CN102365974B - 一种防治线虫的农用组合物及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种防治线虫的农用组合物及其应用，该组合物包括杀线虫剂和多糖类物质，其中所述的杀线虫剂为噻唑磷、氯唑磷、依维菌素、丙溴磷和硫双威中的一种或多种。多糖类物质可以是壳聚糖或壳寡糖。本发明组合物结合了杀线虫剂与多糖类物质混用对线虫的室内活性，起到了意想不到的增效效果。多糖类物质可改善土壤理化性能而抑制线虫的活性，且可提高作物抗逆性，具有防病和促生长效果。杀线虫剂中加入多糖类物质后，使得杀线虫剂杀线虫的效果提升，同时促进了作物的生长。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业化学品领域，特别是涉及一种含有多糖类物质的杀线虫剂及其制备方法和防治地下害虫的用途。
背景技术
植物寄生线虫是植物侵染性的病原之一，广泛寄生在多种植物的根、茎、叶、花、芽和种子上。在全球范围内，植物寄生线虫的发生与危害随着耕作制度的变化日趋严重。目前对植物有害的线虫有3000多种，目前我国发现40多种，常见的如根结线虫、孢囊线虫、松材线虫、甘薯茎线虫等，都是重要的农业病原线虫，其中根结线虫和孢囊线虫危害最重，主要危害的作物有黄瓜、花生、水稻、大豆、小麦、烟草、马铃薯、柑橘、玉米等。线虫一般造成作物减产10％-40％，严重时能造成80％的减产，甚至绝收。
近年来，除线虫外，蔬菜地下害虫也给菜农带来较大的经济损失。地下害虫的种类包括地老虎、蛴螬、蝼蛄、金针虫、根蛆等，常造成伤根、死苗等，导致减产，在春、秋两季危害更加严重。
现有技术中，CN 101223881A仅报道了甲壳素与阿维菌素或甲维盐的杀虫杀螨组合物，CN 1511452A报道了几丁质类物质与阿维、甲维、灭线磷、二氯异丙醚、二溴氯丙烷、苯线磷、克百威、甲基异柳磷、硫线磷、杀线威的杀线虫组合物。而灭线磷、苯线磷、克百威、甲基异柳磷、硫线磷、杀线威是高毒杀线虫剂，二溴氯丙烷是典型的生殖毒物。其所应用的杀线虫剂毒性高，因人们对环境和人身健康的日趋关注，有必要开发相对安全的药剂。通过笔者近年的研究发现，多糖类物质，尤其是壳聚糖和壳寡糖与噻唑磷、氯唑磷、伊维菌素、丙溴磷和硫双威中的一种混合使用，既可提高植物的抗逆性，降低杀线虫剂的用药量，又达到防治线虫和地下害虫的目的，于是完成了本发明。
发明内容
本发明是提供一种包含多糖类物质的增效作用显著的杀线虫组合物及其用途和使用方法。
具体的，本发明提供了一种防治线虫的农用组合物，其特征在于，该组合物包括杀线虫剂和多糖类物质，其中所述的杀线虫剂为噻唑磷、氯唑磷、依维菌素、丙溴磷和硫双威中的一种或多种。
上述组合物中，所述的多糖类物质是壳聚糖和/或壳寡糖。优选的，多糖类物质为壳寡糖。
壳聚糖由甲壳素脱乙酰得到，一般是指脱乙酰度在70％以上，或直接从真菌细胞壁中提取而得到，由氨基葡萄糖通过1，4-糖苷键连接而成的天然线性高分子聚合物。
当壳聚糖被降解成聚合度小于20的时候，其被称为壳寡糖，壳寡糖可以通过对壳聚糖的酶解、物理场降解法等获得。本发明中，壳寡糖是指氨基葡萄糖聚合度在2-20之间的可溶性小分子壳聚糖。
上述组合物中，优选地，杀线虫剂与多糖类物质的质量比为0.05-60∶1，尤其优选的，质量比为0.1-20∶1。
优选的，上述组合物中，杀线虫剂与多糖类物质的质量总和占组合物总质量的百分比为1-85％，优选的，占5-60％。
优选的，上述组合物可以被制成水分散粒剂、可湿性粉剂、可溶性粉剂、悬浮剂或微乳剂等制剂。优选被制备成水分散粒剂。组合物被制备成的各种制剂中，多糖类物质和杀线虫剂的比例满足上述组合物所述的比例，两者质量总和占制剂总质量的1-85％，优选的，占5-60％，湿润分散剂5％-15％，崩解剂1％-5％，其中载体和其它填料加至100％；本发明组合物中的辅料如湿润剂、乳化剂、崩解剂、填料及其它有益于有效成分在制剂中稳定和药效发挥的已知物质，都是农药制剂中常用的允许使用的各种成分。本发明组合物各种制剂的加工工艺，采用已知的方法制备，是农药制剂加工工艺中常用的方法。
本发明还提供了上述组合物用于防治线虫并促进作物生长的方法，其特征在于将组合物施用于遭受线虫病害侵袭的作物上或作物生长的土壤中。
优选的，上述方法中，组合物施用剂量为50-3000克/公顷，优选的，施用剂量为100-1500克/公顷。
优选的，本发明还提供了多糖类物质用于制备包含杀线虫剂的农药的用途，其特征在于多糖类物质为壳聚糖或壳寡糖。
本发明中，壳寡糖为氨基葡萄糖通过1，4-糖苷键连接而成的聚合度为2-30的高分子聚合物的混合物，平均分子量为1000-3000道尔顿。壳寡糖可以通过任意方法制备，例如如下的方法：脱乙酰度在70％以上的壳聚糖通过物理降解法、化学降解法、酶降解法、糖基转移法、复合降解法等方法制备得到的聚合度为2-30的低聚壳聚糖的混合物。或者，通过从真菌细胞壁或昆虫体壁中提取得到的天然甲壳素并通过物理降解法、化学降解法、酶降解法、糖基转移法、复合降解法等方法制备得到的聚合度为2-30的低聚壳聚糖的混合物。或者，通过由氨基葡萄糖通过1，4-糖苷键化学合成聚合而成的聚合度为2-30的聚合物的混合物。目前壳寡糖均为不同聚合物的高分子聚合物的混合物，也就是说壳寡糖中并不是单一聚合度的寡糖形式，而是每种聚合度的壳寡糖单糖都可能存在。所以无论通过何种方法制备得到，或者通过上述制备方法制备得到的市售产品，只要其是氨基葡萄糖通过1，4-糖苷键连接而成的聚合度为2-30、平均分子量为1000-3000道尔顿的高分子聚合物的混合物就是本发明所述的壳寡糖，其可以含有乙酰基，但是键合乙酰基的糖单元不超过40％的量，优选不超过30％的量，尤其优选不超过20％的量。目前市售的壳寡糖基本上都为上述壳寡糖术语所阐述的壳寡糖产品。
优选的，上述用途中，杀线虫剂为噻唑磷、氯唑磷、依维菌素、丙溴磷和硫双威中的一种或多种。
本发明的包含多糖类物质和杀线虫剂的组合物可以施用于任何遭受线虫侵害的作物中，这些作物包括但不限于粮食作物，蔬菜和林木等，具体地，粮食作物如花生、玉米、水稻、大豆，高粱、小麦，蔬菜如黄瓜，番茄，芹菜，菠菜，白菜，甜菜，辣椒等，林木如香蕉树、杨树、松树、柏树、椰树、橡胶树等。还可以是烟草、马铃薯、柑橘等。
本发明的包含多糖类物质和杀线虫剂的组合物可以防治任何线虫，包括但不限于蔬菜根结线虫，粮食作物根结线虫，林木根基线虫等，具体如黄瓜根结线虫，番茄根结线虫，芹菜根结线虫，辣椒根结线虫，甘薯茎线虫，香蕉根结线虫等。
本发明的优点：
1、本发明组合物结合了杀线虫剂与壳聚糖和壳寡糖等多糖类物质混用对线虫的室内活性，起到了意想不到的增效效果。
2、壳聚糖和壳寡糖能够改善土壤理化性能而抑制线虫的活性，且可提高作物抗逆性，具有防病和促生长效果。杀线虫剂中加入壳聚糖或壳寡糖后，使得杀线虫剂杀线虫的效果提升，同时促进了作物的生长。
具体实施方式
为了理解本发明，下面以实施例进一步说明本发明，但不限制本发明。
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明，但本发明决不限于下述实施例。以下所述仅用于解释本发明，对于不偏离本发明精神和原则所做的修改、替换或改进，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
实施例1含壳寡糖和灭杀线虫的组合物的生物活性测定
将壳寡糖单剂、杀线虫剂单剂、及一定质量比的壳寡糖和杀线虫剂的组合物稀释到一定浓度，然后分别施用于香蕉根结线虫，分别测量各供试药剂致死中浓度LC50，根据共毒系数计算公式计算各个混合药剂的共毒系数，结果如下表1：
表1不同复配剂对香蕉根结线虫的增效效果
| 药剂 | 配比 | LC50(mg/L) | 共毒系数 |
| 噻唑磷 | - | 25.1380 | - |
| 氯唑磷 | - | 56.8363 | - |
| 伊维菌素 | - | 16.1453 | - |
| 丙溴磷 | - | 24.8435 | - |
| 硫双威 | - | 22.0524 | - |
| 壳寡糖 | - | 4171.4042 | - |
| 壳寡糖∶噻唑磷 | 1∶9 | 8.3790 | 333.12 |
| 壳寡糖∶氯唑磷 | 1∶11 | 12.9766 | 477.22 |
| 壳寡糖∶伊维菌素 | 1∶39 | 7.3120 | 226.44 |
| 壳寡糖∶丙溴磷 | 1∶19 | 8.7658 | 298.24 |
| 壳寡糖∶硫双威 | 1∶39 | 9.7456 | 232.05 |
由表1可以看出，壳寡糖与不同药剂复配对香蕉椴结线虫的共毒系数远远大于120，说明组合物中壳寡糖和另外一种杀线虫剂对香蕉根结线虫的灭杀中增效效果明显。
实施例2组合物对作物促生长的效果
用灭菌土与灭菌河沙混匀成培养土，混入杀线组合物或单剂，充分拌匀，加入清水使含水量40％，装入盆钵，将生长有2片真叶的辣椒苗移栽到盆中，移栽后7天，每盆接入南方根结线虫2龄幼虫1000条，置于温室，定量浇水管理。设每处理3个重复，并设未混入药剂处理为空白对照。20天后，当空白对照植株根际有大量根结时，调查防效。记录每株根结数，并按刘维志(1995)进行分级：0级，无根结；1级，1-2根结；2级，3-10个根结；3级，11-30个根结；4级，31-100个根结；5级，100个以上根结。将辣椒植株平铺，两区地上部植株高度(cm)及地下部根长度；结果见表2。
表2组合物对辣椒根结线虫的效果
表2表明，相对于对应单剂和空白对照，各杀线虫组合物株高和根长都明显提高，且根结数明显减少，病害明显减轻。说明壳寡糖与杀线虫剂配合使用能够促进根结数的降低，并促进作物生长。
Claims (7)
1.一种防治线虫的农用组合物，其特征在于，该组合物包括杀线虫剂和多糖类物质，其中所述的杀线虫剂为噻唑磷、氯唑磷和丙溴磷中的一种或多种，所述多糖类物质是壳寡糖，其中杀线虫剂与多糖类物质的质量比为0.1-20：1。
2.根据权利要求1任一项所述的农用组合物，其中杀线虫剂与多糖类物质的质量总和占组合物总质量的百分比为1-85％。
3.根据权利要求2所述的农用组合物，其中杀线虫剂与多糖类物质的质量总和占组合物总质量的百分比为5-60％。
4.根据权利要求3所述的农用组合物，其中该组合物被制成水分散粒剂、可湿性粉剂、可溶性粉剂、悬浮剂或微乳剂。
5.权利要求1-2中任一项的农用组合物用于防治线虫并促进作物生长的方法，其特征在于将组合物施用于遭受线虫病害侵袭的作物上或作物生长的土壤中。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中组合物施用剂量为50-3000克/公顷。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中组合物施用剂量为100-1500克/公顷。
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| CN103444708A (zh) * | 2013-08-01 | 2013-12-18 | 广东中迅农科股份有限公司 | 一种含有壳聚糖的水分散粒剂 |
| CN103553763B (zh) * | 2013-10-09 | 2015-07-08 | 海南正业中农高科股份有限公司 | 含有壳寡糖和氟虫腈的农用组合物 |
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| CN106689215B (zh) * | 2016-09-26 | 2020-04-07 | 德州市农业科学研究院 | 一种防治蔬菜根结线虫的微生物制剂及其制备方法 |
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