CN1023059C - 烟具热源 - Google Patents
烟具热源 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1023059C CN1023059C CN89108978A CN89108978A CN1023059C CN 1023059 C CN1023059 C CN 1023059C CN 89108978 A CN89108978 A CN 89108978A CN 89108978 A CN89108978 A CN 89108978A CN 1023059 C CN1023059 C CN 1023059C
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/165—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes comprising as heat source a carbon fuel or an oxidized or thermally degraded carbonaceous fuel, e.g. carbohydrates, cellulosic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D1/00—Cigars; Cigarettes
- A24D1/22—Cigarettes with integrated combustible heat sources, e.g. with carbonaceous heat sources
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/40—Constructional details, e.g. connection of cartridges and battery parts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F42/00—Simulated smoking devices other than electrically operated; Component parts thereof; Manufacture or testing thereof
- A24F42/60—Constructional details
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
发明公开热源20，当其点燃后产生热气，热气能使香味床释放香味蒸气；这一混合气通过延长甬道12到烟嘴13。所说热源含金属碳化物，优选的是碳化铁Fe3c和/或Fe5O2，其点燃温点较低，低于550℃，且燃烧时基本不产生一氧化碳。所说碳化物最好是细颗粒形状，它可与碳混合且可用粘合剂聚结。所说热源最好是做成有气流通道22，能使气流通过的圆柱体。
Description
本发明涉及用于烟具的热源，更具体地讲，涉及在燃烧时产生足够的热，使香味床释放香味烟雾被吸烟者吸入的热源。
对于烟具，已经多次尝试过热源。但是，就所提供的热源来讲，这些尝试都没有形成具有本发明所有优点的热源。例如，美国专利2907686（Siegel）公开了燃烧过程中能形成控制层的浓糖液涂层木炭棒热源。这是想，这一控制层会包住吸烟时产生的气体，并且将所产生的热集中。
美国专利3258015和3356094（Ellis等人）公开了有尼古丁源和烟草热源的吸烟用具。
美国专利3943941（Boyd等人）公开一种烟草代用品，它由一种燃料和至少一种浸渍在燃料中的挥发性物质组成。所说燃料基本由可燃，柔软且可自集结的纤维组成，这种纤维由至少含80%碳的含碳材料组成。此处所说的碳是只含碳、氢和氧的纤维素基纤维的控制热解产物。
美国专利4340072（Bolt等人）公开一种挤塑或模塑成形的环形燃料棒，原料是烟草，烟草代用品，烟草代用品和碳或者木浆，草和经热处理的纤维素之类的其它可燃材料的混合物，或者羰甲基纤维素和碳的混合物。
美国专利4708151（Shelar等人）公开了一种烟堂有含碳物质燃料源且可更换的烟斗。燃料源中至少有60～70%的碳，最好有80%或更多的碳，而且是用将纤维素类原料热解或碳化的方
法制造，可用的原料有木，棉，人造纤维，烟叶，椰皮，纸等。
美国专利4714082（Banerjee等人）公开了密度大于0.5克/Cm3的燃料组分，该燃料由破碎过的或者说是再成形的烟草和/或烟草代用品组成，最好其中含有20～40%的碳。
欧洲专利申请0117355（Hearn等人）公开了由热解烟草或热解其它含碳材料形成的含碳热源，此处的其它材料有花生壳，咖啡豆壳，纸，纸板，竹，和栎树叶等。
欧洲专利申请0226992（Facrrier等人）公开了一种含碳燃料和生产它的方法。该燃料中含有碳粉，粘合剂和其它添加成分，其中碳的量为60～70%。
欧洲专利申请0245732（White等人）公开了双重燃烧速度碳素燃料，它是采用了密度不同的含碳材料形成快燃段和慢燃段。
上述这些热源都有缺点。这是因为它们对香味床的热传导作用都不能令人满意，由此得到烟具也不令人满意，就是说，通过这样的烟具不能模仿吸普通香烟烟雾的香味，感觉和喷出烟雾的次数。
所有常规的含碳热源在燃烧时都会放出某一数量的一氧化碳。而且这些热源中所含碳的火点都比较高，在一般香烟的点燃条件下常规含碳热源难于点着。
也尝试过制造非燃烧型烟具热源，用电产生热量。例如，美国专利4303083和4141369（Burruss），美国专利3200819（Gilbert），2104266（McCormick）和1771366（Wyss等人）等。其中所述的用具都不能实施，没有商业成功的机会。
但是，实际上希望有一种燃烧时不会放出一氧化碳的热源。也希
望有这样的热源，它的火点低，能够在普通香烟点燃的条件下很容易点燃;而且在此时提供足够热量使香味床放出香味。还希望有这样的热源，它不会过早地自己熄灭。
本发明提供一种热源，它特别适用作为烟具热源。这种热源是由实质上含金属碳化物成分的材料构成，特别是碳化铁，更具体地讲是式FeXC表示的碳化铁，其中×在2和3之间。这种热源可有一条或多条纵向通道，或在热源外围有一条或多条沟槽，这样空气可沿热源外围流过。或者说，热源能够形成多孔性，足以使空气通过热源流过。当点燃此热源且通过烟具吸进空气时，由于空气围绕或穿过热源通过或者说空气穿过或围绕空气通道或沟槽通过，结果空气被加热。热空气流通过香味床，使香味床释放出香味烟雾，供吸烟者吸入。
金属碳化物硬而且脆，容易还原成粉未形状。碳化铁至少由两种明显特征相的成分组成，Fe5C2通称H
gg化合物，和Fe3C称碳化铁体。碳化铁是很稳定的填隙结晶分子，而且于窒温是铁磁性物质。据极导，Fe5C2是单斜晶体，晶胞尺寸为11.56A°×4.57A°×5.06A°，β角为97.8度。每单位晶胞中有4个Fe5C2分子。Fe3C是正交晶系，晶胞尺寸为4.52A°×5.09A°×6.74A°。Fe5C2的居里温度约为248℃，而Fe3C的居里温度据报导约为214℃。（请参看J.P.Senateur，Ann.Chem.Vol.2，P103，1967）。
在燃烧时，本发明的金属碳化物热源基本上不产生一氧化碳。不希望受到任何理论的限制，可以相信，基本上是完全的金属碳化物的燃烧产生金属氧化物和二氧化碳，不会产生任何明显量的一氧化碳。
在本发明的优选实施方案中，热源含有碳化铁，最好是富碳碳化
铁Fe5C2。其它适合作为本发明热源的金属碳化物还有铝，钛，锰，钨和铌的碳化物，或它们的混合物。金属碳化物中可添加催化剂或氧化剂，以促进完全燃烧或提供其他的燃烧特征。
在本发明的金属碳化物热源适合用于烟具的同时，应理解，它们也可适合作为其他应用的热源，只要希望具有前述的特征。
参看附图，在考虑到下述详细说明时，将会对上述的优点和本发明的其他目的和优点更加明确。附图中，类似部分的类似标记贯穿始中，其中，
图1是描绘本发明热源一种实施方案的一端的视图，
图2是描绘可采用本发明热源的烟具的纵剖面图。
烟具10由有效部分11，延长甬道12和烟嘴件13组成，外用香烟纸14包封。有效部分11包括金属碳化物热源20和香味床21，当香味床与穿过热源20流过来的热气接触时放出有香味的蒸气。香味蒸气进入延长甬道12形成烟雾，它通过烟嘴件13进入吸烟者口中。
为使烟具10的功能满意，热源20应符合几项要求。它应足够小，以使它能装在烟具10内，并能烧到足够热，以保证足以加热流经它的气体从而使香味床21释放香味，供吸烟者吸入。热源20还应能利用有限数量的空气燃烧，直至热源中的金属碳化物消耗完。燃烧时热源20应不产生一氧化碳。
热源20应有适当的导热性。如果从燃烧区传导到热源其它部分的热量太多，当此处温度降到热源熄灭温度以下，燃烧会停止，结果烟具不容易点燃而且点燃后容易过早自熄灭。这类的熄灭也可用包含基本上会100%燃烧的热源防止。热源20的导热性应在这样的水
平上，燃烧时，它允许热传到空气流，而不会将热传到座结构24。进来与燃烧热源接触的氧气会几乎完全氧化热源，限制了氧气进入延长甬道12。座结构24会阻止氧气与热源20的后面部分相接触，这样在香味床消耗完后能有助于熄灭热源，它还能防止热源从烟具的这一端掉出来。
最后，使热源据有较低的火点，使它能在点燃普通香烟的条件下容易点燃，实现容易点燃的目的。
本发明的金属碳化物一般密度在2～10克/Cm3之间，输出能量在1～10千卡/克之间，因此，其输出能量在2～20千卡/Cm3之间。这与常用的含碳材料的能量输出相差无几。这些金属碳化物经过基本上是完全的燃烧时，只产生金属氧化物和二氧化碳，并不放出一氧化碳。依据金属碳化物的化学组分，颗粒大小，表面面积，以及它的“丸床值比”（Pilling Bedworth ratio），它们着火点一般在室温和550℃之间。因此，用于本发明热源的优选的金属碳化物比常规含碳材料热源容易点燃，而且不容易自熄，同时能在较低温度下闷烧。
控制热源材料的颗粒大小，表面面积及孔隙度，以及在热源材料中添加某些成分，能控制由金属碳化物制成的热源的燃烧速度。改变这些参数，能使产生游离碳的副反应出现的机会减到最小;由此使可由游离碳与氧气在燃烧时产生一氧化碳的机会减到最小。在本领域中，这一方法是众所周知的。例如，热源20中的金属碳化物可以是细小颗粒。改变颗粒大小会影响燃烧速度。颗粒越小，由于与氧气进行燃烧反应的有效表面积越大，它的反应活性越高。结果得到更有效的燃烧反应。这些颗粒的大小可大到700微米，优选的金属碳化物平均
颗粒是300微米左右。热源可以按所需颗粒大小直接合成;也可先合成为大颗粒，再破碎成所需大小的颗粒。
金属碳化物的B.E.T表面积也影响反应速度。表面积越大，燃烧反应越快。从金属碳化物制成的热源20的B.E.T表面积应在1～400m2/克之间，优选的应在10～200m2/克之间。
增加金属碳化物颗粒的空隙度也会提高燃烧反应所需氧气的供应量;由此提高反应速度。优选的孔隙度是其最大理论密度的25～75%。
在热源20周围设置环形空间可以保证使损失到烟具10的环绕包皮14上的热量最少。优选的热源20的直径约为4.6mm，长约为10mm。直径4.6mm就可使热源周围有一环形空间，同时不会使烟具的直径大于普通的香烟。
为使从热源到香味床21的热传导效果最好，穿过或沿热源20的周围可作成一或多条空气通道22。空气通道应有较大的几何表面积，以改善通过热源向空气传导热的效果。选择此通道的形状和数量，使热源20内部几何表面积为最大。较好的情况是，当采用像图1所描绘的纵向空气通道时，通过形成多角星形的每条纵向空气通道22，达到向香味床的最大热传输。如图1所示，最好是，每条多角星劈形又长又窄，而星中心内边界所限定内园周应当尽可能小。这些星形纵向空气通道为燃烧提供了较大的热源20的有效面积，结果有较大体积的金属碳化物参加燃烧，由此有较热的燃烧热源。
为使烟具10能给吸烟者提供像普通香烟一样的静燃烧时间和喷出烟雾的次数，需要确定金属碳化物的最小量。典型地说，转化成金属氧化物的热源20的量约是10mm长，4.65mm直径的园柱形
热源的体积的50%。考虑到所围绕的和在其前面的座结构24所占热源20的体积，如上文所述，这部分不燃烧，也许需要量更大一点。
热源20的密度应为金属碳化物最大理论密度的25～75%，优选值为30～60%。选择的密度要使碳化物量和氧气供应二者都在燃烧点为最大。如果密度太高，热源20的空隙度会太低。空隙度越低，表明在燃烧能供应的氧气越少，结果热源越难于燃烧。但是，如果在热源20中加入催化剂，就能使用密度较高的热源，也就是空隙度较小的热源，如接近最大理论密度90%的热源。
可在热源20中加入某些添加剂，以改进热源的闷烧特性。这一目的可以是帮助热源在较低温度燃烧，也可是帮助热源在氧气浓度较低的条件燃烧，或者二者兼有。
热源20的生产可以用粉浆浇注，挤压，注塑，模压等方法，也可用小颗粒填充函的方式。当用挤压或模压法生产时，可用适当粘合剂使金属碳化物颗粒聚结在一起，如，羧甲基纤维素钠（SCMC）。羧甲基纤维素钠也可以与其他添加剂一起使用，如氯化钠，蛭石，般脱土，或碳酸钙。适用于挤压或模压本发明金属碳化物热源的其它粘合剂还有各种树胶，如guar胶，其它纤维素衍生物，如甲基纤维素，羧甲基纤维素，羟丙基纤维素，淀粉，藻酸盐及聚乙烯醇。
粘合剂的比例可在很宽范围使用，但是希望采用尽可能少量的粘合剂以降低热源的导热性且改善其燃烧特性。更重要的是，粘合剂的用量要少到一定程度，它在燃烧时会产生游离碳，碳会与氧气反应形成一氧化碳。
用于热源20的金属碳化物最好是碳化铁，适用的碳化铁是Fe5C2，其他有用的碳化铁的分子式Fe3C，Fe4C，Fe7C2，Fe9C4和
Fe20C9所表示的碳化物，或它们的混合物。混合物中可含少量的碳。碳化铁中铁对碳的原子个数比会影响其点燃温度。其他适用于本发明热源的金属碳化物包括铝，钛，钨，锰和铌的碳化物以及它们的混合物。
碳化铁可用类似于化学年报（J.P.Senateur Ann.Chem.Vol.2 P103，1967）所述的方法合成。该方法涉及到用氢和一氧化碳混合气体还原和碳化高比表积活性氧化铁，Fe2O3。诸如热解草酸铁和柠檬酸铁之类的方法是公知的（参看P.Courty and B.Delmon C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris Ser.C.Vol.268，PP.1874-75，1969）。得到的具体碳化铁取决于反应温度和氢与一氧化碳的比例。反应温度为300～350℃产生Fe5C2，而高于350℃时主要产生Fe3C。依据温度，氢对一氧化碳的比可在0∶1～10∶1之间改变。该比例可用分别与每种气体联通的流量计控制，总气体流量是70标准立方厘米/每分钟。
1.制备Fe5C2
于400℃在空气中加热硝酸铁（Fe（NO3）3·9H2O）制备高比表面氧化铁。将氧化铁置于300℃炉内，在氢对一氧化碳的比为7∶1的混合气体流中碳化12小时，得到碳化铁。如需要，可用氢与甲烷混合气代替氢与一氧化碳。样品的X-射线衍射图证明其为Fe5C2，采用与JCPDS X-射线粉未衍射图比较的方法。样品为灰黑色。
2.制备Fe3C
除碳化是在500℃下进行之外，用与制备Fe5C2同样的程序
制备样品。X-射线粉末衍射分析证实，样品主要是Fe3C。
3.碳化铁样品分析
试验测定了上述方法制备样品的B.E.T表面积（用氮气），点燃温度和燃烧热值。结果如下：
B.E.T表面积 点燃温度 燃烧热值
Fe5C226m2/克 155℃ 2400-2458卡/克
Fe3C 20m2/克 380℃ -
气相分析表明，燃烧时Fe5C2产生的CO2对CO的比为30∶1（重量），而碳燃烧时产生的CO2对CO的比为3∶1（重量）。就是说，Fe5C2样品燃烧时产生的CO是碳燃烧时的十分之一。
综上述，本发明提供了燃烧时基本上不产生一氧化碳，点燃温度比先有技术的含碳热源低很多的金属碳化物热源，同时此热源将尽可能多的热量转输到香味床。在本领域的技术人员会体会到，除前面所述的实施方案外，本发明还可以其他方式实施。前面所述的实施方案只是为了说明本发明，而不是用来限定发明。
Claims (18)
1、烟具中所用的可燃热源，其特征在于该热源含有选自碳化铁，碳化铝，碳化钛，碳化锰，碳化钨，碳化铌，或它们之中二种或多种混合物的金属碳化物。
2、权利要求1所述热源，其特征在于所述热源含有金属碳化物和碳。
3、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于所述金属碳化物的分子式为Fe5C2。
4、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于所述金属碳化物的分子式为Fe3C。
5、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于所述热源基本上为园柱形状，且园柱体有一或多条气流通道。
6、权利要求5所述的热源，其特征在于所述气流通道是以沟槽形式围绕在热源的周围。
7、权利要求5所述的热源，其特征在于所述气流通道是以多角星形的形状形成。
8、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于所述热源至少含有一种燃烧添加剂。
9、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于所述金属碳化物颗粒最大约700微米。
10、权利要求9所述的热源，其特征在于所述金属碳化物颗粒的大小从微米级以下到约300微米。
11、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于所述金属碳化物颗粒的B.E.T.表面积为从约1m2/克～约200m2/克。
12、权利要求11所述的热源，其特征在于所述金属碳化物颗粒的B.E.T.表面积为从约10m2/克～约100m2/克。
13、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于它的体积空隙度为约25%～约75%。
14、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于它的空隙的大小为约0.1微米～约100微米。
15、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于它的密度为约0.5克/cm3～5克/cm3。
16、权利要求15所述的热源，其特征在于它的密度为约1.8克/cm3～约2.5克/Cm3。
17、权利要求1所述的热源，其特征在于它的点燃温度在室温和约550℃之间。
18、上述任何一项权利要求所述的热源，其特征在于所述热源在接近烟具的一端，烟具的另一端是烟嘴件，香味床紧邻热源，而延长甬道置于香味床和烟嘴件之间。
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| US07/281,496 US5040552A (en) | 1988-12-08 | 1988-12-08 | Metal carbide heat source |
| US281,496 | 1988-12-08 |
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| CN1043250A CN1043250A (zh) | 1990-06-27 |
| CN1023059C true CN1023059C (zh) | 1993-12-15 |
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| CN89108978A Expired - Fee Related CN1023059C (zh) | 1988-12-08 | 1989-12-07 | 烟具热源 |
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| EP (1) | EP0372985A3 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JPH02215373A (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR900008986A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1023059C (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU622243B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR8906332A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2004805A1 (zh) |
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| IL (1) | IL92302A0 (zh) |
| NO (1) | NO172096C (zh) |
| PH (1) | PH26385A (zh) |
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-
1988
- 1988-12-08 US US07/281,496 patent/US5040552A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-11-14 IL IL92302A patent/IL92302A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-16 ZA ZA898746A patent/ZA898746B/xx unknown
- 1989-11-23 PH PH39567A patent/PH26385A/en unknown
- 1989-11-29 AU AU45710/89A patent/AU622243B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-11-30 DK DK603889A patent/DK603889A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-05 JP JP1317433A patent/JPH02215373A/ja active Pending
- 1989-12-06 CA CA002004805A patent/CA2004805A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1989-12-07 PT PT92520A patent/PT92520A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-07 BR BR898906332A patent/BR8906332A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-07 CN CN89108978A patent/CN1023059C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-07 FI FI895849A patent/FI88102C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-12-07 KR KR1019890018081A patent/KR900008986A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-08 EP EP19890312809 patent/EP0372985A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-12-08 NO NO894937A patent/NO172096C/no unknown
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104203016A (zh) * | 2012-02-13 | 2014-12-10 | 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 | 包括双导热元件的发烟物品 |
| US10849357B2 (en) | 2012-02-13 | 2020-12-01 | Philip Morris Products S.A. | Smoking article including dual heat-conducting elements |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1043250A (zh) | 1990-06-27 |
| KR900008986A (ko) | 1990-07-02 |
| ZA898746B (en) | 1990-09-26 |
| FI88102B (fi) | 1992-12-31 |
| EP0372985A3 (en) | 1991-03-27 |
| DK603889D0 (da) | 1989-11-30 |
| BR8906332A (pt) | 1990-08-21 |
| NO894937L (no) | 1990-06-11 |
| CA2004805A1 (en) | 1990-06-08 |
| IL92302A0 (en) | 1990-07-26 |
| NO172096C (no) | 1993-06-09 |
| DK603889A (da) | 1990-06-09 |
| AU4571089A (en) | 1990-06-14 |
| NO894937D0 (no) | 1989-12-08 |
| PT92520A (pt) | 1990-06-29 |
| NO172096B (no) | 1993-03-01 |
| FI895849A0 (fi) | 1989-12-07 |
| JPH02215373A (ja) | 1990-08-28 |
| US5040552A (en) | 1991-08-20 |
| FI88102C (fi) | 1993-04-13 |
| AU622243B2 (en) | 1992-04-02 |
| EP0372985A2 (en) | 1990-06-13 |
| PH26385A (en) | 1992-07-02 |
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