
Preferably, in described step (2), water lettuce is broken for graininess and/or gentle thread.
Preferably, in described step (3), with water lettuce particle press dewatering, until the moisture content of water lettuce particle is at 25%-50%; And then with beating loosely through squeezing into block water lettuce, add simultaneously ten thousand/to the anatase titanium dioxide catalyzer of one of percentage amount, it is fully mixed with the water lettuce particle, then enter subsequent processing.
Preferably, in described step (4), the water lettuce particle is as follows through the design parameter under the effect of high temperature, intensive ultraviolet, catalyzer and oxygen:
High temperature: 50 ℃ to 120 ℃;
Intensive ultraviolet: wavelength is 200nm to 400nm, and intensity is in the situation that the condition license is more strong better;
Catalyzer: a kind of or combination in titanium dioxide, magnesia, chlorine dioxide;
Oxygen: pass into air;
Until the moisture content of water lettuce particle is to 10%-13%, and the polyphenols of oxidative degradation more than 70%.The rapid oxidation processes of this Walk is to adopt photocatalysis oxidation technique, photocatalysis oxidation reaction is a kind of oxidizing process of the degree of depth, it is an active research direction of present multiphase photocatalysis technology that degradation of contaminant is eliminated in photocatalysis, the Photocatalytic Oxidation With Semiconductors technology has and can not occur the influential accessory substance of environment, the advantage such as can utilize daylight to degrade, operating cost is low.Chemical property and the optical property of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are very stable, and nontoxic inexpensive, and the source is sufficient, are the optimal light catalysts of generally acknowledging at present.
In addition, the present invention also provides a kind of straw mushroom compost formula, comprises following component:
15 parts-50 parts of the composts or fertilisers of cultivating that said method makes
40 parts-60 parts of waste cottons
Above component is weight percentage; Described composts or fertilisers of cultivating and described waste cotton are siccative.
Preferably, the straw mushroom compost formula comprises following component:
15 parts-50 parts of the composts or fertilisers of cultivating that said method makes
40 parts-60 parts of waste cottons
10 parts-30 parts, corn hair
Above component is weight percentage; Described composts or fertilisers of cultivating, described waste cotton and described corn hair are siccative.
The present invention provides a kind of Volvaria volvacea cultivation method again, comprises the following steps:
(s1) according to above-mentioned component preparation composts or fertilisers of cultivating;
(s2) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is processed: composts or fertilisers of cultivating is mixed put into framework, layering adds the lime water tramples and soaks, and the consumption of lime is the 4%-10% of medium gross mass; Or the water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating stay do not process, the second day composts or fertilisers of cultivating advances before the mushroom room again with the drenched lime that adds 1-3% of water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating water by the time, then with trample before the composts or fertilisers of cultivating that soaks and mix thoroughly and can enter the mushroom room;
(s3) composts or fertilisers of cultivating enters the mushroom room: the composts or fertilisers of cultivating stack retting of step (s2) was stirred after 18-26 hour namely will enter the room, long to prevent the composts or fertilisers of cultivating fermentation time, causing that polyphenols discharges affect the straw mushroom life
Long, its pH value is controlled between 8-9, and the moisture of composts or fertilisers of cultivating remains on 60%-70%;
(s4) secondary fermentation: during high-temperature sterilization, mushroom room temperature is 70 ℃-90 ℃, and the duration is more than 10 hours;
(s5) sowing: can broadcast bacterial classification when composts or fertilisers of cultivating material heart temperature drops to 33 ℃-40 ℃, when temperature is low in the winter time, the sowing temperature can be with height a bit, sowing in the time of can resting in material temperature 37-40 ℃; Temperature can reduce a bit when summer temperature is high, sowing in the time of can resting in material temperature 33-36 ℃.
The nutrient of water lettuce is abundant, and it is rich in cellulose, hemicellulose and amino acid and dietary fiber, and is nontoxic to human body, the edible green fodder that can be used as again, and its carbon source and vitamin and mineral matter are sufficient.The water lettuce dry matter content is 6%～7% according to one's analysis, and wherein protein content 18.2%～23.5%, crude fat content 5.11%～5.84%, and content of cellulose 20.4%～25.7%, the content of nitrogen phosphate and sulfur is respectively 2.64%～3.50%, 0.34%, 0.198%.Be made into straw mushroom compost with water lettuce through suitable processing, the nutritional requirement that can grow with Full foot straw mushroom fully.
Straw mushroom is typical careless saprophytic bacteria, and is stricter to the requirement of composts or fertilisers of cultivating, because hemicellulase system and the lignoenzyme system of straw mushroom are very weak, should not be that main composts or fertilisers of cultivating comes cultivating straw mushroom with containing hemicellulose and containing lignin.And the main component of waste cotton is cellulose and contain hardly hemicellulose and lignin, so waste cotton is well suited for the growth of straw mushroom, the proterties of its water conservation insulation is good simultaneously, therefore cultivating straw mushroom is effective.According to internationally famous edible mushroom expert Zhang Shuting professor's, contain when the more raw material of hemicellulose and lignin is degraded and to produce polyphenols, straw mushroom is more responsive and affect it and grow on this compounds, and such raw material is beneficial to wood decay fungi such as mushroom.
By carrying out repetitious test with water lettuce as the medium cultivating straw mushroom, the straw mushroom of in fact positive professor's Zhang Shuting proposition affects on the phenolic compound sensitivity argument that it grows again.
water lettuce is the higher plant of plant polyphenol content, with fresh or dry and (only dry, No have continue the processing of being exposed to the sun) water lettuce when making composts or fertilisers of cultivating and mixing the waste cotton cultivating straw mushroom, on the first eight day (same day that comprises sowing after planting, down together) the mycelia growing way of straw mushroom is fine (obviously better with the mycelia of pure waste cotton cultivation than contrast, this is relevant with water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating nitrogen content height), fruiting is also very normal, even than also good with the fruiting effect of pure waste cotton cultivation, but in case enter the 9th to the 11 day, the straw mushroom mycelia just goes out the aobvious decay of existing Ming, time, longer decline was more obvious, the mushroom flower bud new to the tenth daystart substantially no longer grows, the mushroom that does not grow up (less fruit body) also begins poor growth to occur or stops growing so that begin to occur the atrophy phenomenon, began to occur dead mushroom by the 12 day, basically be that little mushroom is first dead, the vitality of large mushroom is died an death more by force slower, the whole phenomenons of atrophy death together of the little mushroom in full room even also can appear, had a strong impact on the output of straw mushroom.By analysis, this phenomenon is to discharge gradually polyphenols by water lettuce to cause, in the first eight day because the few Gu No of polyphenols burst size impacts, to entering the 9th to the 11 day, the polyphenols Zhu Walk that composts or fertilisers of cultivating discharges increases, and its impact on straw mushroom also progressively strengthens, release and accumulation to the 12 day beginning polyphenols reach peak value, large quantities of, the little mushroom in the even full room dead phenomenon of being injured just occurred.
Polyphenols is a kind of Fungicidal substance, can cause protein denaturation and solidify, and obvious bacteriostasis is arranged.The cell of Mycelia of Straw Mushroom, Volvariel volvacea and fruit body forms by protein, and polyphenol compound can make protein coagulating, and stronger anti-oxidant and bactericidal action is arranged, and the PPO quantity of Mycelia of Straw Mushroom, Volvariel volvacea secretion is few, can not contend with the polyphenols that water lettuce discharges.Because the straw mushroom mycelia can not secrete the polyphenol compound that enough polyphenol oxidase come the oxidation Decomposition water lettuce to discharge, therefore the phenomenon that above-mentioned polyphenols suppresses and murder straw mushroom mycelia and fruit body occurs.
Analyze according to above-mentioned repetitious test, can prove can not be as the straw mushroom compost cultivating straw mushroom without the water lettuce of suitably processing.Therefore, the present invention utilizes the key of water lettuce making straw mushroom compost will degrade exactly or eliminate polyphenols.
Compared with prior art, the method of making straw mushroom compost provided by the invention, straw mushroom compost formula and Volvaria volvacea cultivation method, the water lettuce resource that utilization is salvaged from rivers, manufacture straw mushroom compost as Volvaria volvacea cultivation, cost that can decrease straw mushroom industry composts or fertilisers of cultivating has found again the approach that water lettuce is rationally utilized, and can be a large sum of expense that government saves the landfill disposal water lettuce, with land resources and the construction cost of saving landfill yard, environmental contamination reduction; Utilize simultaneously the straw mushroom of the composts or fertilisers of cultivating cultivation of water lettuce making, the food sanitation safe index of product is better than what cultivate with waste cotton.
Description of drawings
Make the flow chart of steps of the method for straw mushroom compost in Fig. 1 the present invention take water lettuce as raw material;
Fig. 2 is that Inspection and Quarantine Technic Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Qu's food experiment chamber is to the examining report of water lettuce;
Fig. 3 a is that China Guangzhou Analysis ﹠. Test Center is to the examining report first page of polyphenol content in water lettuce;
Fig. 3 b is that China Guangzhou Analysis ﹠. Test Center is to the examining report second page of polyphenol content in water lettuce;
Fig. 3 c is China Guangzhou Analysis ﹠. Test Center to the 3rd page of the examining report of polyphenol content in water lettuce;
The Pesticides Testing report of Fig. 4 a straw mushroom product that to be Baiyun District, Guangzhou City agricultural product quality and safety supervision inspection center produce the composts or fertilisers of cultivating that utilizes water lettuce and make;
Fig. 4 b is the test item subordinate list one of examining report in Fig. 4 a;
Fig. 4 c is the test item subordinate list two of examining report in Fig. 4 a;
Fig. 4 d is the test item subordinate list three of examining report in Fig. 4 a;
Fig. 4 e is the test item subordinate list four of examining report in Fig. 4 a;
Fig. 4 f is the test item subordinate list five of examining report in Fig. 4 a.
Embodiment
For those skilled in the art can understand technical scheme provided by the present invention better, set forth below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
See also Fig. 1, make the flow chart of steps of the method for straw mushroom compost in this figure the present invention take water lettuce as raw material.
Method of making straw mushroom compost take water lettuce as raw material provided by the invention specifically comprises the steps:
(1) gather water lettuce.
(2) water lettuce is carried out fragmentation and rub the silk processing.The effect that silk is rubbed in fragmentation is: the first changes the physical behavior of water lettuce, allow it be conducive to be absorbed by the straw mushroom mycelia, it two is to intensify the activity of polyphenol oxidase in the water lettuce plant (PPO) by fragmentation, be conducive to assist degraded, oxidation, elimination polyphenols, PPO non-activity or activity without water lettuce under broken native state are lower, and it three is to be easy to drying and oxidation processes after broken processing.
(3) with water lettuce particle press dewatering.Up to 93%, make the moisture content of water lettuce particle drop to 25%-50% through this operation because of the water content of water lettuce.Then by beating crusher with beating loosely through squeezing into block water lettuce, add simultaneously ten thousand/to the anatase titanium dioxide catalyzer of one of percentage amount, it is fully mixed with the water lettuce particle, then send into subsequent processing by conveyer belt.
(4) the water lettuce particle after press dewatering is carried out dry oxidation processes, in this step, the water lettuce particle is through high temperature (50 to 120 ℃), intensive ultraviolet (wavelength 200 to 400nm nanometers, intensity is in the situation that condition license is more strong better), under the effect of catalyzer (titanium dioxide TiO2, magnesia MgO, chlorine dioxide ClO2) and oxygen (lead to into air and obtain), with polyphenols oxidative degradation, its oxidative degradation is removed more than 70%, and the degraded clearance is more high better.
(6) make composts or fertilisers of cultivating.
(7) afterwards with continuous automatic packing machine packing (or being pressed into piece by cuber), be convenient to transportation and store.
In step (4), water lettuce particle after press dewatering is carried out dry oxidation processes, the dry oxidation furnaces of sending continuously the water lettuce particle after press dewatering to many group different temperatures by conveyer belt carry out respectively dry oxidation processes, and every group of equipment is by the 1. hot-air drier of novel energy-conserving; 2. (will add reflection shield makes ultraviolet energy more concentrated to branched strong ultraviolet radiation lamp, this equipment will seal ultraviolet ray is not leaked, this equipment irradiation seal closure inner surface comprises that conveyor belt surface will spray anatase type nano TiO2 coating simultaneously, improves catalytic oxidation efficient); 3. three parts of upender form (by stirring can make the water lettuce particle be easy to dry and all Uniform accept the ultraviolet ray irradiation and be conducive to photocatalyst of titanium dioxide performance photocatalysis and strong oxidation reaction), until the moisture content of water lettuce particle does to 10% to 13%, and the polyphenols of oxidative degradation more than 70%.As when using chlorine dioxide to make catalyzer, notice that ClO2 will add with aqua, working concentration is 30 to 200ppm, because the capable and experienced dry oxidation furnaces of its corrosivity will be made with stainless steel.
In addition, the present invention also provides a kind of straw mushroom compost formula, comprises following component:
30 parts of the composts or fertilisers of cultivating that above-mentioned method makes
50 parts of waste cottons
20 parts, corn hair
Above component is weight percentage; Composts or fertilisers of cultivating, waste cotton and corn hair are siccative.When the corn hair is corn threshing, remove the waste material after iblet and corncob, contain broken iblet, broken corncob, corn husk coat, corn stigma etc.The corn hair available can, the purpose of use is mainly to produce in order to save.
the straw mushroom compost of making take water lettuce as raw material is because nitrogen content is high, when using, Volvaria volvacea cultivation should not cultivate with 100% pure culture material, otherwise easily cause ammonia overweight and affect straw mushroom mycelia Germination and growth, preferably and other composts or fertilisers of cultivating such as waste cotton, straw, the corn hair, bagasse, Chinese medicine slags etc. mix use, composts or fertilisers of cultivating usage amount GPRS is advisable with interior in 50% of straw mushroom medium total amount, can determine consumption according to mix the height that uses the composts or fertilisers of cultivating nitrogen content with it, the consumption that nitrogen content is high should be a little less, the consumption that nitrogen content is low should be more, the concrete formula of straw mushroom medium can be grasped flexibly according to actual conditions.
Moreover the present invention also provides a kind of Volvaria volvacea cultivation method, comprises the following steps:
(s1) according to above-mentioned component preparation composts or fertilisers of cultivating;
(s2) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is processed: composts or fertilisers of cultivating is mixed put into framework, layering adds the lime water tramples and soaks, and the consumption of lime is the 4%-10% of medium gross mass; Or the water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating stay do not process, the second day composts or fertilisers of cultivating advances before the mushroom room again with the drenched lime that adds 1-3% of water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating water by the time, then with trample before the composts or fertilisers of cultivating that soaks and mix thoroughly and can enter the mushroom room;
(s3) composts or fertilisers of cultivating enters the mushroom room: the composts or fertilisers of cultivating stack retting of step (s2) was stirred after 18-26 hour namely will enter the room, long to prevent the composts or fertilisers of cultivating fermentation time, cause that polyphenols release affects the straw mushroom growth, its pH value is controlled between 8-9, and the moisture of composts or fertilisers of cultivating remains on 60%-70%;
(s4) secondary fermentation: during high-temperature sterilization, mushroom room temperature is 70 ℃-90 ℃, and the duration is more than 10 hours;
(s5) sowing: can broadcast bacterial classification when composts or fertilisers of cultivating material heart temperature drops to 33 ℃-40 ℃, when temperature is low in the winter time, the sowing temperature can be with height a bit, sowing in the time of can resting in material temperature 37-40 ℃; Temperature can reduce a bit when summer temperature is high, sowing in the time of can resting in material temperature 33-36 ℃.
The every management of other of Volvaria volvacea cultivation method of the present invention is identical with the method for utilizing the interior bed cultivation of waste chamber with culture technique.
Utilize the water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating to replace the effect of waste cotton cultivating straw mushroom: in the straw mushroom compost formula with 30% with interior water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating, the output of cultivating straw mushroom is substantially the same with the waste cotton composts or fertilisers of cultivating; With 50% water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating, output has decline in various degree; When replacing the waste cotton cultivation with 100% water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating, production declining can to 50% or more than.During application consumption should rest in 30% with Inner for well, surpass 50%.Utilize water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating cultivating straw mushroom, believe that along with the progress of technology the output of straw mushroom can be improved accordingly.
Compared with prior art, the method of making straw mushroom compost provided by the invention, straw mushroom compost formula and Volvaria volvacea cultivation method, the water lettuce resource that utilization is salvaged from rivers, manufacture straw mushroom compost as Volvaria volvacea cultivation, cost that can decrease straw mushroom industry composts or fertilisers of cultivating, find again an approach that water lettuce is rationally utilized, can be a large sum of expense that government saves the landfill disposal water lettuce; Utilize simultaneously the straw mushroom of the composts or fertilisers of cultivating cultivation of water lettuce making, the food sanitation safe index of straw mushroom product is better than what cultivate with waste cotton.Particularly, have following some:
1, untreated water lettuce is rich in plant polyphenol, due to the polyphenol oxidase of straw mushroom system a little less than, so straw mushroom is more responsive and affect it and grow on polyphenols, the straw mushroom mycelia can not secrete enough polyphenol oxidase oxidative degradation polyphenol compounds, therefore along with the growth of straw mushroom mycelia and the fermentation of composts or fertilisers of cultivating, the polyphenol compound of composts or fertilisers of cultivating can progressively discharge, and causes decline gradually, atrophy and the death of Mycelia of Straw Mushroom, Volvariel volvacea, fruit body; The invention solves degraded, eliminate the difficult problem of the polyphenols in water lettuce, and successfully utilize it to produce straw mushroom.
2, the fresh water lettuce of whole strain is broken into graininess and gentle thread, has reasonably changed the physical behavior of water lettuce, make it more be conducive to the cultivation of straw mushroom.
3, replace the waste cotton composts or fertilisers of cultivating to produce straw mushroom with the water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating, production cost that can the decrease Volvaria volvacea cultivation, the production cost of water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating per ton (siccative) is 600 to 900 yuan.
4, from the angle analysis of environmental protection, this Fa Ming has created an outlet that actual value is arranged with discarded water lettuce, makes its pollutant from environment become valuable living resources, has accomplished the recycling of saving resource and resource.For example, between at present the straw mushroom room of Guangzhou approximately has more than 8000, will be with 200 tons of waste cottons (with 20 days as a production cycle if normally produce every day, 0.5 ton of calculating of every room materials), as progressively using the water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating, and every room consumption 50% calculates, and every day can be with 100 tons of water lettuce composts or fertilisers of cultivating (siccative), calculate with water lettuce water content 93%, namely can utilize more than 1400 ton of fresh water lettuce every day.The water lettuce that can all utilize the Guangzhou to salvage after application of the present invention, making its change make resource uses, can create good social benefit, for government saves a large amount of water lettuce landfill disposal expenses, the landfill expense of Guangzhou water lettuce per ton is 43 yuan (not comprising the expenses such as salvaging and transportation) at present, and 1 year can be just that Guangzhou government saves millions of first landfill expenses.If the expense that this project is saved after the whole province or whole nation popularization is more considerable.The more important thing is and to save in a large number other disposal costs and the expenses such as the land resources of saving landfill yard and construction; environmental contamination reduction; preserve the ecological environment, formed the benign cycle of ecological resources, meet environmental and ecological, the low-carbon (LC) advocated the current world and produce the theme of low-carbon (LC) life.
5, reach nuisanceless production requirement except home environment and applied culture material quality, can not use any chemical fertilizer in the production process of whole straw mushroom, do not use any hormone and preservative, antistaling agent and the various additive that may produce harm to human body, and do not use as far as possible agricultural chemicals, strict implement state food safety and health management regulation, produce the cultivation overall process and must carry out standardized production and strict monitoring, can guarantee that product reaches the pollution-free food standard.
See also Fig. 2, water lettuce shows through Inspection and Quarantine Technic Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Qu's food experiment chamber examining report, and the agricultural chemicals of water lettuce and the content of poisonous metal are extremely low.
See also Fig. 3 a-Fig. 3 c, the examining report of China Guangzhou Analysis ﹠. Test Center to polyphenol content in water lettuce.Because plant polyphenol all can't detect temporarily in the testing agency of In Guangzhou Area at present, we can only replace with the testing result of Tea Polyphenols, and Tea Polyphenols is the wherein a kind of of polyphenols.In the examining report of middle Country Guangzhou Institute of Analysis, water lettuce-1st directly uses electric drying oven with forced convection with 60 ℃ of oven dry without the peroxidating degradation treatment, and its polyphenol content is 0.46%; Water lettuce-2nd rubbed silk through Mechanical Crushing and is exposed to the sun in the sun and shone dry treatment in three days, and its polyphenol content is 0.12%.
See also Fig. 4 a-Fig. 4 f, supervise inspection center's check with the straw mushroom product that this composts or fertilisers of cultivating is produced through the Baiyun District, Guangzhou City agricultural product quality and safety, test item meets the project indicator requirement of GB2763-2005 standard, and 96 kinds of agricultural chemicals of test item all do not detect and exceed standard, and sample is qualified.
To the above-mentioned explanation of the disclosed embodiments, make this area professional and technical personnel can realize or use the present invention.Multiple modification to these embodiment will be apparent concerning those skilled in the art, and General Principle as defined herein can be in the situation that do not break away from the spirit or scope of the present invention, realization in other embodiments.Therefore, the present invention will can not be restricted to these embodiment shown in this article, but will meet the widest scope consistent with principle disclosed herein and features of novelty.
Claims (3)
1. a method of making straw mushroom compost take water lettuce as raw material, is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
(1) gather water lettuce;
(2) water lettuce is carried out break process and form the water lettuce particle;
(3) with water lettuce particle press dewatering, until the moisture content of water lettuce particle is at 25%-50%; And then with beating loosely through squeezing into block water lettuce, add simultaneously ten thousand/to the anatase titanium dioxide catalyzer of one of percentage amount, it is fully mixed with the water lettuce particle, then enter subsequent processing;
(4) the water lettuce particle after press dewatering is carried out dry oxidation processes, in this step, under the effect of water lettuce particle through high temperature, intensive ultraviolet, catalyzer and oxygen, with polyphenols oxidative degradation, remove its oxidative degradation more than 70%; The water lettuce particle is as follows through the design parameter under the effect of high temperature, intensive ultraviolet, catalyzer and oxygen:
High temperature: 50 ℃ to 120 ℃;
Intensive ultraviolet: wavelength is 200nm to 400nm;
Catalyzer: anatase titanium dioxide;
Oxygen: pass into air;
Until the moisture content of water lettuce particle is to 10%-13%, and the polyphenols of oxidative degradation more than 70%; (5) make composts or fertilisers of cultivating.
2. method of making straw mushroom compost take water lettuce as raw material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step (2), first the rubbish incidental in water lettuce removed before carrying out break process.
3. method of making straw mushroom compost take water lettuce as raw material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step (2), water lettuce is broken for graininess and/or gentle thread.
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| CN1806493A (en) * | 2005-01-21 | 2006-07-26 | 黎吉星 | Method for preparing mushroom culture medium by utilizing common water hyacinthes |
| CN101367676A (en) * | 2008-07-21 | 2009-02-18 | 福建省农业科学院生物技术研究所 | Method of preparing culture medium of edible fungus of water hyacinth |
| CN101697695A (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2010-04-28 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Method for cultivating edible straw rotting fungus by using water hyacinth as nutrient medium |
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| CN1806493A (en) * | 2005-01-21 | 2006-07-26 | 黎吉星 | Method for preparing mushroom culture medium by utilizing common water hyacinthes |
| CN101367676A (en) * | 2008-07-21 | 2009-02-18 | 福建省农业科学院生物技术研究所 | Method of preparing culture medium of edible fungus of water hyacinth |
| CN101697695A (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2010-04-28 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Method for cultivating edible straw rotting fungus by using water hyacinth as nutrient medium |
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