CN102218424A - Device and method for handling containers - Google Patents

Device and method for handling containers Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102218424A
CN102218424A CN2011100313801A CN201110031380A CN102218424A CN 102218424 A CN102218424 A CN 102218424A CN 2011100313801 A CN2011100313801 A CN 2011100313801A CN 201110031380 A CN201110031380 A CN 201110031380A CN 102218424 A CN102218424 A CN 102218424A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
pressure
cleaning chamber
container
fluid
driver
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
CN2011100313801A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN102218424B (en
Inventor
罗兰·劳梅尔
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Krones AG
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Krones AG
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Publication date
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Publication of CN102218424A publication Critical patent/CN102218424A/en
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Publication of CN102218424B publication Critical patent/CN102218424B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
    • B67C7/00—Concurrent cleaning, filling, and closing of bottles; Processes or devices for at least two of these operations
    • B67C7/0073—Sterilising, aseptic filling and closing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
    • B67C3/00—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus; Filling casks or barrels with liquids or semiliquids
    • B67C3/001—Cleaning of filling devices
    • B67C3/002—Cleaning of filling devices using cups or dummies to be placed under the filling heads
    • B67C3/004—Cleaning of filling devices using cups or dummies to be placed under the filling heads permanently attached to the filling machine and movable between a rest and a working position
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
    • B67C3/00—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus; Filling casks or barrels with liquids or semiliquids
    • B67C3/02—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus
    • B67C3/22—Details
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
    • B67C3/00—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus; Filling casks or barrels with liquids or semiliquids
    • B67C3/02—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus
    • B67C3/22—Details
    • B67C2003/228—Aseptic features

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for handling containers, comprising a clean room (2) for receiving the containers and at least one fluid operation actuator (4); wherein a first pressure is provided in the clean room (2), at least part of the actuator (4) is arranged in the clean room (2) and the actuator (4) at least sometimes works under the pressure lower than the first pressure.

Description

The equipment and the method that are used for container handling
Technical field
The present invention relates to the equipment and the method for container handling.
Background technology
In comprising the container handling machines of cleaning chamber, also utilize the pneumatic cylinder drive unit up to now., this device is installed in the cleaning chamber, and can operate under the operating air pressure up to 12 crust.This pneumatic cylinder also can use aseptic gas to come work.Yet this method is not enough.Because under the situation of the universal of using aseptic gas, this cylinder and lead to all pipelines of this cylinder comprises built-in valve, must be aseptic.The sterile working of pneumatic system is very difficult, that is to say that pneumatic system well known in the prior art is not suitable for aseptic cavity.In many cases, can adopt electromagnetic system to substitute pneumatic system, but electromagnetic system have many deficiencies equally.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the objective of the invention is to, a kind of equipment and method that is used for container handling is provided, it can reliably and contamination-freely use and use pneumatic system in simple and cheap mode in cleaning chamber.
According to the present invention, above-mentioned purpose is to realize by the equipment that is used for container handling, and this equipment comprises the cleaning chamber that is used to receive described container, just, described equipment is particularly including reception area, preferably do not have in this reception area or almost occurs without any impurity or pollutant.
The common characteristics of cleaning chamber are the pressure of the projecting environment of its internal pressure.10 Pascals' pressure reduction is enough to drive away microorganism.In order to safeguard this cleaning chamber, according to the rule of this cleaning chamber, the hydraulic pressure of the special fluid means that always provides greater than environmental stress and/or cleaning chamber inside of the pressure of cleaning chamber inside.Therefore, can have first pressure in the cleaning chamber.
This equipment also comprises to small part and is arranged at least one fluid-operated driver (fluid-operable actuator) in the described cleaning chamber.This fluid-operated driver is preferably used as and for example drives one or more closure plug, one or more clamping control piece and/or analog, is generally used for driving the container processing that is arranged in the cleaning chamber.Conceivable arriving, fluid-operated driver are designed to picture closure plug, clip control piece and/or similar device.
According to the present invention, when should (fluid-operated) driver preferably having at least, especially preferably under the pressure that is lower than first pressure, work always or specially.Preferably, described first pressure equates with environmental stress at least, and especially preferably is higher than environmental stress.
The advantage of this embodiment is, adopts simple and inexpensive method is used pneumatic system safely at the cleaning chamber that is used for receiving vessel.
Container can be understood that preferably to mean bottle, tube, jar, sack or analog.In addition, this container preferably has external screw thread and the necklace that is arranged on this external screw thread below.Similarly, conceivable is that container can be will expand to form the prefabricated component of bottle or analog.In addition, container can preferably be equipped with food, beverage and the consumer goods.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, this driver has at least two working spaces, and these two working spaces are separated by a movable part, and can introduce fluid in these two working spaces.At this, that this movable part preferably is interpreted as is cylindric, piston-like or discoid pieces, but the configuration with sphere or flat surfaces also is feasible.This working space is preferably the working space of cylinder, just, no matter which kind of position movable part be in, the volume of this working space with preferably be always identical cumulative volume.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one described working space is that fluid is communicated to the member that at least one is used to generate negative pressure when having at least.Conceivablely be that whole working spaces always is connected to and is used to the same member that generates the member of negative pressure or be used to generate negative pressure.This member that is used to generate negative pressure is preferably designed to pump, just for example vacuum plant or analog.Yet also possible is in a working space elastic component to be set, and this elastic component is biased to a certain position with described movable part.
The advantage of this embodiment is that fluid can siphon away from a working space at least.Siphon away removable this movable part of fluid, because moving of movable part, negative pressure will act on this working space makes the size of this working space reduce, and second working space is because the increase of its volume will be from the surrounding environment absorption fluids or from another fixed container absorption fluids, and this fixed container fluid is communicated to described second working space.
This is good equally, because movable part mobile need not to apply malleation and can realize.Because the pressure in the cleaning chamber always greater than the pressure in the working space, has therefore been got rid of any pollution to cleaning chamber.Even at the cleaning chamber defectiveness or providing especially on the cleaning chamber under the opening or the situation of outlet, preferred substance is only discharged and can not entered this cleaning chamber from cleaning chamber.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fluid in first working space has the pressure that is different from the pressure in second working space when having at least, wherein always provides the pressure greater than the pressure in the working space in cleaning chamber.Therefore, same conceivablely be, can in a working space, apply malleation, and in another working space, apply negative pressure that this malleation especially preferably is lower than the pressure in the cleaning chamber.
The advantage of this embodiment is, when generating negative pressure in first working space, do not have pressure to react on the motion of the movable part in another or second working space, so movable part can move more quickly.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, first pressure is higher than environmental stress.The advantage of this embodiment is, can prevent that microorganism, virus, dirt and/or analog are penetrated in the cleaning chamber.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, in cleaning chamber, provide the conveyer that is used to transmit container.In this case, same conceivablely be that this container can and/or shift out this cleaning chamber by this cleaning chamber of mode shift-in of conveyer.The function that this speed that moves can be used as another parameter is controlled, maybe can preset, and is default as the speed according to expectation.
For example, this conveyer can be a delivery wheel, which is provided with a plurality of clamping devices or fixture, is used for fixing container.Yet conveyer chain, conveyer belt or analog also are feasible.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, this fluid is liquid, gas or liquid/gas mixture.Yet this fluid is working gas preferably, and it is air especially preferably.Preferably, can in cleaning chamber, provide this conveyer and the treating apparatus that is used for container handling together.Described treating apparatus can comprise for example closed cell, sterili-sation unit, filler cells and similar units.
In further preferred embodiment of the present invention, be provided with at least one sensing device and be used for the watch-dog parameter, this device parameter is selected from the parameter group that is made of pressure intensity parameter, dustiness, moving parameter, temperature and their combination and/or similar parameters.The advantage of this embodiment is owing to adopted accurate monitoring, therefore can control the processing to container.
The invention still further relates to use by at least one container processing in the pollution-free driving cleaning chamber of driver of negative pressure mode operation.The advantage of this embodiment is the driving of the driving for the treatment of apparatus, particularly closure plug, clamping control piece, can realize with cheap and safe mode by the driver of negative-pressure operation.
In addition, the present invention relates to be used for the method for container handling.In the method, provide first pressure, and at least one driver that is arranged in the described cleaning chamber to small part is fluid-operated at the cleaning chamber that is used for receiving vessel.According to the present invention, when having at least, under the pressure that is lower than first pressure, operates this driver.This driver is preferably to be lower than under the pressure of first pressure to operate always.
In this, it is pointed out that whole features in this application, developed general container processing or the known container processing of prior art with the advantageous manner of independent or mutual combination.Other advantages of the present invention, purpose and feature will make an explanation by the following explanation of accompanying drawing, and wherein the mode by example shows the container processing in the cleaning chamber.Herein, in the described container processing at least in fact with regard to its function corresponding in the accompanying drawings part can utilize identical label indication.
Description of drawings
In the accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 shows the setting of the driver of the treating apparatus that is used for container, and wherein this driver is at least partially disposed in the cleaning chamber of described treating apparatus;
Fig. 2 shows the example of the first aseptically filling equipment;
Fig. 3 shows the example of the second aseptically filling equipment;
Fig. 4 shows the example according to the gas system of this device of driving of the present invention;
Fig. 5 shows the filling machine of first state; And
Fig. 6 shows the filling machine of second state.
List of reference numerals:
1 is used for the equipment of container handling
2 cleaning chambers
4 drivers
6 first working spaces
7 first fluid pipelines
8 second working spaces
9 second fluid lines
10 movable parts
12 driving members
14 aseptically filling equipment (dry method sterilization)
15 aseptically filling equipment (wet method sterilization)
16 containers
18 The pre-heat treatment pocket-wheels
20 sterilization processing pocket-wheels
22 blow process pocket-wheels
24 filling machines
26 closed machines
28 container delivery units
30 container entrances
32 container outlets
34 housings
36 divider walls
38 protections
40
42 container device for ejecting
44 rinsing pocket-wheels
46 containers are handled pocket-wheel
48 containers rotation pocket-wheel (being used to rotate up container)
50 containers rotation pocket-wheel (being used to be rotated down container)
52 rotating shafts
54 filling-valves
56 hydraulic packings
58 cleaning heads
The D sealing
V1 valve 1
V2 valve 2
V3 valve 3
V4 valve 4
The X directions X
Y Y direction
Z1 pneumatic cylinder 1
Z2 pneumatic cylinder 2
Z3 pneumatic cylinder 3
Z4 pneumatic cylinder 4
P 1Pressure in the cleaning chamber
P 2, p 3Pressure
p AtEnvironmental stress
The specific embodiment
Fig. 1 shows the device 1 that is used for container handling, and it comprises cleaning chamber 2.Container can be incorporated in this cleaning chamber and handle therein.Fluid, particularly aseptic gas as filtrated air, can have the first pressure P 1Or with the first pressure P 1Be provided in this cleaning chamber this pressure P 1Preferred tunable.This container can be incorporated into and/or move in the cleaning chamber, for example manually or in the mode of conveyer automatically container is incorporated into and/or moves in the cleaning chamber.In this case, the container that will introduce this cleaning chamber 2 can be introduced separately into and/or pack and be incorporated in the cleaning chamber 2.
Label 4 is meant preferably to small part and is arranged in the cleaning chamber 2 and has the driver of first working space 6.On this first working space 6, can be provided with first fluid pipeline 7 fluid is introduced this working space 6 or fluid is emitted from this working space 6.This driver 4, it is preferably designed to pneumatic cylinder, also can have second working space 8.On this second working space 8, can provide second fluid line 9 fluid is introduced this working space 8 or fluid is emitted from this working space 8.
Working space 6 preferably is spaced apart from each other by movable part 10 in the following manner with 8: pressure P different when preferably having at least is provided in each working space 6 and 8 2And P 3In addition, conceivable is different fluids can be introduced in the working space 6 and 8.Preferably, however air can be introduced working space 6 and 8 in each as working gas.This working space 6 preferably has always identical cumulative volume with 8.Two pressure P 2And P 3Be lower than pressure P 1, particularly no matter movable part 10 where, two pressure P 2And P 3All be lower than pressure P 1
Preferred especially, driving member 12 contacts with movable part 10.Conceivable is that movable part 10 and driving member 12 can be designed to same assembly.Because the connection between movable part 10 and the driving member 12, the displacement of movable part 10 on direction X preferably cause moving of driving member 120 equally.Preferably, described driving member 12 move and described movable part 10 to move to small part synchronous.Label P AtBe meant (particularly in the atmosphere) environmental stress, it is lower than the pressure P in the cleaning chamber 1
As shown in fig. 1, this driver 4 is towards directions X, but equally can be towards the Y direction or towards X and the defined direction of Y component.Certainly, if necessary, this driver also can be towards the Z direction (not shown) rectangular with the X/Y plane.This driving member 12 can be preferably designed to force transmission element, and preferably can act on another device.
Same conceivable is can provide a plurality of drivers 4 or this a plurality of drivers can be arranged in this cleaning chamber 2 at least in part in this cleaning chamber 2, and these drivers 4 to be controlled separately.Same conceivable is that these drivers 4 can be to small part series connection and/or link in parallel.
If on pipeline 9, apply negative pressure P2 (it is less than P3), and P1＞P2, this driving member 12 stretches out.P at the most AtCan be arranged in the pipeline 7 and first working space 6.Therefore, the rule (P1＞P of this cleaning chamber AtAnd P1＞P2) do not broken.
On the contrary, if on pipeline 7, apply negative pressure (P3＜P2), this driving member retraction, and P at the most AtCan be arranged in the pipeline 9 and second working space 8.In this case, the rule of this cleaning chamber is not broken yet.
Fig. 2 shows the aseptically filling equipment that uses the dry method process for sterilizing, in this case, uses hot H 2O 2Gas.This dry method process for sterilizing can comprise that the use electron beam comes container is sterilized.
Aseptically filling equipment 14 shown in Fig. 2 is used for container handling 16.This container 16 is preferably designed to bottle.This container 16 can or be sent to sterilization processing pocket-wheel 20 through The pre-heat treatment pocket-wheel 18 (be used for the processing pocket-wheel of this container of preheating, for example use hot-air) and processing delivery unit 28 and 42 guiding of container device for ejecting and (be used for for example using H 2O 2Gas is to the processing pocket-wheel of container sterilization).After container in sterilization processing pocket-wheel 20 was handled, described container can be sent to by another container delivery unit 28 and another container device for ejecting 42 and be used for by the expand processing pocket-wheel 22 of this container of blowing.Container device for ejecting 42 (not being shown specifically) can remove from container delivery unit 28 does not have the correct container of handling.This container device for ejecting 42 can be controlled by for example device according to the present invention.Preferably afterwards at blow process pocket-wheel 22 (be used for by blowing expand the processing pocket-wheel of this container), container delivery unit 28 and container device for ejecting 42 are provided in the transfer path of container 16 once more, by container delivery unit 28 and container device for ejecting 42 are provided, container 16 can be sent to filling machine 24.Preferably after this filling machine 24, in the further transfer path of container 16, provide container delivery unit 28 and container device for ejecting 42 to be used to transmit preferred partially filled at least container once more to closed machine 26.This closed container preferably is sent to container outlet 32 by the mode of container delivery unit 28 and container device for ejecting 42.
It is separated from one another that divider wall 36 is all passed through in each zone at The pre-heat treatment pocket-wheel 18, sterilization processing pocket-wheel 20, blow process pocket-wheel 22, filling machine 23, closed machine 26 and container outlet 32 places.
Label 30 is meant container entrance, container 16 can be fed into perfusion equipment 14 from upstream process device and/or feed arrangement through this container entrance.This container entrance 30 is by wall spare 38 protection, wherein for example except door 40, can also provide observation window.Suitable observation and access device can be provided in the said apparatus region.Environmental stress P AtBe preferably placed at outside the perfusion equipment 14 pressure P 1The preferred various piece that is arranged in this device at least.
Fig. 3 shows the wet method process for sterilizing aseptically filling equipment 15 of (as using Peracetic acid (PAA)) that uses.This perfusion equipment 15 comprises filling machine 24.Provide closed machine 26 and a plurality of container delivery unit 28 in the downstream of this filling machine 24.Preferably, provide container device for ejecting 42, container rotation pocket-wheel 50, rinsing pocket-wheel 44, container delivery unit 28 and/or container device for ejecting 42, container at least in the reverse path of the transfer path of container 16 transfer path of the container of filling machine 24 upstreams (just) and handle pocket-wheel 46 and/or other devices that may the comprise container that the rotates up rotation pocket-wheel 48 of container 16 (as be used for).
Equipment shown in Fig. 2 and 3 preferred " (CIP) cleaned in the original place " and/or " original place sterilization (SIP) " equipment and other are particularly suitable for the equipment of the can of weak acid product, and wherein in most of the cases, most mechanical systems all provide outside cleaning chamber 2.In the art technology term, this is called small-sized cleaning chamber 2 or (neck ring) isolator (isolator).In small-sized cleaning chamber 2 (as this cleaning chamber), has less relatively pneumatic system.In cleaning chamber 2, need not container or lid device for ejecting.Especially, pneumatic cylinder Z is fit to drive such device.Pneumatic cylinder Z is particularly suitable for interrupting the device of container or lid flow process.
For strong acid or carbonate product or the freezing chain arrival of process consumer's product, this processor generally is placed in the large-scale cleaning chamber 12.That is to say that the entire container handling machine all is arranged in cleaning chamber 2.The particulate filter (particle filters) that is used to generate cleaning chamber air pressure is usually located at the top of clean room housing.Consequently, a large amount of air impellers are positioned at this cleaning chamber 2.
Some possible use comprises driving (product/cleaning medium/sterilization medium), the closure member (lid launches and clamping control) of manipulation, the dielectric valve of container for example or lid transfer system, the displacement movement that rotates, handles part up and down of container, as cleaning mouth, filling member and closure member.
Fig. 4 shows the gas system schematic diagram by the mode of example.Pneumatic cylinder Z1 and Z2 retraction, cylinder Z3 extends.Pneumatic cylinder Z4 shows the vapour pressure cylinder that is provided with at cleaning chamber 2 upper flanges.Valve V1-V4 is designed to the 5/2-channel valve, and is preferably placed at outside the cleaning chamber 2.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show particularly suitable usage example.In the cleaning and/or sterilization process of product or medium path, cleaning head 58 closed filling-valves 54.This cleaning head 58 is driven by the vapour pressure cylinder Z that flange is provided with.By sealing D,, vapour pressure cylinder working space and cleaning chamber 2 can be separated as labyrinth sealing, lip packing, bellows type sealing.
In production model, preferably there is not pressure to impose on p 2(p 2=P At), and negative pressure imposed on p 3(this guarantees that cleaning head 58 can not move into).If then cleaning head 58 is moved into, negative pressure is imposed on p 2, can in this case malleation be imposed on p 3, because be communicated with p 3Working chamber not directly in abutting connection with cleaning chamber 2.The clossing pressure that scalable like this cleaning head 58 is required.
Cleaning chamber 2 preferably extends on the circumferencial direction of rotating shaft 52, and the first of cleaning chamber takes place with respect to the moving in the mode around rotating shaft 52 rotations of second portion of cleaning chamber.By hydraulic packing 56, can guarantee that preferably cleaning chamber is a good seal.Label 14 and 15 is meant that being provided with shown in Fig. 5 and 6 can be applied in the aseptically filling equipment that uses dry method sterilization or the sterilization of use wet method.
Disclosed all features all are necessary for the purpose of the present invention in the present specification, no matter be separately or mutually combine, all are novel than prior art.

Claims (10)

1. an equipment (1) that is used for container handling comprises the cleaning chamber (2) and at least one the fluid-operated driver (4) that are used to receive described container; Described cleaning chamber provides first pressure in (2), and described driver (4) to small part is arranged in the described cleaning chamber (2), it is characterized in that, described driver (4) is worked under the pressure that is lower than described first pressure when having at least.
2. equipment according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described driver (4) has two working spaces (6,8), and described two working spaces (6,8) are separated by movable part (10), and can introduce fluid in these two working spaces (6,8).
3. equipment according to claim 2 is characterized in that, at least one described working space (6,8) when having at least fluid be communicated to the member that at least one is used to generate negative pressure.
4. according at least one described equipment in claim 2 or 3, it is characterized in that, fluid in first working space (6) has the pressure that is different from the pressure in second working space (8) when having at least, wherein in cleaning chamber (2), always provide pressure greater than the pressure in the working space (6,8).
5. according at least one the described equipment of aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that described first pressure is higher than environmental stress.
6. according at least one the described equipment of aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, in described cleaning chamber (2), provide the conveyer that is used to transmit container.
7. according at least one the described equipment of aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that described fluid is a gas, preferably air.
8. according at least one the described equipment of aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, also comprise at least one sensing device, be used for the watch-dog parameter, described device parameter is selected from the parameter group that is made of pressure intensity parameter, dustiness, moving parameter, temperature and their combination and/or similar parameters.
9. be used for the application of the pollution-free driving of at least one container processing in the cleaning chamber (2) by the driver (4) of negative-pressure operation.
10. method that is used for container handling, wherein provide first pressure being used for the cleaning chamber of receiving vessel (2), and at least one driver (4) that is arranged in the described cleaning chamber (2) to small part is fluid-operated, it is characterized in that described driver (4) is operated when having at least under the pressure that is lower than first pressure.
CN201110031380.1A 2010-01-29 2011-01-21 Device and method for handling containers Expired - Fee Related CN102218424B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010006319.3 2010-01-29
DE201010006319 DE102010006319A1 (en) 2010-01-29 2010-01-29 Device for treating containers

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CN102218424A true CN102218424A (en) 2011-10-19
CN102218424B CN102218424B (en) 2014-11-19

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CN102218424B (en) 2014-11-19
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EP2354080A3 (en) 2013-03-06
EP2354080B1 (en) 2017-03-01

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