CN102265082A - 变容贮氢 - Google Patents

变容贮氢 Download PDF

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CN102265082A
CN102265082A CN2009801520138A CN200980152013A CN102265082A CN 102265082 A CN102265082 A CN 102265082A CN 2009801520138 A CN2009801520138 A CN 2009801520138A CN 200980152013 A CN200980152013 A CN 200980152013A CN 102265082 A CN102265082 A CN 102265082A
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hydrogen
basin
ionic liquid
pressure
vehicle
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D·G·凯西
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Texaco Development Corp
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Abstract

在本发明中，公开了采用离子液体来贮存气态氢的方法。使用离子液体来置换贮罐中的容积。通过用离子液体置换贮罐中的容积，贮存压力可以保持恒定，并且可以消除“搁浅”的气体。该恒定压力还能够允许减少在氢燃料供应站提供所需库存量而需要的贮罐数量。另外，该恒定压力将为车辆提供完全的和快速的装填。

Description

变容贮氢
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及气态氢的贮存，尤其是涉及在氢燃料供应站的气态氢贮存中使用离子液体。
背景技术
氢被用于从航空航天到食品生产到油气生产及精炼的各种行业中。氢在这些行业中被用作推进剂、气氛、载气、稀释气、燃烧反应的燃料组分、燃料电池的燃料以及许多化学反应与过程中的还原剂。另外，氢被认为是一种用于发电的替代燃料，因为它是可再生的、丰富的、高效的，并且与其它替代燃料不同，氢产生零排放。虽然对氢有广泛的消费并且存在更大消费的潜力，但是抑制氢消费进一步增长的缺点是缺乏用于提供普及性氢生成、贮存和分配的基础设施。
克服该困难的一种方式是通过氢燃料供应站的操作来进行。在氢燃料供应站，使用例如重整器或者电解器之类的氢发生器来将碳氢化合物转化为富氢的气流。基于碳氢化合物的燃料(例如天然气、液化石油气(LPG)、汽油和柴油)需要转化过程，以用作大部分燃料电池的燃料源。现有技术采用多步骤的过程，该过程将初始转化过程与几个净化过程结合起来。初始转化过程通常是蒸汽重整(SR)、自热重整(ATR)、催化部分氧化(CPOX)或非催化部分氧化(POX)、或者它们的组合。净化过程通常是由脱硫、高温水-煤气变换、低温水-煤气变换、选择性CO氧化、选择性CO甲烷化或者它们的组合所组成的。用于回收净化的富氢重整物的替代性过程包括使用氢选择性膜反应器和过滤器。
然后将气态氢压缩并贮存在氢燃料供应站的固定贮存罐中，以向燃料内燃机和燃料电池车辆提供库存。氢燃料供应站的气态氢贮存由于其低密度因而是非常昂贵的。需要很大体积的气态氢以提供足够多的库存量，这导致用于贮存的占地面积大。因为燃料供应站的空间是非常宝贵的，所以该很大的占地面积成为问题。
除了关于在氢燃料供应站气态氢贮存所需空间的问题以外，确保完全填满车辆是与氢燃料供应站操作有关的另一问题。将所贮存的气体压缩到车辆中需要非常大的压缩机来达到所需的燃料加注速度。采用压力均衡来给车辆上的贮罐加注燃料。利用氢燃料供应站的贮罐和车辆之间的压力差来推动加注燃料过程。需要高压来达到“满”装填密度。该高压要求“低”压气体的相应库存量。具体地说，对于高于350巴的1公斤气体，需要低于350巴的5公斤以上的气体。结果是贮罐中的“搁浅”气体。该搁浅气体是低压气体，它需要有一定体积的高压气体来用于分配。
图1显示了根据来自一示范性氢燃料供应站的数据进行的车辆充满百分比与贮存库存量的比较。如图1所示，当贮罐中的氢库存量小于75％时，车辆不能得到“满”装填。当贮罐中的库存量大于75％“满”时，车辆是“满的”。
除了确保完全填满车辆所涉及的问题以外，装填速度是与氢燃料供应站的操作有关的另一问题。利用压力差将气态氢从贮罐驱入至车辆中。因此，车辆装填的速度取决于贮存压力。高的压力差相应于高的流速和更短的燃料加注时间。低的压力差相应于低的流速和更长的燃料加注时间。能源部(DOE)已经提出了平均装填速度的目标。平均装填速度的现有目标是1公斤/分钟(2006)。平均装填速度的未来目标是1.67公斤/分钟(2010)。
贮存压力与贮罐中的库存量有关。图2显示了来自两个示范性氢燃料供应站的填充速度与贮存库存量的数据比较。如图2所示，当贮存是不满时，可以减小平均流速。当贮存是不到85％满时，装填速度可降低到1公斤/分钟的目标以下。
本发明致力于减小氢燃料供应站的贮氢成本和尺寸的需求。另外，本发明还致力于提供完全且快速装填的需求。
发明内容
在本发明中，公开了使用离子液体来用于贮存气态氢的方法。使用离子液体来置换贮罐中的容积。通过利用离子液体置换贮罐中的容积，贮存压力可以保持恒定，并且可以消除“搁浅”的气体。该恒定压力还能够允许减少在氢燃料供应站提供所需库存量而需要的贮罐数量。另外，该恒定压力将为车辆提供完全和快速的装填。
附图说明
参照附图来进行说明，其中：
图1显示了根据来自一示范性氢燃料供应站的数据进行的车辆充满百分比与贮存库存量的比较。
图2显示了来自两个示范性氢燃料供应站的填充速度与贮存库存量的数据比较。
图3描绘了在气态氢贮存中采用离子液体的本发明方法的一个实施例。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了用于在氢燃料供应站贮存气态氢的方法。本发明的方法采用离子液体来置换贮罐中的容积。通过用离子液体来置换氢贮罐中的容积，就能改变贮罐的容积。通过改变容积，就能在贮罐中的质量改变时使氢贮罐的压力保持恒定。
离子液体代表了熔点小于100℃的一类盐。离子液体包括带正电荷的离子(阳离子)和带负电荷的离子(阴离子)。离子液体的一系列突出特性包括但不限于：可忽略的蒸气压、热稳定性、不可燃性、高离子电导性和显著的溶剂化性能。离子液体可从例如MerckChemicals等公司购买到。
在本发明中，在加注燃料时，使用离子液体来置换氢贮罐中的容积。除了上述性能以外，离子液体由于其低的蒸气压而不会污染高纯度的氢。由于氢(在离子液体中)的低溶解度而可以使氢在离子液体中的滞留最少，并且将分离氢和离子液体。本发明选择的离子液体将具有低蒸气压，然而，本领域的普通技术人员将明白，不是所有的离子液体都适用于该目的。
参照图3，图3描绘了本发明的方法的一个实施例。车辆301来到氢燃料供应站302以加注燃料。通过分配器303给车辆301分配气态氢。压缩机304将氢贮罐305中的气态氢的压力增加至大约6250磅/平方英寸(psig)。然后，车辆301和贮罐305之间的压力差推动车辆301的燃料加注。同时，使用泵306来将离子液体从离子液体贮罐307泵送至氢贮罐305。泵306通过利用离子液体置换氢贮罐305的容积并且装填氢贮罐305来在加注燃料期间保持氢贮罐305的压力。当压缩机304从氢发生器(未显示)补充气态氢贮罐305中的气态氢库存量时，置换了离子液体。通过本发明的方法，与压缩氢气相比，泵送离子液体节省了马力。
在不使用离子液体的情况下，对于高于350巴的1公斤气体需要5公斤350巴以下的气体。该低压气体是“搁浅”的气体。通过用离子液体维持氢贮罐305中的恒定压力并且消除“搁浅”的气体，将能够允许减少维持氢燃料供应站302所需库存量而需要的贮罐305的数量。这样，通过减少贮罐的数量而导致了氢燃料供应站的经济节省和空间节省：将消除额外贮罐的成本并且消除由额外贮罐所占用的空间。通过采用本发明的方法，氢燃料供应站将能够利用总是处于6250磅/平方英寸的单个贮罐来工作。另外，本发明的方法通过增加“可使用的”氢数量而产生了经济的节约。
在上述实施例中，显示了一个氢贮罐305。本领域技术人员将明白，在氢燃料供应站可以使用一个或多个氢贮罐。这些贮罐可设置为一个大型贮罐或者按“级联”形式设置。如全文所使用的，“一氢储罐”可与“多个氢贮罐”可互换地使用，并且两者都指一个或一个以上的氢储罐。
通过在氢贮罐305中维持恒定压力，车辆301就能实现全满和快速的装填，这两者都取决于氢贮罐305中的压力。车辆301可包括任何氢内燃机车辆或者氢燃料电池车辆，包括但不限于小汽车、卡车、运动型多用途车辆和公共汽车。
在上述实施例中，压缩机将氢贮罐中的气态氢的压力增加至大约6250psig。在如上所述的实施例中，6250psig被用作一例子。本领域技术人员将明白，本发明的方法不限于将气态氢的压力增加至大约6250psig的压力。例如，氢贮罐可以维持在接近分配压力的压力，并仍然可以进行分配。
虽然已经根据优选或者示例性实施例描述了本发明的方法，但是本领域技术人员将明白，在不脱离本发明的思想和范围的情况下，可以对本文中所描述的过程进行改变。本领域技术人员所明白的所有类似替代方案和修改应被认为是在以下权利要求所给出的本发明范围和思想之内的。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于贮存气态氢的方法，包括：
将气态氢贮存在氢贮罐中；
将离子液体贮存在离子液体贮罐中；
借助于压缩机增大气态氢的压力；
将气态氢分配给车辆；以及
在将气态氢分配给车辆时，借助于泵用来自离子液体贮罐的离子液体置换氢贮罐中的容积。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在氢燃料供应站贮存气态氢。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，在氢燃料供应站生成气态氢。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述压缩机将氢贮罐中气态氢的压力增大至大约6250磅/平方英寸。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述压缩机将氢贮罐中气态氢的压力增大至大约1200磅/平方英寸。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，借助于压力差将气态氢分配给车辆。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括借助于所述压缩机来补充氢贮罐中气态氢库存量的同时置换出离子液体。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述离子液体具有低蒸气压。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，氢在所述离子液体中具有低溶解度。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述氢贮罐包括单个氢贮罐。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述氢贮罐包括设置成单一罐的一组氢贮罐。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述车辆包括小汽车。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述车辆包括公共汽车。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，借助于压力差来分配气态氢。
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