CN102156112A - Flue gas flow velocity measuring device and method - Google Patents
Flue gas flow velocity measuring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
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- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
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- 210000001747 pupil Anatomy 0.000 description 3
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种烟气流速测量仪及测量方法，包括有两组分设于烟道两侧的光发射系统和光接收系统，其中光发射系统包括有LED光源和位于LED光源出射光路上的准直透镜，光接收系统包括有聚焦透镜和位于聚焦透镜透射光路上的光电探测器，LED光源发出的光束经准直透镜准直为平行光束后穿过烟道，再由聚焦透镜接收并送入光电探测器；光电探测器通过数据处理系统外接数字显示器。本发明不仅能测量由温度起伏造成的高频闪烁信号，同时也可以处理因烟尘浓度起伏引起的低频光闪烁信号；本发明可在烟道折射率湍流非常弱（光速流速计不能使用）的情况下获得光闪烁信息，具有测量精度高、非介入、安装方便、适用范围更广等特点。
The invention discloses a flue gas velocity measuring instrument and a measuring method, which include two sets of light emitting system and light receiving system arranged on both sides of the flue, wherein the light emitting system includes an LED light source and a quasi-light located on the outgoing light path of the LED light source. Straight lens, the light receiving system includes a focusing lens and a photodetector located on the transmission path of the focusing lens. The light beam emitted by the LED light source is collimated into a parallel beam by the collimating lens and then passes through the flue, and then is received by the focusing lens and sent into the A photoelectric detector; the photoelectric detector is externally connected to a digital display through a data processing system. The invention can not only measure high-frequency flicker signals caused by temperature fluctuations, but also process low-frequency light flicker signals caused by fluctuating smoke concentration; the invention can be used in the case of very weak refractive index turbulence in the flue (the light velocity flow meter cannot be used) It has the characteristics of high measurement accuracy, non-intervention, convenient installation, and wider application range.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及管道流速测量技术领域，具体涉及一种烟气流速测量仪及测量方法。The invention relates to the technical field of pipeline flow velocity measurement, in particular to a smoke flow velocity measuring instrument and a measuring method.
背景技术Background technique
颗粒物对人类健康、工业生产、生态环境等各个领域都有十分严重的危害。而要控制、治理污染，必须对工业企业的污染物排放实行在线连续监测，对排放的颗粒物浓度及排放总量进行准确测量。在烟气排放监测仪器中，测量烟气流速度和颗粒物浓度的仪器很多，其中采用光闪烁法测量是一种具有独特优越性的监测方法，它采用了非介入式的光闪烁技术来同时测量烟气流速和颗粒物浓度。由于它的非介入性，减小了维护保养的时间、增加了使用寿命，并且能在非常极端的情况下，如易爆、高温的环境中使用，和光衰减法相比，还具有结构简单，性能稳定的优点。Particulate matter has very serious harm to human health, industrial production, ecological environment and other fields. In order to control and control pollution, it is necessary to implement continuous online monitoring of pollutant emissions from industrial enterprises, and to accurately measure the concentration of particulate matter and the total amount of emissions. Among the flue gas emission monitoring instruments, there are many instruments for measuring flue gas flow velocity and particle concentration, among which the light scintillation method is a unique and superior monitoring method, which uses non-intrusive light scintillation technology to measure simultaneously Smoke flow rate and particulate matter concentration. Because of its non-intervention, it reduces the maintenance time, increases the service life, and can be used in very extreme conditions, such as explosive and high temperature environments. Compared with the light attenuation method, it also has simple structure and high performance. The advantages of stability.
美国OSI（Optical Scientific Inc.）是国外唯一生产光学流速传感器(OFS)的厂家，美国国家环保署已批准将OFS作为流速测量的技术标准，其生产的光学流速计已被广泛应用于工厂气体污染物排放的监测。该光学流速计采用单光源、双探测器的结构，接收口径直径为厘米量级，两孔中心距离约2cm。根据已有理论，测量到的光闪烁的特征频率等于烟气流速与接收透镜直径的比值。假设烟气流速在10m/s，则由粒子移动引起的闪烁的特征频率在103Hz左右，当烟气流中温度分布均匀，折射率起伏很弱的情况下，OFS流速计测量不到流速。因为两个接收透镜距离太近，不能利用频率较低、相关尺度较大（和烟道的直径相当）的烟气浓度起伏造成的光闪烁。OSI (Optical Scientific Inc.) of the United States is the only manufacturer of optical flow rate sensors (OFS) abroad. The US Environmental Protection Agency has approved OFS as a technical standard for flow rate measurement. The optical flow rate meters produced by it have been widely used in factory gas pollution. monitoring of emissions. The optical flow meter adopts the structure of single light source and double detectors, the diameter of the receiving aperture is on the order of centimeters, and the distance between the centers of the two holes is about 2cm. According to the existing theory, the characteristic frequency of the measured light flicker is equal to the ratio of the smoke flow rate to the diameter of the receiving lens. Assuming that the flue gas velocity is 10m/s, the characteristic frequency of flicker caused by particle movement is around 10 3 Hz. When the temperature distribution in the flue gas flow is uniform and the refractive index fluctuation is weak, the flow velocity cannot be measured by the OFS flow meter . Because the distance between the two receiving lenses is too close, the light flicker caused by the fluctuating flue gas concentration with a lower frequency and a larger correlation scale (equal to the diameter of the flue) cannot be used.
在基于粒子消光特性随机分布所造成光闪烁的测量方法上，国内清华大学、浙江大学、上海理工大学等多家单位都开展了类似工作的研究，但他们的工作在实际应用中还存在较大缺陷，其原因主要有三个：1)当经过光束的粒子太多时，光闪烁信号非常弱，即烟尘浓度太高时不能测量；2)为了使经过光束的粒子少一些，必须采用激光束测量，而激光的噪声在0.01（相对光强起伏的标准差）左右，因此烟尘浓度低时也不能测量到光闪烁信号。3)从原理上讲，该方法有一个致命的弱点：由粒子随机分布的闪烁所具有的特征频率和折射率(温度)闪烁是一致的，都和流速与光束直径之比有关。因此不大可能把折射率闪烁从中扣除，得不到准确的烟尘浓度，是一种没有前途的方法。On the measurement method of light flicker based on the random distribution of particle extinction characteristics, domestic Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology and many other units have carried out similar research, but their work still has a large gap in practical application. There are three main reasons for the defect: 1) When there are too many particles passing through the beam, the light flicker signal is very weak, that is, it cannot be measured when the smoke concentration is too high; 2) In order to reduce the number of particles passing through the beam, laser beam measurement must be used. The noise of the laser is about 0.01 (the standard deviation of relative light intensity fluctuations), so the light flicker signal cannot be measured when the smoke concentration is low. 3) In principle, this method has a fatal weakness: the characteristic frequency of the scintillation caused by random distribution of particles is consistent with the refractive index (temperature) scintillation, and both are related to the ratio of flow velocity to beam diameter. Therefore, it is impossible to deduct the refractive index scintillation from it, and the accurate smoke concentration cannot be obtained, which is a method with no future.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种烟气流速测量仪及测量方法，基于两束光在烟气中传播时的互相关及光闪烁效应设计，根据烟气流的实际情况，可在较大范围内改变两接收光瞳间的距离，增加处理因烟尘浓度起伏的低频光闪烁信号的能力，所测的流速为光路上的算术平均值，易于准确计算排放量。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a flue gas flow rate measuring instrument and measurement method, which are designed based on the cross-correlation and light flicker effect of two beams of light propagating in the flue gas. According to the actual situation of the flue gas flow, it can be Changing the distance between the two receiving pupils increases the ability to process low-frequency light flicker signals due to fluctuations in smoke concentration. The measured flow velocity is the arithmetic mean value on the optical path, which is easy to accurately calculate the emission.
本发明的技术方案如下：Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一种烟气流速测量仪，其特征在于：包括有两组分设于烟道两侧的光发射系统和光接收系统，其中光发射系统包括有LED光源和位于LED光源出射光路上的准直透镜，光接收系统包括有聚焦透镜和位于聚焦透镜透射光路上的光电探测器，所述的LED光源发出的光束经准直透镜准直为平行光束后穿过烟道，再由聚焦透镜接收并送入光电探测器；所述的光电探测器通过数据处理系统外接数字显示器。A flue gas velocity measuring instrument is characterized in that it includes two sets of light emitting systems and light receiving systems arranged on both sides of the flue, wherein the light emitting system includes an LED light source and a collimating lens located on the outgoing light path of the LED light source, The light receiving system includes a focusing lens and a photodetector located on the transmission light path of the focusing lens. The light beam emitted by the LED light source is collimated into a parallel beam by the collimating lens and then passes through the flue, and then is received by the focusing lens and sent into the A photodetector; the photodetector is externally connected to a digital display through a data processing system.
一种烟气流速测量方法，其特征在于：其具体包括以下步骤：在烟道的两侧分别安装两组光发射系统和光接收系统，其中光发射系统包括有LED光源和位于LED光源出射光路上的准直透镜，光接收系统包括有聚焦透镜和位于聚焦透镜透射光路上的光电探测器，光电探测器通过数据处理系统外接数字显示器，LED光源发出的光束经准直透镜准直为平行光束后穿过烟道，再由聚焦透镜接收并送入光电探测器，光电探测器将送入的光信号转变成电信号，然后传送到数据处理系统进行滤波、检波和放大处理并获得对数光强的时间变化数据，最后计算得到烟道中烟气的流速和烟气中的颗粒物浓度，并将烟气的流速和烟气中的颗粒物浓度信息传送给数字显示器进行显示。A method for measuring flue gas velocity, characterized in that it specifically includes the following steps: installing two sets of light emitting systems and light receiving systems on both sides of the flue, wherein the light emitting system includes an LED light source and is located on the outgoing light path of the LED light source The collimating lens, the light receiving system includes a focusing lens and a photodetector located on the transmission light path of the focusing lens, the photodetector is connected to an external digital display through the data processing system, and the beam emitted by the LED light source is collimated into a parallel beam by the collimating lens After passing through the flue, it is received by the focusing lens and sent to the photodetector. The photodetector converts the incoming optical signal into an electrical signal, and then sends it to the data processing system for filtering, detection and amplification processing to obtain logarithmic light intensity. Finally, calculate the flow rate of the flue gas in the flue and the concentration of particulate matter in the flue gas, and transmit the flow rate of the flue gas and the concentration of particulate matter in the flue gas to the digital display for display.
所述的烟气流速测量仪，其特征在于：所述的LED光源由恒流源驱动。The smoke flow rate measuring instrument is characterized in that the LED light source is driven by a constant current source.
所述的烟气流速测量仪，其特征在于：所述聚焦透镜的前端安装有防尘罩。The smoke flow rate measuring instrument is characterized in that a dust cover is installed at the front end of the focusing lens.
本发明使用了双光源、双探测器的分体式结构，可根据烟道的实际情况在较大范围内改变两接收光瞳间的距离。The invention uses a split structure of double light sources and double detectors, and can change the distance between the two receiving pupils in a large range according to the actual conditions of the flue.
本发明增加了处理因烟尘浓度起伏引起的低频光闪烁的能力，能够测量温度分布均匀、折射率起伏非常微弱的情况下的光闪烁信号。The invention increases the ability to deal with the low-frequency light flicker caused by the fluctuating smoke concentration, and can measure the light flickering signal under the condition that the temperature distribution is uniform and the refractive index fluctuates very weakly.
本发明采用大功率发光二极管，小孔径发射和接收，对闪烁信号孔径平滑小，从而增加了闪烁信号较弱时测量流速的可靠性。The invention adopts high-power light-emitting diodes, small aperture for transmission and reception, smooth and small aperture for flickering signals, thereby increasing the reliability of measuring flow velocity when the flickering signals are weak.
接收到两路光信号的互相关表达式为The cross-correlation expression of the received two optical signals is
式中，K0为烟道内的空间波数，v(z)为流速、
由此可以计算出平均流速。由式（1）推导出的路径加权函数，很容易证明测量的流速是光路上的算术平均值，因此比OFS流速计更容易计算烟气的排放量。From this the average flow rate can be calculated. The path weighting function derived from formula (1) can easily prove that the measured flow velocity is the arithmetic mean value on the optical path, so it is easier to calculate the emission of flue gas than the OFS flow meter.
经验表明：对数光强起伏标准差
因此，在用称重法给出标定系数
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
（1）、本发明以经高频调制的LED为光源，光经烟道传播后到达光接收系统，被聚焦透镜聚焦后到达光电探测器进行光电转换，电信号经信号处理电路后进入数据处理设备，测量精度高。(1) The present invention uses a high-frequency modulated LED as the light source. The light travels through the flue and reaches the light receiving system. After being focused by the focusing lens, it reaches the photodetector for photoelectric conversion. The electrical signal enters the data processing circuit after passing through the signal processing circuit. equipment with high measurement accuracy.
（2）、本发明使用了双光源、双探测器的分体式结构，基于烟尘光闪烁的空间相关尺度远大于折射率闪烁相关尺度的特点，可根据烟道的实际情况在较大范围内改变两接收光瞳间的距离。(2) The present invention uses a split structure with dual light sources and dual detectors. Based on the fact that the spatial correlation scale of soot light flicker is much larger than the correlation scale of refractive index flicker, it can be changed in a wide range according to the actual situation of the flue. The distance between the two receiving pupils.
（3）、本发明不仅可以测量由温度起伏造成的高频闪烁，还可以根据工业现场的需要，处理因烟尘浓度起伏的引起的低频光闪烁信号，使其能够测量温度分布均匀时，折射率起伏非常微弱的情况下有颗粒物浓度变化引起的闪烁。(3) The present invention can not only measure high-frequency flicker caused by temperature fluctuations, but also process low-frequency light flicker signals caused by fluctuating smoke concentration according to the needs of industrial sites, so that it can measure the refractive index when the temperature distribution is uniform. In the case of very weak fluctuations, there is flickering caused by changes in particle concentration.
（4）、本发明所测量的流速，是光路上的算术平均值，更容易用于烟气排放量的计算，且测量结果更加准确。(4) The flow rate measured by the present invention is the arithmetic mean value on the optical path, which is easier to use in the calculation of smoke emission, and the measurement result is more accurate.
（5）、本发明采用大功率发光二极管，小孔径发射和接收，对闪烁信号衰减小，从而增加了弱闪烁信号时所测流速的可靠性。(5) The present invention adopts high-power light-emitting diodes, small-aperture transmission and reception, and small attenuation of flickering signals, thereby increasing the reliability of the measured flow velocity when the flickering signals are weak.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明光发射系统的结构示意图。FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the light emitting system of the present invention.
图2为本发明光接收系统的结构示意图，其中图（a）、（b）分别为在两个不同角度下的光接收系统的结构图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the light receiving system of the present invention, wherein Figures (a) and (b) are respectively structural views of the light receiving system at two different angles.
图3为本发明结构原理图。Fig. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of the present invention.
图4为本发明的数据处理程序界面图。Fig. 4 is an interface diagram of the data processing program of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
参见图1、2、3，一种烟气流速测量仪，包括有两组分设于烟道两侧的光发射系统和光接收系统，其中光发射系统包括有LED光源2和位于LED光源2出射光路上的准直透镜3，光接收系统包括有聚焦透镜5和位于聚焦透镜5透射光路上的光电探测器6，LED光源2发出的光束经准直透镜3准直为平行光束后穿过烟道，再由聚焦透镜5接收并送入光电探测器；光电探测器通过数据处理系统外接数字显示器9。Referring to Figures 1, 2, and 3, a flue gas flow rate measuring instrument includes two sets of light emitting systems and light receiving systems arranged on both sides of the flue, wherein the light emitting system includes an
LED光源2由恒流源1驱动；聚焦透镜5的前端安装有防尘罩4。The LED
一种烟气流速测量方法，具体包括以下步骤：在烟道的两侧分别安装两组光发射系统和光接收系统，其中光发射系统包括有LED光源和位于LED光源出射光路上的准直透镜，光接收系统包括有聚焦透镜和位于聚焦透镜透射光路上的光电探测器，光电探测器通过数据处理系统外接数字显示器，LED光源发出的光束经准直透镜准直为平行光束后穿过烟道，再由聚焦透镜接收并送入光电探测器，光电探测器将送入的光信号转变成电信号，然后传送到数据处理系统进行滤波、检波和放大处理并获得对数光强的时间变化数据，最后计算得到烟道中烟气的流速和烟气中的颗粒物浓度，并将烟气的流速和烟气中的颗粒物浓度信息传送给数字显示器进行显示。A method for measuring flue gas flow velocity, specifically comprising the following steps: respectively installing two groups of light emitting systems and light receiving systems on both sides of a flue, wherein the light emitting system includes an LED light source and a collimating lens located on the outgoing light path of the LED light source, The light receiving system includes a focusing lens and a photodetector located on the transmission light path of the focusing lens. The photodetector is connected to an external digital display through the data processing system. The beam emitted by the LED light source is collimated into a parallel beam by the collimator lens and then passes through the flue. Then it is received by the focusing lens and sent to the photodetector. The photodetector converts the incoming optical signal into an electrical signal, and then transmits it to the data processing system for filtering, detection and amplification processing to obtain the time-varying data of the logarithmic light intensity. Finally, the flow velocity of the flue gas in the flue and the concentration of particulate matter in the flue gas are calculated, and the information on the flow velocity of the flue gas and the concentration of particulate matter in the flue gas is transmitted to the digital display for display.
以下结合附图对本发明作进一步的说明：The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:
LED光源2由恒流源1驱动，光强可以通过电位器调节。光束在进入烟道前经过了准直透镜3的初步准直，LED光源2至准直透镜3之间的距离可调。整个LED光源具有光强稳定、体积小、质量轻等优点，可以通过法兰直接安装在烟道外壁上。The LED
光束经过烟道后进入光接收系统，经过防尘窗口4后被聚焦透镜5聚焦到光电探测器6上，光电探测器6的有效探测面积为5*5mm2，聚焦后的光斑直径为1.5mm。电路板7对信号进行前置放大及带通滤波，滤波器中心频率与调制频率一致。电路板8对闪烁信号进行处理，包括检波、滤波和放大，保证仅对信号进行放大，对背景噪声基本不影响，提高了信噪比。经过电路板8的电信号可以直接在接收系统尾端的数字显示器9显示，以便于实时调节LED光源强度，避免发生饱和，同时可以利用16位采集卡采集至计算机，进行实时的数据处理和计算。数据处理过程中，可采用单步采集和连续采集两种模式，并能随时根据需要调节采样频率、平均时、平滑点、插值点和平均次数，将烟气流速和颗粒物浓度的计算结果实时的显示在屏幕上，增加了数据处理的灵活性。The light beam enters the light receiving system after passing through the flue, and is focused by the focusing lens 5 onto the photodetector 6 after passing through the dustproof window 4. The effective detection area of the photodetector 6 is 5*5mm 2 , and the spot diameter after focusing is 1.5mm . The circuit board 7 performs pre-amplification and band-pass filtering on the signal, and the center frequency of the filter is consistent with the modulation frequency. The circuit board 8 processes the scintillation signal, including wave detection, filtering and amplification, so as to ensure that only the signal is amplified, and the background noise is basically not affected, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The electrical signal passing through the circuit board 8 can be directly displayed on the digital display 9 at the end of the receiving system, so as to adjust the intensity of the LED light source in real time and avoid saturation. At the same time, it can be collected by a 16-bit acquisition card to a computer for real-time data processing and calculation. In the process of data processing, two modes of single-step acquisition and continuous acquisition can be used, and the sampling frequency, average time, smoothing point, interpolation point and average times can be adjusted at any time according to the needs, and the calculation results of smoke flow rate and particle concentration can be real-time Displayed on the screen, increasing the flexibility of data processing.
实验时，两LED光源安装在烟道的一侧，两者的连线与烟气流动方向平行。光接收系统分别位于两光源的正对面。路径一端的LED光源发出的光信号经过烟道后，进入另一端的探测系统。由于光源已经过准直，其光束不会进入除其对面之外的另一探测系统。During the experiment, two LED light sources were installed on one side of the flue, and the connecting line between them was parallel to the flow direction of the flue gas. The light receiving system is respectively located directly opposite to the two light sources. The light signal from the LED light source at one end of the path passes through the flue and enters the detection system at the other end. Since the light source has been collimated, its beam will not enter another detection system except the one opposite it.
具体的测量原理如下：The specific measurement principle is as follows:
利用本发明提出的双光路对射式烟气流速和颗粒物浓度测量系统，将折射率分为实部和虚部两部分，根据理论推导可知，颗粒物浓度变化引起的光强起伏相关函数可表示为：Utilizing the dual-optical-path cross-radiation flue gas flow velocity and particle concentration measurement system proposed by the present invention, the refractive index is divided into two parts, the real part and the imaginary part. According to theoretical derivation, the light intensity fluctuation correlation function caused by the change of the particle concentration can be expressed as :
(1) (1)
式中，K0为烟道内的空间波数，v(z)为流速、为两光束之间的平均距离，为延迟时间、L为光束传输距离、k是光波数、发射和接收孔径分别用和
由此可以计算出平均流速。由式（1）推导出的路径加权函数，很容易证明测量的流速是光路上的算术平均值，因此比OFS流速计更容易计算烟气的排放量。From this the average flow rate can be calculated. The path weighting function derived from formula (1) can easily prove that the measured flow velocity is the arithmetic mean value on the optical path, so it is easier to calculate the emission of flue gas than the OFS flow meter.
经验表明：对数光强起伏标准差与颗粒物平均浓度m0满足关系Experience shows: logarithmic light intensity fluctuation standard deviation Satisfies the relationship with the average concentration of particulate matter m 0
因此，在用称重法给出标定系数
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