CN102333815B - 制备增强的质子交换膜的方法及增强的质子交换膜 - Google Patents
制备增强的质子交换膜的方法及增强的质子交换膜 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了一种基于增强非交联膜固有氧化稳定性的新型方法。由此,公开了苯乙烯与甲基丙烯腈(MAN)共接枝于25μm ETFE基膜上,其中甲基丙烯腈具有受到保护的α位和强偶极腈基侧基。比较了苯乙烯/MAN共接枝膜和基于苯乙烯的膜在H2/O2单燃料电池中的耐久性试验。结果表明,MAN的结合使用显著地改善了化学稳定性。基于共聚合苯乙烯和MAN制备的膜表现出令人鼓舞的结果,且提供了通过调节MAN和交联剂用量而增强所得的燃料电池膜的氧化稳定性的机会。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备质子交换膜的方法。本发明进一步涉及所述的膜本身。
在燃料电池中的质子交换膜的稳定性和可靠性是将这项技术从原型发展到商业层面的重要问题之一。类似地,开发性能价格比高的质子交换膜替代现有技术的昂贵全氟化膜(例如Nafion)是另一个主要挑战。辐射引发的接枝技术结合低成本的材料(氟化或部分氟化的基体聚合物)提供了若干优点。辐射引发的接枝是一项通用的技术,其允许基体材料的功能化和引入所需的性能(质子导电性)。该项技术吸引人的地方是基于其可以便于在宽范围内调整和控制一些参数以达到所需性能。
Paul Scherrer研究所致力于低成本聚合物电解质膜的开发,且做了大量工作以改善机械和化学稳定性。在80℃的温度且稳态条件下使用寿命超过4000小时是用基于接枝在四氟乙烯/六氟丙烯共聚物(FEP)上的苯乙烯/二乙烯基苯(DVB:交联剂)的辐射接枝交联膜实现的。交联和接枝水平(GL)被指出为关键参数,其可经调节以在辐射接枝膜中找到在导电性和稳定性之间的平衡。因此,FEP基的膜在其性能和耐久性上得到优化。
为了增强基体聚合物的固有性质,部分氟化的乙烯/四氟乙烯交替共聚物(ETFE)被选用,其中与FEP基膜相比证明其具有一些优势。因此,开展了关于在ETFE接枝苯乙烯时接枝参数和反应动力学的影响的详细研究。此外,研究了接枝密度的影响,且针对燃料电池建立了DVB用量和原位及异位相关性能的相互关系。对优化的ETFE基膜(5%DVB)进行了耐久性测试,该测试进行了超过2180小时,在活性区域中未发生明显的降解。
众所周知,接枝膜中的苯乙烯磺酸基团在α-氢位置上具有弱点,在燃料电池环境下,该位置易于受到自由基攻击。做了大量的工作通过使用具有低成本影响的新的单体组合改善了辐射接枝膜的稳定性。一些作者报道了苯乙烯/丙烯腈,α-甲基苯乙烯/苯乙烯和对甲基苯乙烯/叔丁基苯乙烯。目前,还没有公开燃料电池试验,而是只报道了在H2O2中的异位化学稳定性。然而,在燃料电池工作条件下出现的真正的应力是复杂的(水合作用/脱水作用,机械应力,攻击性的物质(HO·,HOO·)),且需要进行单独电池测试以评估所述膜。最近,报道和测试了替代的单体,且获得了更多的关于α,β,β-三氟苯乙烯衍生物和α-甲基苯乙烯/甲基丙烯腈的数据,其显示出更好的稳定性,但遭受慢的接枝动力学。
因此本发明的目的在于提供一种制备在燃料电池工作条件下具有长期稳定性的质子交换膜的方法。
根据本发明,所述目标通过一种用于制备将组装在膜电极组例如聚合物电解质膜燃料电池中的膜的方法实现,该方法包括下列步骤:
a)用电磁辐射和/或粒子辐射辐照基体聚合物膜,以在所述的基体聚合物膜中形成反应中心,即自由基;
b)将辐照后的基体聚合物膜暴露于将经受辐射引发的接枝聚合的、包含苯乙烯和甲基丙烯腈的单体混合物,以实现在所述辐照后的基体聚合物膜中形成接枝共聚物;和
c)磺化接枝的基体聚合物膜以引入磺酸位点,提供材料的离子电导性。
就膜电极组而言,这些目标根据本发明通过膜电极组实现,该膜电极组包含夹于阴极层和阳极层之间的聚合物电解质层,从而所述的聚合物电解质层为包含苯乙烯和甲基丙烯腈作为共聚单体的接枝共聚物膜。
本发明优选实施方式中,苯乙烯/甲基丙烯腈摩尔比可以在10/90至90/10的范围内,优选至50/50的范围内,或特别为1/2。单体混合物可以包含其他单体以获得特定的增加的膜功能性,例如使用交联剂例如DVB、DIPB和BVPE进行交联。用于接枝反应的可以是纯净的单体混合物,或者可将溶剂或溶剂混合物,例如异丙醇和水,加入该单体混合物中。
在进一步优选的实施方式中,混合物可以包含5-20vol%的苯乙烯和5-20vol%的甲基丙烯腈。混合物的一个优选的实例可以包含10-40vol%单体,50-90vol%的异丙醇和5-20vol%的水。
为了实现有利的接枝反应,接枝步骤(上述的步骤(b))必须在氮气气氛下进行至少一个小时,优选5至10小时。
在总结本发明时,发现对于辐射引发的接枝共聚反应,苯乙烯和甲基丙烯腈(MAN)的混合物接枝到基体聚合物膜例如FEP和ETFE上相对其他共聚物混合物例如α-甲基苯乙烯(AMS)和甲基丙烯腈(MAN)提供了明显的优势。进行了如下试验观察:
—在磺化过程中,含苯乙烯的接枝共聚物中的MAN的腈基团不发生水解。
—使用MAN作为共聚单体,导致燃料电池膜相对基于苯乙烯的膜具有固有的较好的耐久性。
—苯乙烯:MAN的接枝动力学比AMS:MAN的接枝动力学快。
—使用MAN作为接枝苯乙烯时的共聚物,可以获得实用的接枝水平。
—在优化的接枝水平时,可以容易地调节MAN的量以获得所需的性能。
—在苯乙烯/MAN膜中,MAN单元不会对接下来的工艺步骤(例如磺化)或膜的机械性能产生不利影响。
—MAN单元不会对由磺化的苯乙烯单元提供的质子导电性产生不利干扰。
—极性MAN单元对膜的水管理性能具有积极影响。
—MAN中的甲基基团减少了苯乙烯/MAN体系中氢的脱离提取。
—极性MAN单元对膜电极组(MEA)的界面性能具有积极影响。
—MAN的使用导致了水量的减少,同时导致了尺寸稳定性的增加。
本发明的优选实例随后参照如下附图进行描述。由此其被描绘于:
图1苯乙烯和MAN共接枝到ETFE中的推测结构的示意性概图;
图2基于ETFE的磺化苯乙烯/MAN共接枝膜及基于ETFE的纯的苯乙烯接枝膜的FTIR光谱图;
图3基于ETFE-g-苯乙烯/MAN(ETFE和苯乙烯/MAN的接枝共聚物)膜与纯苯乙烯基ETFE膜对比的MEA的历程图;
图4原始膜与测试的苯乙烯/MAN共接枝膜的FTIR光谱图;
图5使用具有两种不同MAN含量的ETFE-g-苯乙烯/MAN膜(表3中的样品#1和#2)的单电池极化曲线;和
以下描述通过共接枝苯乙烯和MAN制备具有增强的稳定性的辐射接枝膜的新型方式。所选择的在同样的条件下制备的膜的特征在于其异位相关燃料电池性能(IEC、水分吸收、导电性),且评估了燃料电池的性能和MEA的耐久性,并与基于苯乙烯的膜进行比较。据我们所知,这是在应用于燃料电池的质子交换膜中首次将所述两种单体组合。苯乙烯和MAN共接枝于ETFE基体聚合物膜中的推设结构示于图1。
购自DuPont(Circleville,USA)的25μm厚的ETFE(Tefzel100LZ)膜用作基体聚合物。ETFE膜在乙醇中清洗并在60℃真空干燥。该膜在瑞士的Leoni Studer AG经过1.5kGy剂量的电子束辐照。然后,该膜保存于-80℃下直至使用。接枝反应在氮气气氛下在玻璃反应器中进行。接枝溶液由20%(v/v)单体(苯乙烯/MAN以1/1(mol/mol)的混合物)、70%(v/v)异丙醇和10%(v/v)水组成。接枝反应和磺化反应按现有技术(例如欧洲专利申请EP05002875.2)所述进行。各膜的接枝水平(GL)由辐照过的膜的重量(Wi)和接枝膜的重量(Wg)测定:
接枝膜的组成使用Perkin Elmer FTIR System 2000光谱仪通过FTIR光谱法测定。峰值拟合通过使用Galactic Industries的GRAMS/386软件(3.02版)完成。
在室温下完全溶胀状态下的异位膜性质、离子交换量(IEC)、质子导电性、水分吸收和水合数通过内部开发的程序测定。
基于ETFE的膜与ELAT电极(LT140EWSI型,E-TEK/BASF Fuel Cell,Inc.)一起以0.5mg Pt cm-2的铂担量进行热压(110℃/15kN/180s)。电化学特性表征(极化曲线,阻抗,氢气渗透)和使用的程序的全部描述为本领域的现有工艺。在完成测试和将膜从MEA拆下后,其转变为盐的形式(K+),然后在60℃下干燥过夜。在测试膜的活性区通过使用金属缝隙掩模(矩形缝隙0.5cm×1.9cm)利用FTIR进行事后分析。
在已知的条件下(H.BEN youcef,A.Gürsel,A.Wokaun,G.G.Scherer,J.Membr.Sci.311(2008)208),苯乙烯/MAN接枝于ETFE膜中进行6和8个小时的反应。为了测定膜中的MAN与苯乙烯的摩尔比,利用出现在1494cm-1(C=C)和2234cm-1(C≡N)的峰分别测定苯乙烯和MAN结构部分的含量,示于图2。FTIR光谱明显表明,腈基基团没有受到膜制备过程中磺化步骤的影响。
对所选膜表征了他们的异位燃料电池相关性能(GL,组成,IEC,水分吸收和导电性)(参见表1)。苯乙烯/MAN膜的接枝水平(~26和27%)比基于苯乙烯的膜(~21%)高,同时IEC值稍微有所不同,主要由于MAN含量并不对IEC产生贡献。基于苯乙烯/MAN的膜的导电率值相比纯苯乙烯接枝膜高。据认为腈基基团的亲水性和其与水形成氢键的能力在其中起到了重要作用。
比较两种苯乙烯/MAN膜的异位性能,样品#1的较低水分吸收、水合数和导电率值归因于低苯乙烯含量(较少磺酸基团)。有趣的是,水分吸收和水合数相比导电率受到了更大影响。
异位表征的苯乙烯/MAN基膜#1和#2和苯乙烯膜被装配进燃料电池中,且MEA在500mA·cm-2的恒定电流密度下工作(参见图3)。在测试期间对电流脉冲、氢气渗透和电化学阻抗间歇进行测试,以对电池进行原位表征,如表2所描述。首先观察到的是基于Nafion112的MEA相比于具有接枝ETFE膜的MEA表现出较低的欧姆电阻和极化电阻,同时氢气渗透较高。基于ETFE的膜的较差界面相容性(高极化电阻)主要是由于这些接枝膜对在催化剂层中使用的Nafion离子型聚合物具有较低的相容性。
令人惊奇的是,对测试的电池的事后分析表明,在~1700cm-1有新的宽峰存在,其归属于C=O振动(参见图4)。观察到的C=O基团被认为是在燃料电池工作条件下腈基基团水解的结果。磺化反应并未影响腈基基团,且在已制备的膜中并未观察到该基团的水解。对MAN中腈基和α-甲基的峰值拟合被用于测定所测试膜中的水解程度,其被估算为13%,大部分位于O2入口附近。
由于高的气体交换(>10ml·min-1)和在测试膜活跃区域内针孔的形成,纯苯乙烯接枝膜的单电池测试在160个小时后停止。在图5中,同样为了对比的目的,对没有DVB交联剂的未交联的苯乙烯接枝膜(ETFE-g-苯乙烯(ETFE/苯乙烯接枝共聚物))和Nafion112进行描述。该种接枝膜在燃料电池中非常不稳定,且会导致膜电极组的所述快速失效(在MEA的活跃区域中形成针孔)(也参见表4)。膜ETFE-g-苯乙烯-co-MAN#1和#2为权利要求所述类型,使用苯乙烯和MAN作为共聚单体,具有固定的接枝水平(27%),可工作超过1000小时而不会出现任何失效(参见图5)。图5表示了相比于Nafion112膜在不同时间段中使用具有两种不同MAN含量(表3中的样品#1和#2)的权利要求类型膜(ETFE-g-苯乙烯/MAN)的单电池的极化曲线。电池温度80℃;燃料:氢气,氧化剂:氧气,两种气体在80℃增湿,压力1巴。
接枝了苯乙烯的膜在单电池中相比于权利要求类型的膜表现出较差的稳定性和寿命,其也可从图5看出。图5中的单电池极化曲线表明两种苯乙烯/MAN接枝膜在燃料电池条件下工作1000小时后,性能并未表现出明显改变,而苯乙烯接枝膜在160小时后表现出性能降低。具有较低MAN含量的苯乙烯/MAN膜产生较低的欧姆电池电阻和在介质中更好的性能和高的电流密度。
相比本领域中目前使用的Nafion112膜,苯乙烯/MAN接枝膜表现出相似的单电池性能和略低的欧姆电阻,如图6所示。图6表示了使用权利要求类型(ETFE-g-/苯乙烯MAN)的膜相比Nafion112膜的单电池在496小时工作时间后的极化曲线。电池温度80℃;燃料:氢气,氧化剂:氧气,两种气体在80℃增湿,压力巴。
表1
*在室温下完全溶胀状态下进行测试。
表2
*在室温下完全溶胀状态下进行测试。
Claims (1)
1.制备待装配于膜电极组中的膜的方法,其包括下列步骤:
a)用电磁辐射和/或粒子辐射辐照基体聚合物膜,以在所述的基体聚合物膜中形成反应中心,即自由基;
b)将辐照后的基体聚合物膜暴露于经受辐射引发的接枝聚合的、包含苯乙烯和甲基丙烯腈的单体混合物,以实现在所述辐照后的基体聚合物膜中形成接枝共聚物;和
c)磺化接枝的基体聚合物膜以引入磺酸位点,提供材料的离子电导性。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述膜电极组是聚合物电解质膜燃料电池。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中苯乙烯/甲基丙烯腈之比在10/90至90/10的范围内。
4. 根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中苯乙烯/甲基丙烯腈之比在50/50的范围内。
5. 根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中苯乙烯/甲基丙烯腈之比为1/2。
6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法,其中混合物包含5-20 vol%的苯乙烯和5-20 vol%的甲基丙烯腈。
7. 根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中混合物包含其他单体,或溶剂或溶剂混合物。
8. 根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述其他单体是交联剂,和所述溶剂是异丙醇和水。
9. 根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述交联剂是DVB、DIPB和/或BVPE。
10. 根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中混合物包含10-40vol%单体,50-90vol%的异丙醇和5-20vol%的水。
11. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(b)在惰性气氛下进行至少一个小时。
12. 膜电极组,其包含夹于阴极层和阳极层之间的聚合物电解质层,其特征在于所述的聚合物电解质层为至少包含苯乙烯和甲基丙烯腈的接枝共聚物膜。
13. 根据权利要求12的膜电极组,其中所述的聚合物电解质层为至少包含苯乙烯和甲基丙烯腈且包含交联剂的接枝共聚物膜。
14. 根据权利要求13的膜电极组,其中所述交联剂是DVB、DIPB和BVPE。
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