CN102136217A

CN102136217A - Photoelectric armillary sphere

Info

Publication number: CN102136217A
Application number: CN2011100761780A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 汪和平
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2011-03-25
Filing date: 2011-03-25
Publication date: 2011-07-27
Also published as: CN202258109U; CN102289984B; CN102289984A

Abstract

The invention discloses a photoelectric armillary sphere which mainly serves as a geographic teaching demonstration instrument. The photoelectric armillary sphere is composed of a base bracket, an inner sphere, an outer sphere and a small adjustable rotary laser projector, wherein the inner sphere and the outer sphere are connected and sheathed and are concentric and coaxial, and the laser projector is positioned in the center of the inner sphere. The inner sphere and the outer sphere are both marked with longitudes, latitudes and degrees, the kinematic relation between the sun and the earth can be demonstrated by the rotation and the adjustment of the projector on the center of the inner sphere; the inner sphere is rotated to the corresponding position to read the kinematic rule of the sun relatively to the earth from the outer fixed sphere, i.e. the apparent diurnal motion trajectory of sun in the observing site celestial sphere, and the direction, the sunrise direction and sunlight time of the sun in the observing site celestial sphere at any time in the day time; and the corresponding position of the sun in the inner sphere and the outer sphere can reflect the relation between two movements and can be used for demonstrating the movement trajectories of other celestial bodies.

Description

The photoelectricity armillary sphere

Affiliated technical field:

Photoelectricity armillary sphere of the present invention relates to a kind of characteristics of motion of indicating the sun with respect to the earth, and any LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS ground diurnal motion track, any orientation, the sunrise sunset orientation of the sun, the time of the sun in observation ground celestial sphere any time in daytime of the sun in observation ground celestial sphere throughout the year on the earth; The present invention also can be used for other celestial bodies; The present invention can be used as the geographical teaching demonstration instrument.

Background technology:

One of tradition invention of armillary sphere China be used for observing celestial body, but it is manipulated inconvenience, is difficult to resolve dynamically, intuitively the movement of heavenly bodies rule, uses inconvenience, so that people seldom have the material object of seeing the armillary sphere in ancient times.Modern planetarium is by projector astronomical phenomena to be projected on the spherical roof, and the demonstration celestial bodies motion changes, and can only demonstrate in specific classroom.

Summary of the invention:

For the operation inconvenience that overcomes traditional armillary sphere, be difficult to dynamically observe intuitively and resolve the shortcoming of movement of heavenly bodies rule, and modern planetarium to environmental requirement height, cost height, can not accurately reflect the deficiency of celestial movement rule.Photoelectricity armillary sphere provided by the invention is provided with ectosphere and endosphere, all marks the two poles of the earth, warp and parallel on the interior ectosphere, and the two ball centre ofs sphere overlap, join, and ectosphere is fixed, and endosphere can be walked around an axle of the centre of sphere in the inner rotation of ectosphere; The projector at endosphere centre of sphere place can project to solar image on the endosphere sphere when being fixed on the main axis rotation at the two poles of the earth, auxilliary axle is vertical with main shaft, main shaft intersects at the centre of sphere with auxilliary axle, regulating projector makes scope around auxilliary axle and is (23 ° 26 in the plane that main shaft and light beam are determined, 23 ° 26 ') angular adjustment, move between the tropic of north and south at performance subsolar point on the endosphere sphere, endosphere can intuitively reflect the movement locus of the sun with respect to the earth like this, and it is great circle or the roundlet parallel with the equatorial plane in the face under the line; After endosphere rotated respective angles, the movement locus of solar image in ectosphere was exactly that the corresponding on earth LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS of the sun is located in movement locus in the celestial sphere; In conjunction with interior ectosphere, can from the longitude and latitude of endosphere, ectosphere, reflect intuitively on earth every day in 1 year the characteristics of motion (diurnal motion track) on celestial sphere of the sun on LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS ground arbitrarily, and one day in the orientation of a certain moment sun in celestial sphere, read any one day sun in any latitude area and haunt orientation and time.The present invention is small and exquisite as terrestrial globe, be easy to carry.

The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems:

The present invention by base support, be nested concentric endosphere and ectosphere, the small-sized scalable that is in the endosphere centre of sphere, the rotary laser projector of joining constitute.Each component feature is as follows:

Ectosphere: as Fig. 1, ectosphere is divided into upper and lower hemispheres by horizontal great circle ENWS with it, and episphere is transparent, and the sky that expression observation ground can be observed is called day hemisphere (or being called day hemisphere), and its highest point D represents observation ground zenith, and the zenith place opens a circular aperture D.Lower semisphere is translucent, and the sky that A institute in expression observation ground can not observe is called ground hemisphere (night hemisphere), and night hemisphere is a nadir below; It hemisphere and ground hemisphere the great circle ENWS of knot place mutually are horizontal circle, the E on the horizontal circle, S, W, N represent respectively to observe Di Dong, south, west, the north to, straight line EW and NS cross the centre of sphere and orthogonal.With zenith and nadir is the two poles of the earth, go out to be similar to warp and parallel on the terrestrial globe at the ectosphere subscript, (line density is big more to go out every 15 scales for warp, then observation is accurate more, down together), the due south warp DS vertical with diameter EW is observation ground warp, mark local longitude, each warp marks+15 degree successively eastwards, + 30 degree,, westwards warp marks-15 degree successively,-30 degree,, direct north warp DN closes for+180 degree and-180 degree, the mark of parallel is consistent with the parallel mark on the terrestrial globe, horizontal circle is 0 degree, is 90 degree to zenith TD place, is-90 to spend to nadir.Ectosphere O is fixed on the base support, and E, W place and the ectosphere of base on horizontal circle connects, and two tie-point lines are crossed centre of sphere O, and ectosphere two tie-point E, W place respectively leave aperture, can insert interior axle.

Endosphere: as Fig. 2, endosphere is translucent sphere, similar with terrestrial globe, on endosphere, mark the two poles of the earth (arctic N, South Pole S), warp, parallel, equatorial line, the north and south tropic, north and south polar circle, the two-end-point of getting a diameter on the circle under the line represent that respectively due east direction E and positive west are to W.Mark 12 o'clock high noons at a warp vertical with interior bulb diameter EW, eastwards every 15 the degree mark successively at 11 o'clock, 10 o'clock, 9 o'clock ... westwards every 15 the degree mark successively at 13 o'clock, 14 o'clock ..., East and West direction marks at 0 o'clock/at 24 o'clock overlapping with vertical another warp place of EW.The parallel number of degrees mark same terrestrial globe, the intersection point place of 12 o'clock warps and each parallel marks latitude successively at noon, northwards be followed successively by: northern 15 degree, north 23 are spent 26 fens, north 30 is spent ..., arctic N, be followed successively by southwards: south 15 the degree, south 23 the degree 26 minutes, south 30 the degree ..., South Pole S.

Projector: as Fig. 3, it is coccoid that projector is, and the centre of sphere of projector all overlaps with the endosphere and the ectosphere centre of sphere, and the main shaft NS of projector is fixed on endosphere the two poles of the earth N, the S, can do the unconfined motion that is rotated counterclockwise under the driving of motor; An auxilliary axle KL crosses the centre of sphere and vertical with main shaft NS, is installed in either-rotation motor on the auxilliary axle KL and can drives projector and rotate around auxilliary axle KL, and the angle of rotation scope is assigned to+23 degree 26 minutes for-23 degree 26, sees ∠ H among Fig. 3 ₁OH ₂, a generating laser is housed on the projector, the generating laser emitted light beams is crossed the centre of sphere and vertical with auxilliary axle KL, when the main shaft of projector is in ∠ H ₁OH ₂The bisector place time, light beam is also vertical with main shaft NS.Projector projects in laser beam when main shaft NS rotates and just can demonstrate the motion of the sun around the earth's axis on the endosphere sphere like this, and the latitude of scalable subsolar point when projector rotates around auxilliary axle KL is from the tropic of Capricorn to the tropic of Cancer.Fig. 4 is the assembling synoptic diagram of endosphere and projector.

Axle stretches out ectosphere from ectosphere E, W aperture to endosphere in endosphere E, W place hollow by being fixed on, and as Fig. 3, adjusting handle and retaining pin is set on the interior axle, and the scalable endosphere is done positive and negative 90 degree rotations around interior axle EW, and the longitude and latitude that endosphere marks 12 o'clock high noons up.Ectosphere was connected on the base support in power supply on the projector and control cable passed from hollow interior axle.

Base support: as Fig. 5, the underframe support is used for fixing ectosphere and axle EW, for the gnomonic projection instrument provides power supply, rotation control knob, the control of laser beam switch.Fig. 6 is base, ectosphere, endosphere assembling synoptic diagram.

Principle of the present invention and operation instructions:

The earth is relevant with the motion of the earth self with the position relation between the sun.The motion of the earth mainly contains two kinds: spinning motion and the circumsolar revolution motion of walking around the earth's axis at the two poles of the earth, north and south.It is counterclockwise (from West to East) direction that earth rotation looks down from north, and the people stands on the earth, does not think earth rotation, only sees that the sun rotates around the earth's axis in (from the east orientation west) in the other direction, revolves in per 24 hours to turn around, and is called the diurnal motion of the sun.Because the existence of ecliptic obliquity, the revolution of earth motion moves around in north and south subsolar point on earth, moving range be-23 ° 26 '≤β≤23 ° 26 ', 1 year one-period causes on the earth appearance to change phenomenon throughout the year.

Determine that from observation station the position of the sun can represent with the orientation of the sun and observation station line, but lose intuitively that because the sun is enough far away apart from the earth, the sky that the imaginary observation station of old friends observes is spherical.With observer is the center, is that radius is made a sphere with distance enough far away, and the position of the sun that the observer saw is exactly that the sun is projected in image on this sphere, claims that astronomically such sphere is a celestial sphere.When people looked at the sky, visual sense was exactly the part of celestial sphere to half sphere that is referred to as " the vault of heaven " that joins with the local horizon, is referred to as day hemisphere, is zenith directly over the observation station, and the following sky in local horizon is referred to as night hemisphere.The centre of sphere of celestial sphere is the observation station on the earth sphere, and the celestial sphere of different location is different.It radius of a ball is infinitely great, can not measure the celestial sphere size, therefore can be by geometric knowledge, the angle that the position of the sun on celestial sphere can be become with horizontal circle by observation station place sunray, the angle that is become with the coils at observation station place (be Due South to) are waited and are represented.

Because the actual apparent motion of the sun is to move on the sky sphere that is the centre of sphere with the earth's core, as two minutes (Spring Equinox, the Autumnal Equinox) day sun along the big circular motion on the equatorial plane, two to (Winter Solstice, the Summer Solstice), a day sun moved on the tropic, and movement locus is the roundlet that is parallel to the equator.Because the difference in observation ground and the earth's core, the diurnal motion track of the sun that observes to different latitude observation on the earth is not necessarily with equatorial plane coplane or parallel circular arc, outside summer solstice whole world depolarization main electrod area at night, the sun all is to rise from the east by north direction, and drift angle minimum on the equator, the regional sunrise drift angle that the north and south latitude is high more is big more, and the regional sun rises from northeastward to the north of the tropic of Cancer, and the positive period of the day from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m is on southern sky; Polar day appears in Arctic, and phenomenon at polar night etc. appears in the Antarctic region.

Under the influence of factors such as the face of the looking angle of the refraction when not considering that sunray is passing atmospheric envelope, the sun, high mountain stop, sea level elevation, the sun is an area source for the earth, and shining tellurian sunshine is parallel rays.The horizontal circle on certain observation ground is a tangent plane of crossing this ground on the earth sphere on the earth.

In order to analyze sun diurnal motion rule, we set up two spherical coordinate systems and analyze.

As Fig. 7, be true origin with the earth's core O, the earth's axis is NS, with OS place straight line is the x axle, establishes the warp of observation station A and the intersection point G in equator, and straight line OG place straight line is the z axle, the straight line vertical with crossing coils that A order and the sphere of the east, A ground meet at the E point, are the y axle with OE, set up spherical coordinate system.Then observation station A is in coordinate plane xOz, and coordinate plane yOz is the equatorial plane.This spherical coordinate system can be used for studying the characteristics of motion of the sun with respect to the earth's core, and the diurnal motion track of sun R circle is under the line gone up or is parallel on the roundlet in equator.

As Fig. 8, be true origin with observation station A, the normal OA of A ground horizontal circle is a z ' axle, the straight line tangent with A ground coils is x ' axle, is y ' axle with the straight line vertical with the coils of crossing A, sets up spherical coordinate system.Then the plane determined of x ' axle and y ' axle is an A ground horizontal circle, and z ' axle is crossed the earth's core, z ' axle indication A ground zenith D, y ' axle is parallel with the y axle, y ' axle is indicated due east, A ground direction, x ' indicate A ground Due South to.Can study the orientation of the sun easily at this spherical coordinate system with respect to observation ground.

As Fig. 8, if day sun is at the R place direct projection earth, promptly sunray passes through the earth's core herein, because sunray is a parallel rays, so the A observed sunray AR ' in ground is parallel with OR, so AR ' and OR all equate with the coordinate axis and the coordinate plane angulation (being the orientation) of two coordinate systems.So analyze the sun when the orientation of coordinate system A-x ' y ' z ', this coordinate system translation can be made its initial point A overlaps with the earth's core O, i.e. the true origin of two coordinate systems coincidence, and the y axle of two coordinate systems overlaps with y ', as Fig. 9.If the latitude of observation ground A is for being α, the regulation north latitude is being for just, and south latitude is for negative, along y axle negative sense viewing coordinates plane xOz, is rotated counterclockwise and is positive angle, then with the two coordinate systems coincidence when y axle (y ' axle) the rotation alpha angle of x ' axle and z ' axle; Promptly investigate the orientation of OR in coordinate system O-x ' y ' z ', need only be with OR around y axle rotation alpha angle, OR orientation in coordinate system O-xyz is exactly original OR orientation in coordinate system O-x ' y ' z ' like this.Because in the coordinate system O-xyz that with O is true origin, the sunray OR that centre of sphere place observes is by the centre of sphere, and therefore available image on from gnomonic projection to the endosphere sphere is represented the sun.

The longitude and latitude of the endosphere in the design of this novel practical is represented the orientation among the spherical coordinate system O-xyz, and the longitude and latitude of ectosphere represents that the ball mark is the orientation among the O-x ' y ' z '.WE among Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 overlaps with coordinate axis y, and the z axle is crossed ectosphere zenith D (i.e. observation ground zenith D), and ectosphere great circle ENWS represents observation ground horizontal circle, and ectosphere great circle NDS is in coordinate plane xOz; Endosphere NS overlaps with axle x '.The warp that endosphere marks 12 o'clock high noons was the warp on observation ground, and it is in coordinate plane xOz, also in coordinate plane x ' Oz '.Can regulate latitude of observation by rotating endosphere, make the observation station parallel by ectosphere zenith D, then sunray OR also follows the orientation that is adjusted among the O-x ' y ' z ' (also i.e. orientation in ectosphere) in the orientation of coordinate system O-xyz (being the orientation in the endosphere), because the rotation of whole endosphere, the orientation of OR in coordinate system O-xyz do not change, and promptly the sun does not change with respect to the orientation of the earth centre of sphere.Like this, by of the motion of the endosphere tolerance sun,, promptly the motion of these two different angles observations is intuitively shown on the photoelectricity armillary sphere simultaneously by two spherical coordinate systems by of the motion of the ectosphere tolerance sun with respect to different observation stations on the earth with respect to the earth's core.

The main shaft NS of projector is fixed on the two poles of the earth NS of endosphere, can demonstrate the diurnal motion of the sun with respect to the earth when it rotates, when projector scalable sun exit point latitude on endosphere when auxilliary axle KL rotates.

As Fig. 2, from endosphere, know the position of sun at 9 o'clock in the morning when being A regional center, its direct projection latitude number can be read from the parallel at sun R place on the endosphere, when the rotation endosphere makes the parallel process ectosphere zenith D of observation ground A, be about to coordinate system O-xyz and OR around y (y ') axle rotation alpha angle, the orientation of the observation station sun R of place in coordinate system O-x ' y ' z ', rotation back can longitude and latitude from ectosphere be read, be that the orientation of sun R in coordinate system O-x ' y ' z ' can be read from the longitude and the latitude of ectosphere, the ectosphere longitude is represented the angle that the sun is become with A ground coils, and latitude is represented the angle that the sun is become with horizontal circle.

When sun straight line latitude, can read the sunrise orientation from its movement locus circle with the intersection point of ectosphere horizontal circle, because on celestial sphere, the circumference of solar motion is all represented 24 hours large or small, though i.e. sun direct projection latitude what, the time that subsolar point moves between the warps of 15 degree of being separated by is at 1 o'clock, when being A regional center when the warp of the sun direct projection observation station during high noon 12, calculating per 15 degree eastwards with this was followed successively by 11 o'clock, 10 o'clock ..., westwards be followed successively by 13 o'clock, 14 o'clock Can read sunrise from the endosphere warp of sunrise time point and fall the time, thereby calculate the sunshine-duration.

List of references:

1, Su Yi, the new outline of uranology, publishing house of the Central China University of Science and Technology, 2005,12;

2, Wang's peace, the derivation of spherical distance formula, middle school science (comprehensively), 2005,12;

3, Wang's peace, the relation of sunshine-duration and season, latitude, Shanghai middle school mathematics, 2006,6;

4, Wang's peace, the relation of shadow and season, latitude, middle school mathematics, 2008,9;

5, Wang's peace is probed into the shadows cast by the sun movement locus; The middle school mathematics monthly magazine, 2010,9.

Claims

1. the sun is to move in a circle around the earth's axis with respect to the earth centre of sphere in one day, the movement locus of the sun in celestial sphere is great circle or the roundlet parallel with the equator on the face under the line, but observation station for different latitude in the earth, the diurnal motion track of the sun is not necessarily with equatorial plane coplane or parallel circular arc, in order to demonstrate the sun diurnal motion rule of different latitude observation ground Various Seasonal on the earth intuitively, the photoelectricity armillary sphere is provided with ectosphere and endosphere, all mark the two poles of the earth on the interior ectosphere, warp and parallel and corresponding scale, i.e. two spherical coordinate systems, the two ball centre ofs sphere overlap, join inside and outside the sphere, ectosphere is fixed, and endosphere can be walked around an axle of the centre of sphere in the inner rotation of ectosphere; The rotation of the projector at endosphere centre of sphere place and adjusting make the emitted laser bundle demonstrate throughout the year the sun on the endosphere sphere can read the orientation of different time subsolar point with respect to the characteristics of motion of the earth centre of sphere from endosphere; After the angle with endosphere rotation observation ground latitude correspondence, the movement locus of solar image on the endosphere sphere in ectosphere is exactly that the corresponding on earth LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS of the sun is located in movement locus in the celestial sphere, promptly sun diurnal motion track in observation ground is observed the orientation that is located in the sun thereby can read from the longitude and latitude of ectosphere sphere; In conjunction with the longitude and latitude of endosphere, ectosphere, can reflect intuitively on earth every day in 1 year the characteristics of motion (diurnal motion track) on celestial sphere of the sun on LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS ground arbitrarily, and one day in the orientation of a certain moment sun in celestial sphere, read any one day sun in any latitude area and haunt orientation and time; Ask for protection this novel practical: by be nested with one heart, inside and outside join, coaxial inside and outside ball measures the motion and the sun motion with respect to the earth on different observation stations of the sun with respect to the earth's core respectively, promptly by two spherical coordinate systems the motion of these two different angles observations intuitively shown on an instrument simultaneously.