CN102264373B - 用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的免疫刺激性皂苷类 - Google Patents
用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的免疫刺激性皂苷类 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的药物组合物,所述疗法包括肿瘤破坏和施用免疫刺激量的免疫增强剂的步骤,以及涉及此类药物组合物在药剂制造中的用途。
Description
本发明涉及用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的药物组合物,所述疗法包括肿瘤破坏和施用免疫刺激量的免疫增强剂的步骤,以及涉及此类药物组合物在药剂制造中的用途。
癌症是用于描述赘生性生长(neoplastic growth)的一般术语。赘生物被认为是通常以高于正常的速度增殖的组织的异常的、通常为去分化的形式。在大多数情况下,赘生性细胞侵入周围组织并且它们还转移至身体的其他地方并且继续生长。
赘生性肿块(neoplastic mass)即肿瘤的局部和区域治疗例如手术不影响可能的转移。因此,需要另外的疗法例如利用细胞毒性药物的治疗。此类治疗通常称为化学疗法。
局部治疗当然是实体瘤的治疗的第一步骤。这通常通过肿瘤切除术来进行。
另一种方法是原位肿瘤破坏。原位肿瘤破坏的的特征是不移除肿瘤而是使其坏死。原则上,辐照是原位肿瘤破坏的一种形式,但已开发了许多其他的肿瘤破坏方式。常用方法是例如光动力疗法(该疗法组合使用光敏化合物和随后通过激光活化(利用激光、微波、电流、超声波、高强度的聚焦超声波或利用射频波原位加热)或冷冻疗法:通过冷冻使组织坏死。
原位肿瘤破坏使被破坏的肿瘤块存在于体内。这为尝试和建立针对肿瘤特异性抗原的免疫应答(癌症免疫疗法)提供了可能性。对肿瘤特异性抗原的此类免疫应答的成功诱导的有利方面是其将持续一段时间并且最终消除机体内由局部肿瘤破坏不易到达的其他部位的肿瘤。
然而,与从基于非自身抗原的疫苗开发所知的相反,针对肿瘤抗原的免疫应答的诱导非常困难。
总的说来,肿瘤抗原大部分是身体的正常成分:自身抗原。因此免疫系统就这一点来说将下调自我导向的免疫应答,从而导致对自身抗原的耐受状态。
因此,基于肿瘤破坏的癌症免疫疗法的开发需要非常特殊的方法。
实际上,非甲基化的胞苷基鸟苷基寡脱氧核苷酸(cytidyl guanosyloligodeoxynucleotide,CpG ODN)目前被认为是迄今为止最优选的能够诱导针对肿瘤特异性自身抗原的免疫应答的免疫增强化合物的特定组。此类胞苷鸟苷基寡脱氧核苷酸作为toll样受体9(TLR9)激动剂起作用。CpG基序因它们对Th1应答和肿瘤特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞的优先诱导而显突出。TLR9主要由内化并且直接对CpG基序起反应的B细胞和树突细胞(DC)表达。在触发TLR9后,DC成熟并且迁移至引流淋巴结,在引流淋巴结中它们将抗原递呈给T和B淋巴细胞。重要地是,此类DC获得将捕获的抗原呈递给MHC I类分子的独特能力,一种称为交叉呈递的过程,该过程对于高效地引发肿瘤特异性CTL是至关重要的。就这一点而论,CpG施用已被报导可防止预防性情形下肿瘤的向外生长,并且还可根除小鼠中已建立的肿瘤。Nierkens,S.等人(Cancer Res.68:5390-5396(2008))和由Roux,S.等人(Cancer Immunol.Immunoth.57:1291-1300(2008))。
然而存在关于使用CpG ODN的一些潜在安全性考虑,即包括抗DNA抗体和自身免疫力的诱导。此外,当以更大量和在更长的时期中提供时它们的毒性以及其使用中涉及的花费也是需要考虑的。
因此,存在对其他免疫增强化合物的需要。
本发明提供了减少或克服上面提及的问题。
鉴于TLR9和其激动剂在原位肿瘤破坏后对肿瘤特异性抗原的免疫应答的诱导中的重要作用,本领域技术人员认为此类其他免疫增强化合物也充当TLR9激动剂是一个前提。
令人惊讶地,现发现与TLR9-机制毫不相关的皂苷类却非常适合于在肿瘤破坏后诱导针对肿瘤特异性自身抗原的免疫应答。甚至更出人意料地,它们的有效性(虽然通过未知的机制)似乎可与CpG的有效性相当或甚至更好。已发现在肿瘤内或其周围、在肿瘤破坏的时刻或其先后不久施用皂苷类在原位肿瘤破坏后诱导了非常显著的针对肿瘤特异性抗原的免疫应答。该免疫应答是长效的,从而非常适合消除转移的细胞,即使此类细胞已潜伏地存在于身体中。此外,即使在治疗后数周以显著量有意施用相同类型的肿瘤细胞,该免疫应答似乎也足够强而能够预防这种肿瘤细胞的增殖。
皂苷类到现在为止都只被描述为针对非自身抗原的佐剂;例如用于细菌或病毒疫苗中的佐剂。皂苷类作为用于杀伤肿瘤细胞的细胞毒素类的用途已由Bachran,C.等人(Medicinal Chemistry 8:575-584(2008))描述。在PCT申请WO 2008/063129中描述了含脂质颗粒中的皂苷类作为细胞毒素用于杀伤肿瘤细胞的用途。
然而在本发明中,它们的细胞毒性效应是无关的,因为皂苷是与已在肿瘤破坏的过程中被杀死的细胞组合使用。由于它们的细胞毒性效应不起作用,因此预期无论如何不存在对已破坏的肿瘤的效应。此外皂苷类在化学疗法中的细胞毒性效应只在施用的时刻才起作用。它们不建立免疫应答,从而它们对暂时具有低代谢活性的转移细胞(潜伏细胞)不起作用。
皂苷类在原位肿瘤破坏后诱导对肿瘤特异性自身抗原的免疫应答的作用迄今未知并且可能因上述原因而未曾预料到。
因此,本发明的第一实施方案涉及用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的药物组合物,所述疗法包括肿瘤破坏和施用免疫刺激量的免疫增强剂的步骤,其中所述免疫增强剂是皂苷。
皂苷基本上是一组植物糖苷类(glycosides)的通用名称,其中皂树(Quillaja saponaria)皂苷是最早和最频繁使用的。
粗制皂苷实际上是皂苷类的混合物,它们共有相同的基本结构但具有不同侧链。不同的皂苷成分主要在于它们的亲水性/疏水性程度有差别。
HPLC是检测和从粗制皂苷混合物分离不同皂苷成分的优选方法。几种纯化的提取物例如QS-7、-17、-18、-21、GPI-0100、QuilA、Qvac和BioQ可从不同来源商购获得。
优选地,皂苷包含下列成分的至少一种:QS-7、QS-17、QS-18或QS-21。
也优选的皂苷类是QuilA和其成分Vax Sap、SuperSap、GPI-0100、QP UF 1000等。
因此,该实施方案的优选形式涉及根据本发明的药物组合物,其中皂苷包含至少一种下列成分:QS-7、QS-17、QS-18、QS-21、QuilA、VaxSap、SuperSap、GPI-0100或QP UF 1000。
皂苷的另一种有吸引力的免疫刺激形式是所谓的空免疫刺激复合物(empty immune stimulating complex,空ISCOMS)。空免疫刺激复合物制剂与皂苷的不同在于它们由皂苷、脂质和胆固醇的混合物制成。在其制备过程中,形成甚至比皂苷本身更具有免疫增强作用的小胶束样颗粒。
因此,本实施方案的另一个优选形式涉及根据本发明的药物组合物,在所述药物组合物中皂苷以空免疫刺激复合物的形式存在。
不用说本发明同样适用于人和兽医学领域。
鉴于皂苷类和CpG ODNs的作用的不同模式,人们会预期两者的组合施用无任何增强作用。
然而,令人惊讶地发现皂苷和CpG ODN的组合使用存在强协同作用。
这种预料之外的协同作用是有利的,因为这使得当与皂苷组合施用时,有可能使用亚标准量的CpG ODN。这反过来将明显地减少上文提及的CpG ODN使用的不利方面。就此而论,只要将它们与皂苷组合提供,CpG ODN的使用将再次变得引人注目。
在US专利US 7049302中皂苷与CpG组合的使用已被描述为用于诱导针对非自身抗原的免疫应答的佐剂,但因上述原因,并不可能预料到针对自身抗原的组合效应,更不必说协同效应。
因此,本实施方案的更优选形式涉及此外还包含CpG ODN的根据本发明的药物组合物。
自1994年(美国专利US6429199)以来已描述了用于免疫刺激的CpGODN。CpG基序基本上具有结构5′-X1-C-pG-X2-3′。已知CpG基序5′-Pu-Pu-CpG-Pyr-Pyr是最具免疫增强作用的基序之一(Scheule,R.K.,Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 44:119-134(2000))。它们的长度基本为8至80个碱基,并且它们包含至少一个非甲基化的CpG基序。
经常在不同动物物种中看到小的效率差异。仅作为示例,人TLR9最优地利用CpG基序G-T-CpG-T-T来触发,然而小鼠TLR9最好利用G-A-CpG-T-T来触发(Krieg,A.M.,Nature Medicine 9:831-835(2003)。
7个兽医和3个实验室物种的最佳CpG基序已由Rankin,R.等人在Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Development 11:333-340(2001)中进行了描述。有效地刺激犬科和猫科动物免疫细胞增殖的CpG基序由Wernette,CM.,等人在Veterinary Immunol.And Immunopath.84:223-236(2002)中进行了描述。CpG基序在家禽中的应用已由Ameiss,K.A.,等人在Veterinary Immunol.And Immunopath.110:257-267(2006)中进行了描述。
具有不同CpG基序的CpG ODN可容易地商购获得,并且必要时可容易地合成它们。可在上述出版物和实施例部分中查找到CpG ODN的适当用量。
再次地,如上文中所提及的,不用说本发明同样地适用于人和兽医学领域,虽然最好(然而非强制性的)还是将使用的CpG基序与本发明应用的动物物种匹配。这可基于上文中概述的出版物容易地进行。
原则上,可在不同的时刻或同时进行肿瘤破坏和免疫增强剂的施用的步骤。然而理论上,预期在应用肿瘤破坏之前数天或更好地一周或甚至两周或更多周用所述免疫增强剂条件化肿瘤(目的在于“引发”免疫系统)将是优选途径。
然而令人惊讶地发现,如果在肿瘤破坏后进行免疫增强剂的施用,并且在肿瘤破坏后数天内,优选在肿瘤破坏后一天内,更优选12小时内,甚至更优选6小时内,更优选2小时内进行施用,则免疫刺激的水平好于以相反的的顺序进行各步骤时产生的水平。
当在肿瘤破坏之前约2小时至破坏时刻之间进行免疫增强剂的施用时,也获得非常好的结果。这是因为在破坏后,赘生肿块可能因破坏诱导的其结构的改变而更难以接近或进入。
在肿瘤破坏前2小时至肿瘤破坏后2小时之间的间隔中施用疫增强剂被称为围手术期施用(peri-operative administration)。
因此,本实施方案的一个优选形式涉及用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的药物组合物,所述疗法包括肿瘤破坏和施用根据本发明的肿瘤增强剂的步骤,其中所述步骤按下列顺序进行:
a.肿瘤的破坏
b.免疫增强剂的施用。
本实施方案的更优选形式涉及按上述顺序进行的步骤,其中按优先次序,在肿瘤破坏后24小时、12小时或甚至6小时内施用免疫增强剂。
同样地,本实施方案的另一个优选形式涉及用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的药物组合物,所述疗法包括肿瘤破坏和施用根据本发明的免疫增强剂的步骤,其中所述步骤是:
a.免疫增强剂的围手术期施用;
b.肿瘤的破坏。
关于免疫增强剂的施用部位,应当进行下列考虑:
优选,将免疫增强剂直接施用入赘生性肿块。虽然稍微次优选,但其中在一个或多个围绕赘生性肿块位置施用免疫增强剂的肿瘤旁施用也是可能的。另一个(虽然次优选的)施用是在赘生性肿块的引流区域的皮下施用。最后,静脉内施用(优选靠近赘生性肿块的位置)是可能的。
因此,按递增的优先次序,通过静脉内施用、赘生性肿块的引流区中的皮下施用、肿瘤旁施用或瘤内施用来进行免疫增强剂的所述施用。
本发明的另一个实施方案涉及根据本发明的药物组合物在制备用于治疗患癌症的哺乳动物的药剂中的用途,其中所述哺乳动物已经历肿瘤破坏。
本发明的另一个实施方案涉及根据本发明的药物组合物在制备用于围手术期施用的药剂中的用途,所述药剂用于治疗患癌症的哺乳动物,其中所述哺乳动物将经历或已经历肿瘤破坏。
实施例
实施例1
小鼠和肿瘤细胞
C57BL/6n小鼠(6至8周龄)购自Charles River Wiga(Sulzfeld,Germany)并且将其在中心动物实验室(Nijmegen,The Netherlands)中在无特定病原体屏障(barrier)的条件下喂养。随意提供饮水和标准实验室食物丸剂,使动物在随机分配至特定处理组之前安置至少1周。根据Nijmegen动物实验委员会的动物饲养指南进行实验。
将鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16F10(ATCC)培养在完全培养基(MEM,5%牛血清白蛋白(Greiner Bio-one),100U/ml青霉素G钠和100μg/ml链霉素(Pen/Strep)、MEM丙酮酸钠(1mM)、NaHCO3、MEM维生素、MEM非必需氨基酸(全部来自Gibco)、20μM β-巯基乙醇(β-ME))中。
肿瘤模型和冷冻手术
将肿瘤细胞悬浮于PBS和基质胶(2∶1)的混合物中,在右股骨皮下注射50μl总体积的0.5*106个细胞。在肿瘤直径测量为6至8mm(通常在第9至10天)时,将其随机分配至处理组。在异氟烷/O2/N2O麻醉下,使用其尖端通过持续的循环液氮流冷却的液氮冷冻消融术系统(CS76,Frigitronics,Shelton,CT)进行冷冻消融术(Cryo)。在2个冷冻和消融处理循环中,肉眼可见地冷冻肿瘤,同时使周围健康组织保持完整。为了监控长效肿瘤保护的诱导,在冷冻消融术后40天,用15*103个B16OVA或B16F10细胞再攻击小鼠。在右肋腹于100μl PBS中皮下注射再攻击剂。当肿瘤体积超过1000mm3或当肿瘤突破皮肤屏障时,处死小鼠。
佐剂注射
具有完全硫代磷酸酯修饰主链的CpG 1668(′5-TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT-S′)购自Sigma Genosys(Haverhill,UK)。将CpG于PBS中在肿瘤旁(p.t.,在消融的肿瘤侧,30μg分成2次10μl的注射)注射。使用下列佐剂(全部由Intervet BV,Boxmeer提供):基于矿物油(Marcol 52)的油包水乳剂(1)和基于非矿物油(Miglyol 840)的油包水乳剂(1);使用矿物油的水包油乳剂,使用角鲨烯的油包水乳剂(2);和使用醋酸维生素E的水包油乳剂(3);Matrix C 750μg/ml(Isconova);Quil A皂苷(Brenntag)500μg/ml;氢氧化铝(Brenntag)0.75%(w/v);或磷酸铝(Brenntag)0.75%(w/v)。在本论文中,将两种油包水乳剂以1∶1的比率混合,将3种水包油乳剂以1∶1∶1的比率混合。将基于铝的佐剂以1∶1的比率混合使用,但也分开使用。肿瘤旁注射(40μl分2次20μl的注射,空间上与CpG-ODN注射分开)全部非微生物佐剂(或它们的混合物)。在消融后30分钟内进行所有注射。(1:Jansen等人,Vaccine,23,1053-1060,2005,2:O′Hagan Expert Re.Vaccines,6,669-710,2007,3:Rijke等人,in Adv.Avian Immunol.Res.Eds.T.F.Davison,N.Bumstead和P.Kaiser 265-271,1995)。
统计分析
使用log rank test分析卡普兰-迈耶存活曲线。
结果:
如从图1的图表明确地得出的,肿瘤破坏与作为免疫增强剂的CpGODN的施用的组合导致在80天后不足50%的存活率。此外,不存在存活曲线的显著变平(图1a)。
联合肿瘤破坏与施用作为免疫增强剂的水包油、油包水或AlOH佐剂都导致更小的保护作用(图1b和1c)。
然而,联合肿瘤破坏与皂苷(无论其以QuilA的形式还是作为空免疫刺激复合物)作为免疫增强剂的施用都导致在80天后超过75%的令人印象深刻的存活率。此外,在该情况下存在存活曲线的显著变平(图1c)。
联合肿瘤破坏与CpG和皂苷(无论其以QuilA的形式还是作为空免疫刺激复合物)作为免疫增强剂的组合施用都导致在80天后超过90%的甚至更高存活率和非常强的存活曲线变平(图1d)。
图例说明
图1.消融术联合基于CpG-ODN和皂苷的佐剂后有效力的抗肿瘤免疫。单独地,与CpG组合地,或与指定的非微生物佐剂组合地使用冷冻消融术处理右股上建立的Bl6F10肿瘤。40天后,天然小鼠和无肿瘤小鼠在肋腹上接受利用肿瘤细胞(15.000个Bl6F10细胞)的皮下再攻击。每2至4天一次监控肿瘤的大小。
(A)显示在单独的消融术,或与CpG-ODN组合的消融术后阻止肿瘤向外生长的有限保护作用的卡普兰-迈耶存活曲线。
(B)显示在单独的消融术,或与混合的水包油、油包水或铝佐剂组合的消融术后防止肿瘤向外生长的有限保护作用或无该保护作用的存活曲线。
(C)显示在单独地,或与指定的(混合的)佐剂组合的消融术后免受肿瘤向外生长的相对保护作用的存活曲线。基于皂苷的佐剂显示最有力的保护作用。
(D)显示当将消融术与基于皂苷的佐剂的联用与CpG-ODN共施用组合时额外的保护作用的存活曲线。*=p<0.05,与冷冻消融术相比较,**=p<0.001,与cryo/CpG相比较。在3个独立的实验中获得可比数据。
Claims (11)
1.皂苷作为免疫增强剂在制备用于原位肿瘤破坏疗法的药物中的用途,所述疗法包括肿瘤破坏和施用免疫刺激量的皂苷的步骤,其中所述皂苷包含至少一种下列成分:QS-7、QS-17、QS-18、QS-21、QuilA、Vax Sap、SuperSap、GPI-0100或QP UF 1000。
2.权利要求1的用途,其特征在于皂苷以空免疫刺激复合物的形式存在。
3.权利要求1或2的用途,其特征在于其还包含CpG ODN。
4.权利要求1或2的用途,其中所述疗法中所述步骤以下列顺序进行:
a.肿瘤的破坏;
b.免疫增强剂的施用。
5.权利要求4的用途,其特征在于在肿瘤破坏后24小时内进行免疫增强剂的所述施用步骤。
6.权利要求4的用途,其特征在于在肿瘤破坏后12小时内进行免疫增强剂的所述施用步骤。
7.权利要求4的用途,其特征在于在肿瘤破坏后6小时内进行免疫增强剂的所述施用步骤。
8.权利要求1或2的用途,其中所述疗法中所述步骤为:
a.免疫增强剂的围手术期施用;
b.肿瘤的破坏。
9.权利要求1或2的用途,其中免疫增强剂的施用的位置按递增的优先次序为静脉内、赘生肿块的引流区中的皮下、肿瘤旁或肿瘤内。
10.权利要求1或2的用途,其中所述药物用于治疗患癌症的哺乳动物,其中所述哺乳动物已经历肿瘤破坏。
11.权利要求1或2的用途,其中所述药物用于围手术期施用,以治疗患癌症的哺乳动物,其中所述哺乳动物将要或已经经历肿瘤破坏。
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US6316007B1 (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 2001-11-13 | Wound Healing Of Oklahoma | Combined physical and immunotherapy for cancer |
US20010034330A1 (en) * | 1998-08-10 | 2001-10-25 | Charlotte Kensil | Innate immunity-stimulating compositions of CpG and saponin and methods thereof |
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CN102264373A (zh) | 2011-11-30 |
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AR074844A1 (es) | 2011-02-16 |
BRPI0923598A2 (pt) | 2016-01-26 |
AU2009331531A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
JP2012513444A (ja) | 2012-06-14 |
WO2010072743A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
EP2381949A1 (en) | 2011-11-02 |
US20110256167A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
CA2747938A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
TW201034676A (en) | 2010-10-01 |
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AU2009331531B2 (en) | 2013-06-13 |
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