CN102209839B - 内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法 - Google Patents

内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法 Download PDF

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CN102209839B
CN102209839B CN2009801447768A CN200980144776A CN102209839B CN 102209839 B CN102209839 B CN 102209839B CN 2009801447768 A CN2009801447768 A CN 2009801447768A CN 200980144776 A CN200980144776 A CN 200980144776A CN 102209839 B CN102209839 B CN 102209839B
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CN102209839A (zh
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T·鲍迈斯特
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种汽车内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法，其中，还原剂从位于车辆内部的还原剂容器被输送到内燃机的排气中，其特征在于：电子控制器通过设在还原剂容器中的传感器的信号来检测：还原剂是否处于凝固状态；当该还原剂处于凝固状态时，电子控制器给设在还原剂容器中的PTC-加热元件施加加热电流；电子控制器由汽车的车载电源电压和所述加热电流计算出PTC-加热元件的电阻并且将该电阻与第一个规定电阻阈值和/或与电阻升高的第一个规定梯度阈值进行比较；如果第一个电阻阈值和/或第一个梯度阈值被超过的话，电子控制器便减少由还原剂容器向排气中输送的还原剂量。

Description

内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法。
背景技术
由参考文献已知这样的方法，并且其在商用车中是作为所谓的SCR-系统广为人知的。通过所知的SCR-方法（Selective Catalytic Reduction，选择性催化还原），柴油发动机中氮氧化物的排放量被明显减少，并且借助当今最常用的还原剂尿素溶液，尤其是被称作可兰素（AdBlue）的尿素溶液，被转化成水蒸气和氮。在汽车中，可兰素在一个附加贮箱（还原剂容器）中被随车携带并被喷射到排气系统中。排气系统中的定量系统与SCR-催化器相结合，用来减少氮氧化物排放和碳黑颗粒。由于尿素溶液在温度约为零下12度时就已经凝固，所以至少在排出管范围内需要对其加热，以便至少部分地融化可能凝固的可兰素。通过抽出已经部分融化的尿素溶液，可能会导致在加热元件和抽出位置的周围形成冰窟。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，考虑识别和减少冰窟形成，对开头所述这种方法加以改良。
为此，本发明提供一种汽车内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法，其中，还原剂从位于车辆内部的还原剂容器被输送到内燃机的排气中，其特征在于：一电子控制器通过设在所述还原剂容器中的传感器的信号来检测：还原剂是否处于凝固状态；当该还原剂处于凝固状态时，所述电子控制器给设在还原剂容器中的PTC-加热元件施加加热电流；所述电子控制器由汽车的车载电源电压和所述加热电流计算出所述PTC-加热元件的电阻并且将该电阻与规定的第一个电阻阈值和/或与电阻升高的规定的第一个梯度阈值进行比较；以及，如果所述第一个电阻阈值和/或所述第一个梯度阈值被超过的话，所述电子控制器便减少由还原剂容器向排气装置中输送的还原剂量。
进一步地，本发明还提出如下有利设计：
当第二个电阻阈值和/或第二个梯度阈值被超过时，其中所述第一个电阻阈值小于该第二个电阻阈值并且所述第一个梯度阈值小于该第二个梯度阈值，所述电子控制器便中断从还原剂容器向排气管中输送还原剂；
最早在第一个电阻阈值和/或第一个梯度阈值被超过时，或者最迟在第二个电阻阈值和/或第二个梯度阈值被超过时，所述电子控制器给驾驶者发出一种警告；
所述电子控制器通过一液位传感器的信号来检查：计算得出的电阻的升高是一冰窟导致的结果还是还原剂容器中液面低导致的结果。
本发明以下述认识为基础：
伴随将还原剂加温之目标，对加热元件进行操控。加温会引起加热元件的电阻升高。这样，该电阻就代表着储存在加热元件内的能量的大小量度，温度变化就代表着转换效率的大小程度。若将加热电流施加给加热元件，则PTC-加热元件升温并且电阻升高。根据往PTC-加热元件中的能量输入和加热元件浸润情况而达到一定的温度水平和电阻值。依随加热元件的不同浸润程度，可得到一个电阻变化曲线。该电阻变化曲线可能是与绝对能量供给、相应于启动温度之浸润情况的能量导出、时间以及单位时间的能量供给有关。总体而言，浸润以及导热越小，电阻的终值还有电阻的升高就越大。
因此，根据本发明，在如下三种运行状况间加以区分：
探测正常运行（=完全浸润）：
电阻经规定的时间而升高并且如此加以调准，即，使电阻的变化曲线具有大致为零的斜率。然后，调准后的电阻保持于第一个电阻阈值和/或梯度阈值以下。
探测部分浸润运行：
假如电阻呈现一个高于第一个电阻阈值和/或梯度阈值、但是低于第二个电阻阈值和/或梯度阈值的值（所述第一个电阻阈值和/或梯度阈值是代表部分浸润，所述第二个电阻阈值意为识别出冰窟-也就是识别出非冷却性的气隙环境），则减少送出的还原剂量，以便能够再次对凝固还原剂增大融解。
探测冰窟：
如果用于冰窟识别的第二个电阻阈值和/或梯度阈值被超过的话，则必须采取比部分浸润运行时更强有力的安全措施。
通过本发明，不仅保证了SCR-方法的功能性，而且也使得对被浸润的部件（如加热元件或者液位传感器）的简单诊断成为可能。这是因为，在加热元件相对液位传感器的位置已知的情况下，液位传感器的信号和PTC-加热元件的电阻变化的信号通过比较方法可得以验证。
附图说明
附图中表示的是本发明的一个实施例。该图示意性地示出一个可能的装置，其具有用于实施本发明的方法的最基本的部件。
具体实施方式
在唯一的图中，图示出一个还原剂容器1，该容器例如盛有作为还原剂的尿素溶液。从应该被安装在此处未图示的带有内燃机的汽车内的还原剂容器1中，还原剂借助泵3通过排流管2以及必要时还通过其他的定量给料装置被导入内燃机11的排气装置4中。由于尿素溶液在温度为约零下12℃时就已经凝固，因此，至少在排出管2的抽出位置10的区域内必须要对其加热，以便至少部分地融化可能凝固的尿素溶液。为此，优选在还原剂容器1的底部紧邻抽出位置10的地方设置PTC-加热元件5。
由于抽出已经部分融化的尿素溶液，可能会在加热元件5和抽出位置10的周围导致形成不希望出现的冰窟9。电子控制器8与用于向排气中送入还原剂的泵3和/或其他输送装置相连接。此外，加热元件5、此处为PTC-加热元件，同样连接于该控制器8上，并且根据需要由该控制器施加加热电流I。该控制器8优选接收温度传感器6的信号和液位传感器7的信号。该控制器8由汽车的车载电源电压U供电并且必要的话还可以进一步设有输入引脚和输出引脚。
根据本发明，利用前述装置实施下面的方法步骤：
电子控制器8例如通过还原剂容器1中温度传感器6的信号，来检测：还原剂是否处于凝固状态。如果液位传感器构造为可以检测晃荡运动或者介质导电性的话，也可以附加地或者选择地例如通过该液位传感器7来探测物态（聚集态）。在凝固状态下，不会出现晃荡运动，并且导电性很低。
当根据探测到的物态信息，还原剂处于凝固状态时，控制器8就将加热电流I施加于还原剂容器1中的PTC-加热元件5。控制器8由汽车的车载电源电压U和加热电流I计算出PTC-加热元件的电阻R。然后在控制器8中将电阻R或者电阻R的变化曲线与第一个规定的电阻阈值R1和/或与电阻升高的第一个规定的梯度阈值进行比较。如果第一个电阻阈值R1和/或第一个梯度阈值被超过的话，电子控制器8便通过适当的措施减少输送到排气中的还原剂的量，因为在这种情况下判断出是部分浸润以及由此可能导致形成冰窟的危险。也就是说，第一个电阻阈值R1和/或第一个梯度阈值被定义/规定为：由此识别出从全浸润运行状态向部分浸润运行状态的过渡。需要补充强调的是，该控制器8例如是本来就现有的、扩展了相关功能的马达控制器或者是一种例如通过数据总线与电子的马达控制器相连接的附加控制器。在后一种情况下，控制器8给马达控制器提供相应的信息，该马达控制器则又通过适当的措施来减少还原剂的量。在第一种情况下，控制器8自身例如可以通过对泵3的相应操控来减少还原剂的量。
如果第二个电阻阈值R2和/或第二个梯度阈值被超过的话，其中所述的第一阈值R1小于所述的第二个阈值R2，则电子控制器8就完全中断从还原剂容器1向排气装置4中输送还原剂。此外，最早在第一个电阻阈值R1和/或第一个梯度阈值被超过时，或者最迟在第二个电阻阈值R2和/或第二个梯度阈值被超过时，该电子控制器8会给驾驶者发出一种警告，因为在后一种情况下，判断出加热元件已经处于非浸润状态。这就是说，第二个电阻阈值R2和/或第二个梯度阈值被定义/规定为：由此识别出从部分浸润运行状态向非浸润运行状态的过渡。
需要补充强调的是，对于电阻R的这种处理分析，也可理解为对于具有相应规定阈值的与电阻R成比例的一个参量（例如电导1/R）的处理分析。在此，对于功率（U*I）的处理分析却被认为是无益的，这是因为，车载电源波动对处理分析的准确性有负面影响。
优选的是，电子控制器8借助于附加的液位传感器7的信号来检查：计算出的电阻R的升高是冰窟9导致的结果还是还原剂容器1中液面低导致的结果。例如，如果液位传感器7发出液面处于第一位标L1之上的信号的话，就断定为有冰窟9。例如，如果液位传感器7发出液面处于第一位标L1与第二位标L2之间的信号的话，就断定为由于容器1的排空程度提高而导致加热元件5的渐增的部分浸润。在这种情况下，例如第二个电阻阈值R2会升高。例如，如果液位传感器7发出液面处于第二位标L2之下的信号的话，就断定为容器1已空或者很快被排空，并且在这种情况下例如给驾驶者发出一个相应的信息。优选的是，第一位标L1差不多就定置在加热元件5上边缘的上方。优选的是，第二位标L2差不多就定置在加热元件5下边缘的上方，这样可得到液面波动时的一个测量允差范围。
在图中示意性示出了在时间t上电阻R的整合于控制器8中的综合特性曲线，该综合特性曲线中用阴影线表示的电阻范围可以被定义为用于认定PTC-加热元件故障的不许可范围。时间点t1应该是自接通加热电流I起一定时段之后电阻特征线的处理时间点。

Claims (4)

1.汽车内燃机排气中氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的方法，其中，还原剂从位于车辆内部的还原剂容器（1）被输送到内燃机（11）的排气中，其特征在于：
-一电子控制器（8）通过设在所述还原剂容器（1）中的传感器（6,7）的信号来检测：还原剂是否处于凝固状态；
-当该还原剂处于凝固状态时，所述电子控制器（8）给设在还原剂容器（1）中的PTC-加热元件（5）施加加热电流（I）；
-所述电子控制器（8）由汽车的车载电源电压（U）和所述加热电流（I）计算出所述PTC-加热元件（5）的电阻并且将该电阻与规定的第一个电阻阈值（R1）和/或与电阻升高的规定的第一个梯度阈值进行比较；
-以及，如果所述第一个电阻阈值（R1）和/或所述第一个梯度阈值被超过的话，所述电子控制器（8）便减少由还原剂容器（1）向排气装置（4）中输送的还原剂量。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：当第二个电阻阈值（R2）和/或第二个梯度阈值被超过时，其中所述第一个电阻阈值（R1）小于该第二个电阻阈值（R2）并且所述第一个梯度阈值小于该第二个梯度阈值，所述电子控制器（8）便中断从还原剂容器（1）向排气管（4）中输送还原剂。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于：最早在第一个电阻阈值（R1）和/或第一个梯度阈值被超过时，或者最迟在第二个电阻阈值（R2）和/或第二个梯度阈值被超过时，所述电子控制器（8）给驾驶者发出一种警告。
4.如权利要求1至3之任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：所述电子控制器（8）通过一液位传感器（7）的信号来检查：计算得出的电阻（R）的升高是一冰窟（9）导致的结果还是还原剂容器（1）中液面低导致的结果。
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