CN102059650A - Precise on-site measuring device and measuring method for sphericity of spherical surface - Google Patents
Precise on-site measuring device and measuring method for sphericity of spherical surface Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a precise on-site measuring device and measuring method for sphericity of a spherical surface, belonging to the technical field of mechanical measurement. The measuring device comprises a main shaft mechanism, a rotation mechanism, a driving mechanism, a sensing mechanism and an encoder mechanism, wherein a workpiece to be measured is arranged on the main shaft mechanism; the center of the rotation mechanism is rotatably connected with the main shaft mechanism; the sensing mechanism is fixedly arranged on the rotation mechanism and is connected with the encoder mechanism; and the driving mechanism is connected with the rotation mechanism. Compared with the traditional off-line manual measuring method or measuring method by a three-coordinate measuring machine, the invention has the advantages of high detecting speed and high degree of automation on the premise that the precision of measurement is ensured, and realizes automatic on-site measurement of the sphericity error.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is the device and the measuring method thereof in a kind of mechanical measurement technique field, specifically is a kind of accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device and measuring method.
Background technology
Global Error has material impact to rotatablely moving of machine components.Defectives such as sphere roughness, sphere ripple, form error will cause the wearing and tearing and the premature failure of part, and it is extremely important accurately and efficiently to evaluate Global Error.Traditional measurement method is repeatedly to measure sphere diameter with micrometer, rough estimation Global Error.Perhaps by measuring two or three orthogonal great circle circularities evaluation Global Error on the tested ball.These methods only reflect the local message of sphere, can not accurately evaluate three-dimensional Global Error.
Through the prior art literature search is found that in the rolling bearing industry, this Global Error measuring method based on the roundness measurement method is used.In order to improve certainty of measurement, Japanese scholar Tohru Kanada1 has introduced statistical method, is used for handling the circularities that common roundness measuring system is measured, and by measuring a spot of cross section circle, can also guarantee reliable certainty of measurement.India scholar G.L.Samuel has proposed the algorithm based on computational geometry, is used for the Global Error evaluation of processing parts.LiMei Song has then proposed a kind of new method in 2005, use the 3D shape recovery technology, with the three-dimensional data evaluation Global Error of tested ball.But the sphericity measurement of above-mentioned literature research is off-line method, and it is lower to measure efficient.
Find through retrieval prior art, Chinese patent literature CN101221031, open day 2008-7-16, put down in writing a kind of " novel high-precision sphere multi-parameter measurer and precision regulation method thereof ", this technology is applicable to the sphere diameter and the sphericity measurement of different-diameter spheroid, and can measure inside and outside spherical surface by changing turning arm, and precision is very high, but efficient is lower, is not suitable for the on-position measure in the spheroid processing.
Further retrieval is found, Chinese patent literature CN1959334, and open day 2007-5-9 has put down in writing a kind of " checkout gear of sphericity and method thereof ", and this checkout gear comprises that one is used to measure the amesdial of action; One chord gauge cup, rim of a cup internal diameter are less than the external diameter of tested spheroid, and the cup end sets firmly amesdial, and the measuring stick of amesdial is positioned on the axis in the rim of a cup center of circle, and the gage outfit of amesdial is positioned at rim of a cup and can touches tested sphere.Obtain beat maximum and calculate sphericity value of surface by measuring on the sphere a plurality of points.This method cost is low, the precision height, but efficient is low, and can not be used for the on-position measure of spheric grinding machine upper sphere part sphericity.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the prior art above shortcomings, a kind of accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device and measuring method thereof are provided, be implemented in the Global Error of on-position measure sphere workpiece on the accurate spheric grinding machine.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
The present invention relates to a kind of accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device, comprise: mainshaft mechanism, slew gear, driving mechanism, sensing mechanism and code device, wherein: workpiece for measurement is arranged on the mainshaft mechanism, the center and the mainshaft mechanism of slew gear are rotationally connected, sensing mechanism is fixedly set on the slew gear and with coding mechanism and is connected, and driving mechanism links to each other with slew gear.
Described mainshaft mechanism comprises: main shaft, tailstock, spindle chuck and anchor clamps, wherein: main shaft and tailstock are relatively arranged on and carry out axially-movable on the spheric grinding machine, and spindle chuck and anchor clamps are arranged at respectively on main shaft and the tailstock and with workpiece for measurement and contact.
Described slew gear comprises: rotary table, arc guide rail, bistrique, electric main shaft, gyroaxis and floating bearing, wherein: rotary table is arranged on the arc guide rail, the gyroaxis quadrature is arranged at the central authorities of rotary table and is socketed in the floating bearing, gyroaxis, floating bearing and arc guide rail are arranged on the lathe bed of spheric grinding machine simultaneously, bistrique and electric main shaft be fixedly set on the rotary table and and workpiece for measurement over against.
Described driving mechanism comprises: worm gear, worm screw and servomotor, wherein: worm gear is connected with rotary table by gyroaxis, worm screw is fixedly set on the grinder bed and with worm gear and is meshed, and servomotor is fixedlyed connected with worm screw and driven the rotation that worm gear and worm screw relative motion realize slew gear.
Described sensing mechanism comprises: slide unit is adjusted in displacement transducer and position, and wherein: displacement transducer is arranged to be adjusted on the slide unit and towards workpiece for measurement, and the gauge head of tangent displacement sensor contacts with the workpiece for measurement surface.The position is adjusted slide unit and is arranged on the slew gear, and described displacement transducer is non-contact laser displacement transducer or tangent displacement sensor.
Described code device comprises: rotary encoder, shaft coupling, synchronous pulley, sleeve and connector, wherein: rotary encoder is connected with synchronous pulley with shaft coupling successively and exports detected belt wheel angle of revolution signal to the measurement mechanism controller, synchronous pulley is connected with sleeve, sleeve is fixed on the lathe headstock, and rotary encoder is connected with sleeve by connector.
The present invention relates to the measuring method of above-mentioned accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device, may further comprise the steps:
The first step, bistrique drove emery wheel and withdraws from grinding area after grinding work was finished, and rotary table turns to and the main shaft upright position.
In second step, the sensor cluster location and installation is on rotary table, and sensor axis is vertical with main shaft, regulates adjustment slide unit Y, two knobs of Z and makes sensor axis by being parallel to the sphere equatorial circle peak of work top, and be defined as the o point.
The 3rd step, start main shaft, making tested ball is the rotation of Z axle around the spindle axis line, with the adopted n five equilibrium of a delineation, revolution moves the 360/n degree, measurement point position on the once current sphere of displacement sensor, for the non-contact laser sensor, this measurement point is the LASER SPECKLE on the sphere, and for touch sensor, this measurement point then is the sensor contact point.Tested ball is promptly finished a corresponding circle around 360 ° of Z axle rotations and is measured the measurement that circle is gone up n point.
The 4th step, with the point of the o on the sphere equatorial circle be the center each seek some uniformly-spaced points on the inherent equatorial circle of 90 degree scopes in the 90 degree scopes and counterclockwise along clockwise direction, together with o point m point altogether.Start rotary table, make it rotate clockwise boundary point in sensor alignment m is put, repeating step three along clockwise direction around Y-axis.Continue to start rotary table then, displacement transducer is aimed at each spaced points on the equatorial circle, repeating step three successively.
The 5th step, the change in radius amount of each relative centre of sphere of all layouting and the locus of corresponding measurement point on the 3rd step of the Development of Grinding Machines'Control System synchronous recording sphere that measures automatically on the throne, set up the Mathematical Modeling of least square ball sphere centre coordinate and radius according to least square method, simulate the least square ball by measurement point then, finally calculate Global Error.
Compared with prior art, the present invention can be on the position automatic measuring sphere change in radius amount of each relative centre of sphere of all layouting, and then handle Calculation of Global Error automatically, detection speed is fast, the automaticity height.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a sphere sphericity measurement mechanism structural representation.
Fig. 2 is a displacement sensor component mounting structure schematic diagram.
Fig. 3 is the spheric grinding machine structural representation.
Fig. 4 is the encoder component structural representation.
The specific embodiment
Below embodiments of the invention are elaborated, present embodiment is being to implement under the prerequisite with the technical solution of the present invention, provided detailed embodiment and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
As shown in figures 1 and 3, present embodiment comprises: mainshaft mechanism 1, slew gear 2, driving mechanism 3, sensing mechanism 4 and code device 5, wherein: workpiece for measurement 6 is arranged on the mainshaft mechanism 1, the center of slew gear 2 and mainshaft mechanism 1 are rotationally connected, sensing mechanism 4 is fixedly set on the slew gear 2 and with code device 5 and is connected, and driving mechanism 3 links to each other with slew gear 2.
Described mainshaft mechanism 1 comprises: main shaft 7, tailstock 8, spindle chuck 9 and anchor clamps 10, wherein: main shaft 7 is relatively arranged on tailstock 8 and carries out axially-movable on the spheric grinding machine, and spindle chuck 9 and anchor clamps 10 are arranged at respectively on main shaft 7 and the tailstock 8 and with workpiece for measurement 6 and contact.
Described slew gear 2 comprises: rotary table 11, arc guide rail 12, bistrique 13, electric main shaft 14, gyroaxis 15 and floating bearing 16, wherein: rotary table 11 is arranged on the arc guide rail 12, gyroaxis 15 quadratures are arranged at the central authorities of rotary table 11 and are socketed in the floating bearing 16, and gyroaxis 15, floating bearing 16 and arc guide rail 12 are arranged on the lathe bed 29 of spheric grinding machine simultaneously.Bistrique 13 and electric main shaft 14 be fixedly set on the rotary table 11 and and workpiece for measurement 6 over against.
Described driving mechanism 3 comprises: worm gear 17, worm screw 18 and servomotor 19, wherein: worm gear 17 is connected with rotary table 11 by gyroaxis 15, worm screw 18 is fixedly set on the grinder bed 29 and with worm gear 17 and is meshed, and servomotor 19 is fixedlyed connected with worm screw 18 and driven the rotation that worm gear 17 and worm screw 18 relative motions realize slew gear 2.
Described sensing mechanism 4 comprises: slide unit 21 is adjusted in displacement transducer 20 and position, and wherein: displacement transducer 20 is arranged to be adjusted on the slide unit and towards workpiece for measurement 6, and the gauge head of tangent displacement sensor 20 contacts with workpiece for measurement 6 surfaces.The position is adjusted slide unit 21 and is arranged on the slew gear 2, and described displacement transducer 20 is non-contact laser displacement transducer 20 or tangent displacement sensor 20.
Described code device 5 comprises: rotary encoder 22, shaft coupling 23, synchronous pulley 24, sleeve 25 and connector 26, wherein: rotary encoder 22 is connected with synchronous pulley 24 with shaft coupling 23 successively and exports detected belt wheel angle of revolution signal to the measurement mechanism controller, synchronous pulley 24 is connected with sleeve 25, sleeve 25 is fixed on the lathe headstock 28, and rotary encoder 22 is connected with sleeve 25 by connector 26.
As shown in Figure 1, the concrete measuring process of present embodiment comprises:
The first step, bistrique 13 drove emery wheel 27 and withdraws from grinding area after grinding work was finished, and rotary table 11 turns to and main shaft 7 upright positions.
In second step, the sensor cluster location and installation is on rotary table 11, and sensor axis is vertical with main shaft 7, regulates adjustment slide unit Y, two knobs of Z and makes sensor axis by being parallel to the sphere equatorial circle peak of work top, and be defined as the o point.
The 3rd step, start main shaft 7, making tested ball is the rotation of Z axle around main shaft 7 axial lines, with the adopted n five equilibrium of a delineation, revolution moves the 360/n degree, and displacement transducer 20 is measured measurement point position on the once current sphere, for the non-contact laser sensor, this measurement point is the LASER SPECKLE on the sphere, and for touch sensor, this measurement point then is the sensor contact point.Tested ball is promptly finished a corresponding circle around 360 ° of Z axle rotations and is measured the measurement that circle is gone up n point.
The 4th step, with the point of the o on the sphere equatorial circle be the center each seek some uniformly-spaced points on the inherent equatorial circle of 90 degree scopes in the 90 degree scopes and counterclockwise along clockwise direction, together with o point m point altogether.Start rotary table 11, make it rotate clockwise boundary point in sensor alignment m is put, repeating step three along clockwise direction around Y-axis.Continue to start rotary table 11 then, displacement transducer 20 is aimed at each spaced points on the equatorial circle, repeating step three successively.
The 5th step, determined the locus of measured each uniform measurement point of sphere by the 3rd step and the 4th step, when the gyration of rotation by tested ball and rotary table 11 arrives the locus of each measurement point, gather the measurement data of displacement transducer 20 and the locus of writing down measurement point with triggering the measurement mechanism controller, the signal that displacement transducer 20 is gathered is transferred to controller through amplification, filtering, A/D after changing.Like this, the change in radius amount of each relative centre of sphere of all layouting and the locus of corresponding measurement point on the Development of Grinding Machines'Control System synchronous recording sphere that measures automatically on the throne.
The 6th step, based on the measurement data in the 5th step, adopt least square method, simulate the least square ball by measurement point, make each measurement point on the tested ball to the radial error quadratic sum minimum of least square ball.Calculate least square ball sphere centre coordinate and radius, calculate the radial distance of measurement point to the least square ball then, maximum is Global Error.
The change in radius amount of present embodiment each relative centre of sphere of all layouting on the position automatic measuring sphere, and then handle Calculation of Global Error automatically, through being that 238mm, Global Error are that the ball valve spheroid sphericity experiments of measuring of 8 μ m shows to diameter, compare with traditional off-line manual measurement or three dimension coordinate measurement instrument measurement method, this device detection speed under the prerequisite that guarantees certainty of measurement is fast, the automaticity height has been realized the automatic on-position measure of Global Error.
Claims (7)
1. accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device, comprise: mainshaft mechanism, slew gear, driving mechanism, sensing mechanism and code device, it is characterized in that: workpiece for measurement is arranged on the mainshaft mechanism, the center and the mainshaft mechanism of slew gear are rotationally connected, sensing mechanism is fixedly set on the slew gear and with coding mechanism and is connected, and driving mechanism links to each other with slew gear.
2. accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described mainshaft mechanism comprises: main shaft, tailstock, spindle chuck and anchor clamps, wherein: main shaft and tailstock are relatively arranged on and carry out axially-movable on the spheric grinding machine, and spindle chuck and anchor clamps are arranged at respectively on main shaft and the tailstock and with workpiece for measurement and contact.
3. accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described slew gear comprises: rotary table, arc guide rail, bistrique, electric main shaft, gyroaxis and floating bearing, wherein: rotary table is arranged on the arc guide rail, the gyroaxis quadrature is arranged at the central authorities of rotary table and is socketed in the floating bearing, gyroaxis, floating bearing and arc guide rail are arranged on the lathe bed of spheric grinding machine simultaneously, bistrique and electric main shaft be fixedly set on the rotary table and and workpiece for measurement over against.
4. accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described driving mechanism comprises: worm gear, worm screw and servomotor, wherein: worm gear is connected with rotary table by gyroaxis, worm screw is fixedly set on the grinder bed and with worm gear and is meshed, and servomotor is fixedlyed connected with worm screw and driven the rotation that worm gear and worm screw relative motion realize slew gear.
5. accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described sensing mechanism comprises: slide unit is adjusted in displacement transducer and position, wherein: displacement transducer is arranged to be adjusted on the slide unit and towards workpiece for measurement, and the gauge head of tangent displacement sensor contacts with the workpiece for measurement surface.The position is adjusted slide unit and is arranged on the slew gear, and described displacement transducer is non-contact laser displacement transducer or tangent displacement sensor.
6. accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described code device comprises: rotary encoder, shaft coupling, synchronous pulley, sleeve and connector, wherein: rotary encoder is connected with synchronous pulley with shaft coupling successively and exports detected belt wheel angle of revolution signal to the measurement mechanism controller, synchronous pulley is connected with sleeve, sleeve is fixed on the lathe headstock, and rotary encoder is connected with sleeve by connector.
7. the measuring method of an accurate sphere sphericity on-position measure device according to claim 1 is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
The first step, bistrique drove emery wheel and withdraws from grinding area after grinding work was finished, and rotary table turns to and the main shaft upright position;
In second step, the sensor cluster location and installation is on rotary table, and sensor axis is vertical with main shaft, regulates adjustment slide unit Y, two knobs of Z and makes sensor axis by being parallel to the sphere equatorial circle peak of work top, and be defined as the o point;
The 3rd step, start main shaft, making tested ball is the rotation of Z axle around the spindle axis line, with the adopted n five equilibrium of a delineation, revolution moves the 360/n degree, measurement point position on the once current sphere of displacement sensor, for the non-contact laser sensor, this measurement point is the LASER SPECKLE on the sphere, and for touch sensor, this measurement point then is the sensor contact point.Tested ball is promptly finished a corresponding circle around 360 ° of Z axle rotations and is measured the measurement that circle is gone up n point;
The 4th step, with the point of the o on the sphere equatorial circle be the center each seek some uniformly-spaced points on the inherent equatorial circle of 90 degree scopes in the 90 degree scopes and counterclockwise along clockwise direction, together with o point m point altogether.Start rotary table, make it rotate clockwise boundary point in sensor alignment m point along clockwise direction around Y-axis, repeating step three continue to start rotary table then, displacement transducer is aimed at each spaced points on the equatorial circle, repeating step three successively;
The 5th step, the change in radius amount of each relative centre of sphere of all layouting and the locus of corresponding measurement point on the 3rd step of the Development of Grinding Machines'Control System synchronous recording sphere that measures automatically on the throne, set up the Mathematical Modeling of least square ball sphere centre coordinate and radius according to least square method, simulate the least square ball by measurement point then, finally calculate Global Error.
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Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102944164A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-02-27 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Device and method suitable for measuring sphericity of large-size gas floating ball |
| CN102980492A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-03-20 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Sphericity measuring device for large-size air floating ball of triaxial air floating platform and measuring method thereof |
| CN103047936A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-04-17 | 深圳大学 | Displacement sensor for detecting spherical motion |
| CN104175222A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2014-12-03 | 上海交通大学 | Large-ball grinding trace feature image capturing device and sphericity judgment method |
| CN104191332A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2014-12-10 | 上海交通大学 | Device and method for automatically compensating for sphericity error of large-scale spherical grinding |
| CN104858718A (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2015-08-26 | 江苏神通阀门股份有限公司 | Online sphere machining measurement method and special measurement device |
| CN105115402A (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2015-12-02 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Spherical core roundness detection device |
| CN105135971A (en) * | 2015-09-02 | 2015-12-09 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Movable spherical core comprehensive error detecting device supported by double vertical columns |
| CN105241354A (en) * | 2015-09-02 | 2016-01-13 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Hand-cranking high-precision spherical core roundness error detection device |
| CN109141185A (en) * | 2018-07-26 | 2019-01-04 | 庆铃汽车（集团）有限公司 | A kind of spherical surface farthest point determines method, differential mechanism sphere diameter and axis misalignment measuring method and measuring device |
| CN109759952A (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-05-17 | 上海瑞吉机械传动技术有限公司 | The polishing detection device and shaft coupling of rubber flange form yielding coupling ring flange |
| CN109855528A (en) * | 2019-01-14 | 2019-06-07 | 中北大学 | A kind of ball joint movable sensor |
| CN111496583A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-08-07 | 南通新冯精密机械有限公司 | Novel high-speed high-precision numerical control end surface cylindrical grinder |
| CN112276682A (en) * | 2020-10-20 | 2021-01-29 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Method for uniformly processing macroscopic hardness of ball valve vacuum cladding ball core |
| CN114152236A (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-03-08 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | High-precision sphericity measuring method based on spherical coordinate sphericity instrument |
| CN114178594A (en) * | 2021-12-10 | 2022-03-15 | 上海交通大学 | System and method for milling inner cavity of deviation-containing cylindrical thin-wall casting |
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| CN102944164A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-02-27 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Device and method suitable for measuring sphericity of large-size gas floating ball |
| CN102980492A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2013-03-20 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Sphericity measuring device for large-size air floating ball of triaxial air floating platform and measuring method thereof |
| CN102980492B (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2015-07-08 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Sphericity measuring device for large-size air floating ball of triaxial air floating platform and measuring method thereof |
| CN103047936A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-04-17 | 深圳大学 | Displacement sensor for detecting spherical motion |
| CN103047936B (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2015-11-25 | 深圳大学 | For detecting the displacement transducer of spheric motion |
| CN104175222A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2014-12-03 | 上海交通大学 | Large-ball grinding trace feature image capturing device and sphericity judgment method |
| CN104191332A (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2014-12-10 | 上海交通大学 | Device and method for automatically compensating for sphericity error of large-scale spherical grinding |
| CN104858718A (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2015-08-26 | 江苏神通阀门股份有限公司 | Online sphere machining measurement method and special measurement device |
| CN105241354A (en) * | 2015-09-02 | 2016-01-13 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Hand-cranking high-precision spherical core roundness error detection device |
| CN105135971A (en) * | 2015-09-02 | 2015-12-09 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Movable spherical core comprehensive error detecting device supported by double vertical columns |
| CN105115402A (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2015-12-02 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Spherical core roundness detection device |
| CN109141185A (en) * | 2018-07-26 | 2019-01-04 | 庆铃汽车（集团）有限公司 | A kind of spherical surface farthest point determines method, differential mechanism sphere diameter and axis misalignment measuring method and measuring device |
| CN109141185B (en) * | 2018-07-26 | 2023-11-24 | 庆铃汽车（集团）有限公司 | Method for determining furthest point of spherical surface, method for measuring spherical diameter and runout of differential mechanism and measuring device |
| CN109855528A (en) * | 2019-01-14 | 2019-06-07 | 中北大学 | A kind of ball joint movable sensor |
| CN109855528B (en) * | 2019-01-14 | 2024-02-27 | 中北大学 | Ball joint movement sensor |
| CN109759952A (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-05-17 | 上海瑞吉机械传动技术有限公司 | The polishing detection device and shaft coupling of rubber flange form yielding coupling ring flange |
| CN111496583A (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-08-07 | 南通新冯精密机械有限公司 | Novel high-speed high-precision numerical control end surface cylindrical grinder |
| CN112276682A (en) * | 2020-10-20 | 2021-01-29 | 吴忠仪表有限责任公司 | Method for uniformly processing macroscopic hardness of ball valve vacuum cladding ball core |
| CN114152236A (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-03-08 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | High-precision sphericity measuring method based on spherical coordinate sphericity instrument |
| CN114152236B (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2024-06-04 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | High-precision sphericity measuring method based on spherical coordinate sphericity instrument |
| CN114178594A (en) * | 2021-12-10 | 2022-03-15 | 上海交通大学 | System and method for milling inner cavity of deviation-containing cylindrical thin-wall casting |
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