CN102190832B - 聚1-丁烯弹性体材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
聚1-丁烯弹性体材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种聚1-丁烯弹性体材料及其制备方法。该弹性体材料为以mmmm%(核磁共振法测定)表示的全同结构含量为55~70%,结晶度为10~25%,具有典型热塑性弹性体性质的1-丁烯均聚物;或1-丁烯与其它α-烯烃共聚所得的饱和弹性体;或1-丁烯与其它非共轭二烯烃共聚所得的不饱和弹性体。其制备方法之一是采用本体反应挤出聚合工艺,由预聚合、螺杆反应挤出聚合和双螺杆脱挥并挤出造粒三步组成;制备方法之二是采用传统的溶液或本体聚合以搅拌釜聚合工艺合成。聚合过程采用负载钛催化剂与有机铝化合物组成的催化体系,在0~100℃温度下分段进行。醚类、酯类和硅烷类给电子试剂可作为调节聚合物规整度的试剂。氢气是聚合物的分子量调节剂。这种弹性体材料性质上分别类似于POE、EPR和EPDM,可应用于相似的领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于有机高分子聚合物技术领域,更明确地说涉及1-丁烯的聚合和由之形成的弹性体材料及其合成工艺和设备。
背景技术
1-丁烯是仅次于乙烯、丙烯的单烯烃,其聚合物聚1-丁烯如同全材料聚乙烯(HDPE、LDPE、LLDPE、POE)、聚丙烯(iPP、PPR、sPP、aPP)一样,根据链结构的规整度和结晶度不同,性能有很大差异,包括塑料、热塑性弹性体、弹性体等材料,目前PB-1工业在我国还处于空白。
高全同聚1-丁烯,即高有规立构聚1-丁烯(全同含量>80%,又称iPB),易结晶,是一种高抗挠性、高强度、高硬度的塑料,由于具有突出的耐蠕变形和高温下的抗张强度,其适用温度为-20℃到105℃,可以用于冷热水管、包装薄膜以及电影胶片等。已有商业生产。iPB不能作为弹性体材料使用,因此,不涉及本专利内容。
1981年美国专利US 4,298,722中提到一种可用于管材、薄膜、纤维、线缆包皮材料的聚1-丁烯热塑性弹性体(PB-TPE)共混物的制备,其主要是采用两种不同全同含量的聚1-丁烯进行共混,得到一种弹性体材料,开辟了PB-TPE这一新领域,但是采用两种材料共混增加了加工工艺复杂性,并且其材料特性粘数非常高,虽可通过塑炼来降低,但是这样做使其性能大为降低。
1982年,壳牌公司的欧洲专利EP 0081787A1以及报道了采用含有内给电子体及选择性控制试剂对甲氧基苯酸乙酯的负载钛催化体系合成出全同结构含量不小于90%,而同时结晶度25~40%的具有热塑性弹性体性质的聚1-丁烯材料。据我们所知,全同含量大于85%,结晶度大于25%时,聚1-丁烯的硬度就高于邵A90度了,其本质上还属于一种韧性塑料而非弹性体材料。
中国发明专利CN 101039967A(2007年)介绍了一种全同含量25-55%的低全同含量聚1-丁烯。由该专利的实施例我们可以看出,由于全同含量较低,其得到的聚1-丁烯结晶熔融焓只有10J/g,推算其结晶度只有不到10%,甚至完全没有结晶,同时其邵A硬度小于80,因此我们看到其拉伸断裂强度比较低,因此作为热塑性弹性体使用性能不能满足特定要求。
以上所述专利文献技术的合成工艺及设备均是采用传统众所周知的溶液法或淤浆法聚合。
作为中低全同含量聚1-丁烯及1-丁烯共聚物由于全同含量低,难结晶,粘度高,不能采用本体沉淀法合成。反应挤出是一种新的聚合方法,美国专利US4,058,654(1977年)报道了采用反应挤出技术制备了无规的聚1-丁烯材料,其催化体系为烷基金属或钛催化剂-烷基铝助催化剂,得到的聚1-丁烯拉伸强度仅有2.2MPa,完全谈不上是一种弹性体材料,专利中也未谈及多段螺杆挤出机聚合,聚合停留时间也难以达到1-丁烯催化聚合的要求,因此未见后续任何关于此专利技术的工业化应用报道。美国专利US 5,644,007采用栓塞流反应方式使α-烯烃聚合,但上述专利实施例中主要是辛烯或己烯等液态烯烃作单体,而避开了乙烯、丙烯和丁烯等气态单体,或者对1-丁烯单体采用特殊的进料方式,由此可见他们的聚合工艺条件还很不完善,而需要进行改进,而随后鲜有关于聚1-丁烯的反应挤出聚合方面的专利和文献。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一就是在于用1-丁烯聚合合成有用的弹性体材料,包括PB-TPE、饱和及不饱和弹性体材料,以克服上述聚1-丁烯热塑性弹性体材料的性能不足和材料品种的不足,可以在部分场合替代现有乙丙共聚物和POE热塑性弹性体使用的、新型的聚1-丁烯弹性体材料,其具有优秀的弹性,拉伸强度可以达到14MPa及以上,扯断伸长率大于300%,拉伸永久形变小于100%,200%拉伸永久形变小于50%。
本发明的目的之二就是提供能够完成制备上述聚1-丁烯弹性体的聚合工艺和聚合设备。聚合工艺之一就是一种新型的本体反应挤出聚合,由管式反应器或搅拌聚合釜预聚合、一段或多段单螺杆或双螺杆混合反应挤出聚合以及脱挥和造粒三部分组成;聚合工艺之二就是采用一台或多台搅拌聚合釜式聚合组成。 其聚合工艺和聚合设备较目前已有专利技术有很大进步,并可以推广应用,易于实现工业化。
为了达到上述目的,本发明以1-丁烯作为单体,采用负载钛催化体系通过本体反应挤出聚合或溶液或本体聚合釜聚合合成1-丁烯均聚物;或采用1-丁烯作为第一单体,以α-烯烃或非共轭二烯烃为第二单体,采用负载钛催化体系通过本体反应挤出聚合或溶液或本体聚合釜聚合合成1-丁烯共聚物。
本发明所述的1-丁烯共聚物饱和弹性体可以是1-丁烯和6-10个碳原子的另一种高级α-烯烃进行共聚得到的。特别是优选己烯或辛烯等作为共聚单体。第二共聚单体的含量2-60mol%。
本发明所述的1-丁烯共聚物不饱和弹性体可以是1-丁烯和1,4-己二烯、乙叉降冰片烯或乙烯基降冰片烯进行共聚得到的。特别是优选1,4-己二烯、乙叉降冰片烯等作为共聚单体,可以得到性能适合的共聚物。第二共聚单体的含量2-40mol%。
本发明所述的1-丁烯均聚物或共聚物采用的是负载钛催化剂,优选二氯化镁负载四氯化钛催化剂。负载钛催化剂是采用研磨法或化学法制备,其中MgCl2为载体,催化剂的载钛量质量百分比为1-5%,优选2-3%。
可以采用有机金属铝AlR3-xClx作为助催化剂,其中R为含有1-8个碳原子的烷基、支链烷基或环烷基,x为1-3。所述的有机铝化合物可以是三乙基铝、三异丁基铝、二烷基氢化铝、二烷基氯化铝或聚亚胺基铝烷等中的一种或多种复配品。
在催化剂体系中可以加入外给电子体化合物。该外给电子体化合物可以是硅烷化合物、醚类、酯类或者2种以上上述物质混合使用。外给电子体的用量为催化剂用量的0-10mol%。
采用有机硅烷化合物作为外给电子体,可以包括二苯基二甲氧基硅烷,二苯基二丁氧基硅烷,二环己基二甲氧基硅烷等。
在聚合反应过程中,还可添加氢气作为链转移剂或分子质量调节剂,氢气用量为单体用量的0.1-10%,优选1-6%。随着氢气分压的增加,聚合物的特性粘数逐渐降低,相对应聚合物的分子质量也是逐渐降低的。
本发明所述的聚合工艺之一是本体反应挤出聚合,其采用的设备是由三部分组成。第一部分预聚合采用管式反应器或搅拌聚合釜组成,用于低转化率低粘度下进行预聚合,其中管式反应器长度和直径可根据聚合工艺和聚合条件调节。搅拌聚合釜的容积可以根据聚合工艺调整,采用单螺带或双螺带搅拌形式,在搅拌桨底部可以增加喂料装置。聚合设备均为带冷却水夹套,可通过冷却水来控制反应温度,预聚合反应温度为0-60℃。
经过预聚合后有一定粘度的反应体系进入到第二部分反应挤出聚合部分。反应挤出聚合部分由一段或多段螺杆挤出机组成,可以是单螺杆挤出机也可以是双螺杆挤出机或单螺杆和双螺杆挤出机的混合配置,用于高转化率高粘度下的聚合反应以及物料输送。反应挤出聚合温度可以通过夹套水和电加热来控制,聚合温度为20~100℃,使聚合最终转化率达到50%以上。
反应挤出聚合所用的单螺杆或双螺杆挤出机,在机械制造和工艺允许的条件下应该尽量加大长径比,如单螺杆挤出机L/D>35,双螺杆挤出机>50,以增加单体聚合时的停留时间。
所用的螺杆挤出机带有冷却循环水夹套,其螺杆转速可根据不同聚合反应条件调节。其中螺杆的螺纹设计由混合段、推进段、强力挤出段多段混合组成。
双螺杆挤出机也应带有冷却水和电加热夹套,螺杆转速可根据产量和聚合反应所需停留时间来调节。
从反应挤出聚合部分排出的聚合物体系进入第三部分,即脱挥和造粒部分。该部分由双螺杆脱气挤出机和切粒机组成,利用双螺杆脱气和加热将未聚合单体脱除,并挤出切粒,得到颗粒状的1-丁烯均聚物或共聚物。所选用的加热温度为100-280℃,优选150-200℃。
本体反应挤出聚合工艺的主要效果在于在适当的温度下,负载钛催化剂、有机铝助催化剂、1-丁烯或1-丁烯与共聚单体分别经由计量泵直接泵入反应器,经过两段反应,包括管式反应器或搅拌聚合釜预聚合和螺杆挤出机反应挤出聚合,并由双螺杆脱挥挤出机进行脱挥后,从机头挤出,冷却并切粒机造粒后,直接得到成粒的商品化1-丁烯均聚物或共聚物。
本发明所述的聚合工艺之二就是用搅拌聚合釜进行的本体或溶液聚合。可以是一台或多台带冷却水夹套的搅拌聚合釜经过串联或并联组成。所述的聚合釜容积可根据产量选定,搅拌形式为单螺带或双螺带。
搅拌釜溶液聚合的主要效果在于,在首釜加入定量的烃类有机溶剂、1-丁烯或1-丁烯与共聚单体、负载钛催化剂、有机铝化合物及氢气,由夹套水控制各釜聚合温度0~80℃,聚合时间为1-48小时,得到高粘稠的聚合浆液,然后经终止、气提分离溶剂及未聚合单体,干燥得到产品。
搅拌釜本体聚合的主要效果在于,在不加任何有机溶剂的前提下,利用过量的1-丁烯单体作为溶剂或分散介质,进行本体聚合,其余效果等同于溶液聚合。
本发明的任务就是这样完成的。
本发明制备的1-丁烯均聚物的拉伸强度大于14MPa,扯断伸长率大于300%,永久变形小于100%,邵尔A硬度小于85度,是典型的热塑性弹性体;共聚物性能类似于二元乙丙橡胶和三元乙丙橡胶,一定程度上可用于相似的领 域。
具体实施方式
实施例1。溶液聚合合成聚1-定性热塑性弹性体。
10L全密闭磁力搅拌不锈钢压力聚合釜(双螺旋式搅拌桨),抽排2~3hr,其间用高纯氮气置换数次。聚合釜中加入单体浓度为40%的1-丁烯/正己烷溶液,以Ti/Bt=2×10-5(摩尔比,下同),Al/Ti=300(摩尔比,下同),给电子体/Ti=5(摩尔比),搅拌下依次计量加入三异丁基铝(Al)和负载钛催化剂(Ti)及醚类给电子体等,于50℃下聚合5hr,终止干燥后直接得到聚合物聚1-丁烯,单体转化率76%,催化效率148000g聚合物/gTi。通过NMR测定全同五单元组含量为70%,即全同聚1-丁烯含量为70%。DSC测定结晶度为25%。
实施例2。溶液聚合合成1-丁烯/1-己烯共聚物饱和弹性体。
10L全密闭磁力搅拌不锈钢压力聚合釜(双螺旋式搅拌桨),抽排2~3hr,其间用高纯氮气置换数次。聚合釜中加入单体体积浓度为30%的1-丁烯和1-己烯/正己烷溶液,其中1-己烯含量为单体总量的10%(摩尔比),以Ti/单体=4×10-5,Al/Ti=300,搅拌下依次计量加入三异丁基铝(Al)和负载钛催化剂(Ti),于40℃下聚合8hr,终止干燥后直接得到聚合物,单体转化率65%。DSC测定聚合物玻璃化转变温度为-23.5度,熔点80.8度,结晶度9.5%。通过红外光谱(FTIR)测定聚合物中1-己烯结构单元含量为6%,为一种透明的、无定型1-丁烯/1-己烯共聚物弹性体。
实施例3。溶液聚合合成1-丁烯/非共轭二烯烃共聚物不饱和弹性体。
10L全密闭磁力搅拌不锈钢压力聚合釜(双螺旋式搅拌桨),抽排2~3hr,其间用高纯氮气置换数次。聚合釜中加入单体体积浓度为35%的1-丁烯和乙叉降冰片烯(ENB)/正己烷溶液,其中ENB含量为单体总量的5%,以Ti/单体=6×10-5,Al/Ti=400,搅拌下依次计量加入三异丁基铝(Al)和负载钛催化剂(Ti),于40℃下聚合8hr,终止干燥后直接得到聚合物,单体转化率42%。通过NMR测定聚合物中ENB结构单元含量为3%。
实施例4。本体聚合合成聚1-丁烯热塑性弹性体。
10L全密闭磁力搅拌不锈钢压力聚合釜(双螺旋式搅拌桨),抽排2~3hr,其间用高纯氮气置换数次。聚合釜中加入单体1-丁烯1000g,以Ti/Bt=1×10-5,Al/Ti=180,搅拌下依次计量加入三异丁基铝(Al)和负载钛催化剂(Ti),于50℃下聚合3hr,脱除未反应单体后终止,干燥后直接得到320g聚1-丁烯,单体转化率32%。通过NMR测定全同五单元组含量为55%,即全同聚1-丁烯含量为55%。DSC测定结晶度为18%。
实施例5。本体聚合合成1-丁烯/1-己烯共聚物饱和弹性体。
10L全密闭磁力搅拌不锈钢压力聚合釜(双螺旋式搅拌桨),抽排2~3hr,其间用高纯氮气置换数次。聚合釜中加入1-丁烯和1-己烯共1200g,其中1-己烯含量为单体总量的25%,以Ti/单体=5×10-5,Al/Ti=300,搅拌下依次计量加入三异丁基铝(Al)和负载钛催化剂(Ti),于40℃下聚合4hr,终止干燥后直接得到近乎透明的1-丁烯/1-己烯共聚物弹性体,单体转化率31%。通过FTIR测定共聚物中1-己烯结构单元含量为15%。DSC测定结晶度为2.2%。
实施例6。本体反应挤出聚合。
(1)反应挤出聚合工艺流程及设备选型见图1和表1。
图1为PB-TPE反应挤出装置流程示意图
(2)合成方法。
(i)均聚
在如图1和表1所述的一套三阶本体反应挤出聚合设备中实施。其中包括:预聚合装置,两台单螺杆挤出机组成的本体反应挤出聚合部分、一台双螺杆脱挥挤出机以及切粒设备。三阶反应挤出聚合设备经过抽真空和氮气吹扫后,通入少量单体并排空。聚合条件为Ti/Bt=6×10-5,Al/Ti=300。单体按照计算的摩尔量20L/h通过单体泵直接泵送到预聚合反应器。烷基铝和白油配置的负载钛催化剂分别通过助催化剂计量泵和催化剂计量泵定量注入到管式反应器。同时开启三段螺杆挤出聚合设备和脱挥后处理设备,回收未反应单体。在双螺杆脱挥挤出反应器的机头处直接得到熔融条状的聚1-丁烯。计算得到单体转化率为 58%。
所得聚合物通过NMR测定全同五单元组含量为65%,即聚1-丁烯的全同含量为65%。聚合物熔体流动速率为3.75g·10min-1。材料的拉伸强度为14Mpa,断裂伸长率为400%,结晶度20%。
(ii)共聚
在如图1和表1所述的一套三阶反应挤出聚合设备中实施。聚合条件为Ti/单体=10×10-5,Al/Ti=250。1-丁烯和1-己烯按照混合比4∶1(摩尔比)的混合单体以20L/h通过单体泵直接泵送到预聚合反应器。烷基铝和白油配置的负载钛催化剂分别通过助催化剂计量泵和催化剂计量泵定量注入到管式反应器。同时开启三段螺杆挤出聚合设备和脱挥后处理设备,回收未反应单体。在双螺杆脱挥挤出机的机头处直接得到熔融条状的1-丁烯/1-己烯共聚物。测得单体转化率为56%。
所得共聚物熔体流动速率为8g·10min-1。材料的拉伸强度为6Mpa,断裂伸长率为800%,结晶度1.3%。核磁共振检测1-己烯含量为16%。
表1 PB-TPE反应挤出装置设备一览表
序号 | 名称 | 规格 |
101 | 单体储运罐 | 100L |
102 | 单体干燥器 | DN250×1500 |
103 | 单体计量泵 | 50L/h |
104 | 催化剂配制罐 | 10L,带搅拌 |
105 | 催化剂计量泵 | 0.5L/h |
106 | Al剂储罐 | 20L |
107 | Al剂计量泵 | 0.5L/h |
108 | 催化剂混合器 | |
109 | 白油储罐 | 10L |
110 | 氢气钢瓶 | |
111 | 终止剂、稳定剂配制槽 | 10-20L,带搅拌 |
112 | 终止剂、稳定剂计量泵 | 1L/h |
201 | 管式预聚合反应器 | Φ65×2000,带有热水和冷却水夹套 |
202 | 单螺杆挤出机 | 螺杆直径Φ65,L/D=30∶1,带冷却水夹套 |
203 | 单螺杆挤出机 | 螺杆直径Φ65,L/D=30∶1,带冷却水夹套 |
204 | 双螺杆脱挥挤出机 | 螺杆直径Φ40,5段排气口脱挥,L/D=44,带加热、冷却夹套 |
301 | 不锈钢水槽 | 30×30×3000 |
302 | 鼓风干燥器 | |
303 | 切粒机 | |
304 | 振动筛 | |
401 | 真空缓冲罐 | 0.5m3 |
402 | 无油润滑压缩机 | VW-0.2/10,0.2m3/min |
403 | 列管式冷凝器 | 5m2换热面积 |
404 | 单体接收罐 | 100L |
Claims (4)
1.用本体反应挤出聚合方法合成聚1-丁烯弹性体材料的方法,其特征是:合成装置由三部分组成,第一部分为预聚合,由管式反应器或搅拌聚合釜组成,用于低转化低粘度下的聚合;第二部分为反应挤出聚合,由一段或多段螺杆挤出机组成,该挤出机是单螺杆挤出机或是双螺杆挤出机或是单螺杆和双螺杆挤出机的混合配置,用于高转化率、高粘度下的聚合反应;第三部分为脱挥和造粒,由双螺杆脱气挤出机和切粒机组成,利用双螺杆脱气和加热将未聚合单体脱除,并挤出切粒;
合成过程可按以下步骤进行:向管式反应器或搅拌聚合釜预聚合装置连续加入定量的1-丁烯或1-丁烯与共聚单体、白油配置的负载钛催化剂悬浮液、有机铝化合物及氢气,由夹套水控制预聚合温度为0~60℃,使其开始聚合反应并达到一定的转化率,然后导入由一段或多段螺杆挤出机组成的聚合装置,在螺杆搅拌推动下继续聚合,由夹套水控制聚合温度为20~100℃,聚合时间为0.2~2小时,由加料量和螺杆转速控制,使聚合最终转化率达到50%以上,最后进入双螺杆脱气挤出机,在加热100~280℃和抽真空条件下脱除未聚合的单体,并挤出切粒,得到颗粒状产品;
其中负载钛催化剂是以二氯化镁负载的含有钛化合物的球型或非球型催化剂,其中钛元素占催化剂的总质量的1%~5%,催化剂组成中还包括0%~10mol%的醚类、酯类或硅烷类给电子体,用于调节聚合物的规整度,即全同含量;
和
其中氢气是链转移剂或分子量调节剂,用于调节聚合物的分子质量或门尼粘度,其用量为1-丁烯单体摩尔分数的0.1~10%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征是,所述的有机铝化合物是三乙基铝、三异丁基铝、二烷基氢化铝、二烷基氯化铝或聚亚胺基铝烷中的一种或多种复配品。
3.用溶液或本体聚合法制备弹性体材料的方法,其特征是,聚合装置由一台或多台串联或并联的搅拌聚合釜组成,合成过程如下:在首釜加入定量的烃类有机溶剂或对于本体法不加有机溶剂,以及加入1-丁烯或1-丁烯与共聚单体、负载钛催化剂、有机铝化合物和氢气,由夹套水控制各釜聚合温度0~80℃,聚合时间为1-48小时,得到高粘稠的聚合浆液,然后经终止、气提分离溶剂及未聚合单体,干燥得到产品;
其中负载钛催化剂是以二氯化镁负载的含有钛化合物的球型或非球型催化剂,其中钛元素占催化剂的总质量的1%~5%,催化剂组成中还包括0%~10mol%的醚类、酯类或硅烷类给电子体,用于调节聚合物的规整度,即全同含量;
和
其中氢气是链转移剂或分子量调节剂,用于调节聚合物的分子质量或门尼粘度,其用量为1-丁烯单体摩尔分数的0.1~10%。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征是,所述的有机铝化合物是三乙基铝、三异丁基铝、二烷基氢化铝、二烷基氯化铝或聚亚胺基铝烷中的一种或多种复配品。
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