CN101995383A - Method for measuring copper ion content of solution - Google Patents
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- CN101995383A CN101995383A CN 201010137424 CN201010137424A CN101995383A CN 101995383 A CN101995383 A CN 101995383A CN 201010137424 CN201010137424 CN 201010137424 CN 201010137424 A CN201010137424 A CN 201010137424A CN 101995383 A CN101995383 A CN 101995383A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring copper ion content of solution, which comprises the following steps of: preparing copper standard solution; adding a proper amount of citric acid into a series of thinners of the copper standard solution to conceal interference elements comprising iron, adjusting pH to between 9 and 10, adding bis(cyclohexanone)oxaldihydrazone solution into the solution, measuring the absorbance of the solution by using a spectrophotometer, and making a working curve by using the absorbance and the copper ion concentration; adding the same amount of ammonium citrate as the previous step into the thinned or un-thinned solution to be measured, adjusting the pH to between 9 and 10, adding bis(cyclohexanone)oxaldihydrazone solution into the solution, and measuring the absorbance of the solution by using the spectrophotometer; adding the same amount of ammonium citrate as the previous step into the thinned or un-thinned solution to be measured, adjusting the pH to between 9 and 10 to obtain blank solution, and measuring the absorbance of the blank solution by using the spectrophotometer; and calculating the copper ion content of the solution to be measured by using the working curve.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the assay method of content of copper ion in the solution, particularly relate to and utilize the bisoxalydihydrazone photometry, measure the not high but colored solution of content of copper ion itself, as the method for impurity content of copper ion in the three acid tank solution.
Background technology
Three acid corrosion grooves are very important work nests in the aluminum alloy materials piece surface treatment process, and its Main Ingredients and Appearance is nitric acid, chromic acid and hydrofluorite, and main effect is the cleaning and the deoxidation of manufactured parts.Continuous production run along with work nest, impurity content of copper ion in the tank liquor also can be more and more higher, this can have a strong impact on the cleaning and the deoxidation effect of work nest, thus set up one simple to operate, the analytical approach of the impurity copper ion of reliable results just seems particularly important.
The analytical approach of copper ion commonly used has multiple, comprises chemical analysis method and instrument analytical methods such as atomic absorption spectrography (AAS), plasma absorption spectrum such as colourimetry, volumetric method.Usually because colourimetry is simple to operate, the result accurately and the instrument and equipment that needs simple and be used.In the colourimetry of measuring copper ion, be divided into bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO) method and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) method again.Bivalent cupric ion and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate form yellow complex, and act on bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO), generate water-soluble blue complex.When solution displaing yellow to be measured, generally use bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO) photometry.
Summary of the invention
It is high but itself have the assay method of content of copper ion in the solution of color to the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of content of copper ion.
For achieving the above object, the assay method of content of copper ion comprises the steps: in the solution of the present invention
Preparation copper standard solution;
The copper standard solution of getting a series of amounts is respectively to the 100ml volumetric flask, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution, the pH value of regulating solution to be measured with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor is 9～10, add 20ml bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO) solution again, shake up, be diluted with water to scale, left standstill 10 minutes, use cuvette, at the 610nm wavelength, use the spectrophotometric determination solution absorbency, make working curve;
Get solution 25ml to be measured in the 250ml volumetric flask, be diluted with water to scale;
The solution 10ml to be measured that gets dilution adds 5ml 50 (weight) % ammonium citrate successively in the 100ml volumetric flask, 1 neutral red solution, and the pH that regulates solution to be measured with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor is 9.0～10.0; Add 20ml bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO) solution again, shake up, be diluted with water to scale, left standstill 10 minutes, use cuvette, at the 610nm wavelength, use the spectrophotometric determination solution absorbency, the light absorption value of spectrphotometric method for measuring solution;
Tank liquor (solution to be measured) blank solution is measured light absorption value;
The concentration that the light absorption value of solution to be measured deducts light absorption value corresponding copper ion on working curve that the light absorption value of blank solution obtains promptly is the content of the copper ion of solution to be measured.
Preferably, described standard solution can obtain by the following method: take by weighing the 0.05g fine copper, with 1: 1 nitric acid dissolve of 10ml, be diluted with water in the 500ml volumetric flask, get the solution 10ml after the dilution, be diluted with water in the 100ml volumetric flask, shake up, as the standard solution of copper.
Preferably, the described copper standard solution of getting a series of amounts can be: get copper standard solution 0,5,10,15, in 20ml to the 100ml volumetric flask.
Preferably, thinned water is deionized water or distilled water among the present invention.
Preferably, neutral red solution is 0.1 (weight) % ethanolic solution of dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride.
Preferably, bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO) solution can prepare by the following method: claim 0.5 gram bisoxalydihydrazone to be added in 40 milliliters of ethanol, add 200 milliliters of dissolvings of warm water, treat to be diluted with water to 1000 milliliters after transparent.
Preferably, blank solution can prepare by the following method: get the solution 10ml to be measured that has diluted, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution is to the 100ml volumetric flask, add 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor with the standard solution same amount, shake up, be diluted with water to scale.
The assay method of content of copper ion is particularly suitable for measuring the content of copper ion in the three acid corrosion groove solution in the solution of the present invention.
According to the present invention, the assay method of content of copper ion comprises the steps: in the three acid corrosion groove solution
Take by weighing the 0.05g fine copper,, be diluted with water in the 500ml volumetric flask, get the solution 10ml after the dilution, be diluted with water in the 100ml volumetric flask, shake up, as the standard solution of copper with 1: 1 nitric acid dissolve of 10ml;
Get copper standard solution 0,5,10,15, in 20ml to the 100ml volumetric flask, add the 5ml50% ammonium citrate successively, 1 neutral red solution, with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor solution is transferred to from pale red faint yellow, with the reference of PH test paper color development, and excessive 5ml ammoniacal liquor is adjusted to 9～10 with pH value, add 20ml BCO solution again, shake up, be diluted with water to scale, left standstill colour developing 10 minutes.Using the 1cm cuvette, when the 610nm wavelength, measure every kind of solution absorbency with spectrophotometric, is horizontal ordinate with copper concentration, and absorbance is an ordinate, the drawing curve.
Draw 25ml three acid corrosion groove solution in the 250ml volumetric flask, be diluted with water to scale; Draw dilute solution 10ml again, the same operation, the same standard solution of blank solution does not just add BCO solution; The absorbance of tank liquor deducts the absorbance of blank solution, finds corresponding copper concentration from working curve again.
Main Ingredients and Appearance is nitric acid, chromic acid and hydrofluorite in the three acid corrosion grooves, impurity content of copper ion in the cleaning of part and the deoxidation process in the tank liquor also can be more and more higher, in order to do the content of monitoring impurity copper ion in the process in the mistake of this three acid corrosions groove, method of the present invention is specially adapted to the monitoring of content of copper ion in the three acid corrosion groove solution.
The principle of the inventive method is: during with bisoxalydihydrazone (BCO) spectrphotometric method for measuring content of copper ion, in the ammonia solution under certain pH value environment, ammonium citrate with 50 weight % is sheltered interference elements such as iron, bivalent cupric ion and bisoxalydihydrazone effect, generate water-soluble blue complex, use the spectrophotometric determination absorbance again, in the finite concentration scope, its absorbance is directly proportional with the concentration of copper ion.The drawing curve is found the content of copper ion then.
Under study for action, by experiment repeatedly, determined test Cu
2+The consumption of all ingredients in the method.Because of three acid corrosion groove groove solution show acid, adopt the BCO method to measure Cu
2+Concentration, adjusting acidity is particularly important.Preferably use 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor regulator solution acidity pH9.0～10.0.If pH is lower than 9, then can not develop the color, the pH value is crossed low colour developing not exclusively; And be higher than 10, then absorbance can reduce, and fades easily.
Usually contain iron, chromium and plasma in the three acid tank solution, wherein ferric ion has interference effect to mensuration, and nickel and high valence chrome do not have influence to measuring.
Among the present invention, add the interference that an amount of ammonium citrate can be sheltered ferric ion.Though nickel and high valence chrome do not have influence to measuring, when in the solution ammonium citrate being arranged, the long Cr that easily makes of time
6+Be reduced to Cr
3+Thereby, influential to measuring.Therefore, the addition of ammonium citrate is preferably 5ml among the present invention.
Method of the present invention also adopts blank assay, eliminates the influence of coloured ion and glassware in the three acid tank liquid with the blank method of deduction, uses colourimetry again, measures its absorbance in wavelength 610nm place and contrasts with the copper typical curve and try to achieve Cu
2+Concentration obtains Cu
2+Content.
Blank assay is to get solution to be measured (i.e. solution in the three acid corrosion grooves) 10ml that has diluted, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution adds 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor with the standard solution same amount to the 100ml volumetric flask, shake up, be diluted with water to scale.
By repeatedly testing the acidity of determining solution, reach the range of linearity of typical curve simultaneously, formulate this analytical approach with this.In addition, determining of colour temp and developing time also is important parameters very, otherwise can influence the accuracy of experimental result.
Colour temp and developing time also are crucial influence factors in the method for the present invention, and suitable colour temp is 15～30 ℃, if be lower than 15 ℃, then the solution colour developing is incomplete, if be higher than 30 ℃, then solution is easy to fade, more preferably 25 ℃; Suitable developing time is 5～20 minutes, preferred 10 minutes, if developing time is less than 5 minutes, the solution colour developing not exclusively, if developing time greater than 20 minutes, then solution is easy to fade, more preferably 15 minutes.
According to the inventive method, make Cu
2+Analysis on Content is more accurate, makes for Cu
2+It is more convenient that the control of content becomes.And the method not only is fit to measure the Cu in the three acid corrosion groove solution
2+Content also is applicable to other Cu
2+Content is not high, colored liquor sample own.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the working curve that adopts a kind of standard solution of method mensuration of the present invention, and wherein horizontal ordinate is the copper ion concentration of standard solution, and ordinate is the absorbance of standard solution.
Fig. 2 is the working curve that adopts a kind of standard solution of method mensuration of the present invention, and wherein horizontal ordinate is the copper ion concentration of standard solution, and ordinate is the absorbance of standard solution.
Fig. 3 is the working curve that adopts a kind of standard solution of method mensuration of the present invention, and wherein horizontal ordinate is the copper ion concentration of standard solution, and ordinate is the absorbance of standard solution.
Fig. 4 is the working curve that adopts a kind of standard solution of method mensuration of the present invention, and wherein horizontal ordinate is the copper ion concentration of standard solution, and ordinate is the absorbance of standard solution.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment the present invention is carried out comparatively detailed explanation.
One, method summary
In the ammonia solution under certain pH value environment, ammonium citrate with 50 weight % is sheltered interference elements such as iron, bivalent cupric ion and bisoxalydihydrazone effect, generate water-soluble blue complex, use the spectrophotometric determination absorbance again, in the finite concentration scope, its absorbance is directly proportional with the concentration of copper ion.The drawing curve is found the content of copper ion then.
Two, reagent
1,50% ammonium citrate solution
2, dicyclo ethyl ketone oxalyl dihydrazone (BCO): claim 0.5 gram to be dissolved in 40 milliliters of ethanol, add 200 milliliters of dissolvings of warm water, treat to be diluted with water to 1000 milliliters after transparent.
3, dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride 0.1 weight % ethanolic solution
4, copper standard solution: take by weighing the 0.05g fine copper,, be diluted in the 500ml volumetric flask, get the solution 10ml after the dilution, be diluted in the 100ml volumetric flask, shake up, as the standard solution (A) of copper with 10ml (1: 1) nitric acid dissolve.
5,1: 1 ammoniacal liquor
6, thinned water: deionized water
Three, analytical approach
At room temperature, draw copper standard solution (A) 0,5,10,15, in 20ml to the 100ml volumetric flask, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride ethanolic solution transfers to solution faint yellow with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor from pale red, with the reference of PH test paper color development, and excessive 5ml ammoniacal liquor is adjusted to 9～10 with pH value, adds 20ml BCO solution again, shake up, be diluted with water to scale, left standstill 10 minutes, colour developing.Using the 1cm cuvette, when the 610nm wavelength, measure every kind of solution absorbency with spectrophotometric, is horizontal ordinate with copper concentration, and absorbance is an ordinate, the drawing curve.
Draw the 25ml tank liquor in the 250ml volumetric flask, be diluted with water to scale.Draw again in dilute solution 10ml to the 100ml volumetric flask, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride ethanolic solution, ammoniacal liquor with 1: 1 is adjusted to 9～10 with pH value, adds 20ml BCO solution again, shakes up, be diluted with water to scale, left standstill 10 minutes, colour developing.Use the 1cm cuvette, when the 610nm wavelength, measure every kind of solution absorbency with spectrophotometric, the same operation, the tank liquor blank solution does not add BCO solution.The absorbance of tank liquor deducts tank liquor blank solution absorbance, finds corresponding copper amount from working curve again.
Four, analysis result
The computing formula of copper amount:
Cu(g/L)＝C1
In the formula: the copper ion concentration that C1---finds from working curve, g/L.
Below be the mensuration that three different acid corrosion groove solution are carried out.
Embodiment 1
The preparation of standard solution: take by weighing the 0.05g fine copper,, be diluted with water in the 500ml volumetric flask, get the solution 10ml after the dilution, be diluted in the 100ml volumetric flask, shake up, as the standard solution (A) of copper with 10ml (1: 1) nitric acid dissolve.
Three acid corrosion groove solution: get solution 25ml to be measured in the 250ml volumetric flask, be diluted with water to scale; The solution 10ml to be measured that gets dilution is in the 100ml volumetric flask.Add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride ethanolic solution is adjusted to 9～10 with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor with the solution pH value, adds 20ml BCO solution again, shakes up, and is diluted with water to scale.
Colour temp: room temperature (about 25 ℃).
Developing time: 15 minutes.
The result who records is as shown in table 1.
Table 1
| Wavelength | 610nm | |
| Method | The BCO colourimetry | |
| Standard solution volume (ml) | Concentration of standard solution (g/l) | Absorbance (y) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 0.05 | 0.133 |
| 10 | 0.1 | 0.275 |
| 15 | 0.15 | 0.437 |
| 20 | 0.2 | 0.566 |
| The copper ion concentration of three sour aluminium etchant solutions | 0.19 | 0.547 |
The working curve of the standard solution of present embodiment as shown in Figure 1.
The copper ion concentration that obtains three acid corrosion groove solution of present embodiment is 0.19g/L.
The preparation of standard solution: with embodiment 1
Three acid corrosion groove solution: with embodiment 1
Colour temp: room temperature (about 25 ℃).
Developing time: 15 minutes.
The result who records is as shown in table 2.
Table 2
| Wavelength | 610nm | |
| Method | The BCO colourimetry | |
| Standard solution volume (ml) | Concentration of standard solution (g/L) | Absorbance (y) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 0.05 | 0.135 |
| 10 | 0.1 | 0.274 |
| 15 | 0.15 | 0.397 |
| 20 | 0.2 | 0.515 |
| The ion concentration of three sour aluminium etchant solution copper | 0.13 | 0.344 |
The working curve of the standard solution of present embodiment as shown in Figure 2.
The copper ion concentration that obtains three acid corrosion groove solution of present embodiment is 0.13g/L.
Embodiment 3
The preparation of standard solution: with embodiment 1
Three acid corrosion groove solution: with embodiment 1
Colour temp: room temperature (about 25 ℃).
Developing time: 15 minutes.
The result who records is as shown in table 3.
Table 3
| Wavelength | 610nm | |
| Method | The BCO colourimetry | |
| Standard solution volume (ml) | Concentration of standard solution (g/L) | Absorbance (y) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 0.05 | 0.132 |
| 10 | 0.1 | 0.273 |
| 15 | 0.15 | 0.4 |
| 20 | 0.2 | 0.513 |
| The copper ion concentration of three sour aluminium etchant solutions | 0.15 | 0.396 |
The working curve of the standard solution of present embodiment as shown in Figure 3.
The copper ion concentration that obtains three acid corrosion groove solution of present embodiment is 0.15g/L.
Embodiment 4
The preparation of standard solution: with embodiment 1
Three acid corrosion groove solution: with embodiment 1
Colour temp: room temperature (about 25 ℃).
Developing time: 15 minutes.
The result who records is as shown in table 4.
Table 4
| Wavelength | 610nm | |
| Method | The BCO colourimetry | |
| Standard solution volume (ml) | Concentration of standard solution (g/L) | Absorbance (y) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 0.05 | 0.132 |
| 10 | 0.1 | 0.278 |
| 15 | 0.15 | 0.396 |
| 20 | 0.2 | 0.51 |
| The copper ion concentration of three sour aluminium etchant solutions | 0.17 | 0.466 |
The working curve of the standard solution of present embodiment as shown in Figure 4.
The copper ion concentration that obtains three acid tank etchant solutions of present embodiment is 0.17g/L.
The inventive method adopts suitable reagent, can eliminate interference, and can be not high to content of copper ion such as three acid corrosion groove solution fast and accurately, the content of copper ion that itself has in the solution of color is measured, and helps monitoring easily in the actual production content of copper ion in the solution such as three acid corrosion groove solution.This method not only be fit to be measured the content of copper ion in the three acid corrosion groove solution, is applicable to that also not high the and solution of other content of copper ion own has the liquor sample of color.
Though abovely the present invention has been carried out comparatively detailed explanation by specific embodiment, but be not limited only to this, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, more changeableization or improved specific embodiment can also be arranged, and these changes and improvements all should belong to scope of the present invention.
Claims (18)
1. the assay method of content of copper ion in the solution comprises the steps:
Preparation copper standard solution;
In a series of dilutions of copper standard solution, add an amount of ammonium citrate to shelter the interference element that comprises iron, and adjusting pH is 9～10, add bisoxalydihydrazone solution again, with its absorbance of spectrophotometric determination, and with absorbance and copper ion concentration making working curve;
Dilution or undiluted solution to be measured in add and the ammonium citrate of the same amount of above-mentioned steps, and to regulate pH be 9～10, adds bisoxalydihydrazone solution again, with its absorbance of spectrophotometric determination;
Add in dilution or the undiluted solution to be measured and the ammonium citrate of the same amount of above-mentioned steps, and to regulate pH be 9～10, as blank solution, with its absorbance of spectrophotometric determination;
Calculate the content of copper ion of solution to be measured by working curve.
2. the assay method of content of copper ion is characterized in that in the solution as claimed in claim 1, and described ammonium citrate is 50 weight % ammonium citrate aqueous solution.
3. the assay method of content of copper ion is characterized in that in the solution as claimed in claim 1 or 2, and the ammoniacal liquor that adopted 1: 1 is regulated pH.
4. as the assay method of content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～3, it is characterized in that copper ion concentration is 0.01mg/L in the copper standard solution.
5. as the assay method of content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～4, it is characterized in that, before regulating pH, also add 1 neutral red solution.
6. the assay method of content of copper ion is characterized in that in the solution as claimed in claim 5, and neutral red solution is 0.1 a weight % ethanolic solution of dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride.
7. as the assay method of content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～6, it is characterized in that, bisoxalydihydrazone solution prepares by the following method: claim 0.5 gram bisoxalydihydrazone to be added in 40 milliliters of ethanol, add 200 milliliters of dissolvings of warm water, treat to be diluted with water to 1000 milliliters after transparent.
8. as the assay method of content of copper ion in the described solution of claim 1～7, it is characterized in that, get copper standard solution 0,5,10,15,20ml also is diluted with water to 100ml, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution, the pH value of regulating solution to be measured with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor is 9～10, adds 20ml bisoxalydihydrazone solution again, left standstill 10～20 minutes at 15～30 ℃, use the spectrophotometric determination solution absorbency.
9. as the assay method of content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～8, it is characterized in that solution absorbency to be measured is measured by the following method:
The solution 10ml to be measured that gets 10 times of dilutions is 10 times of dilute with waters again, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution, and the pH that regulates solution to be measured with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor is 9.0～10.0; Add 20ml bisoxalydihydrazone solution again, left standstill 10～20 minutes, use the spectrophotometric determination solution absorbency, the light absorption value of spectrphotometric method for measuring solution at 15～30 ℃.
10. as the assay method of content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～9, it is characterized in that, described standard solution prepares by the following method: take by weighing the 0.05g fine copper, salpeter solution dissolving in 1: 1 with 10ml, and be diluted with water to 500ml, get the solution 10ml after the dilution, be diluted to 100ml.
11. assay method as content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～10, it is characterized in that, the blank solution of solution to be measured prepares by the following method: get the solution 10ml to be measured that has diluted and be diluted to 100ml, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution, add with standard solution in 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor of same amount.
12. the assay method as content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～11 is characterized in that thinned water is deionized water, distilled water or pure water.
13. the assay method as content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 8～12 is characterized in that, add bisoxalydihydrazone solution after, left standstill 15 minutes at 25 ℃.
14. the assay method as content of copper ion in the arbitrary described solution of claim 1～13 is characterized in that, uses spectrophotometer, uses the 1cm cuvette, measures absorbance at the 610nm wavelength.
15., be used for measuring the content of copper ion of three acid corrosion groove solution as the arbitrary described method of claim 1～14.
16. the assay method of content of copper ion comprises the steps: in the acid corrosion groove solution
The preparation copper ion concentration is the standard solution of 0.01mg/L;
Get 0,5,10,15, the copper standard solution of 20ml also is diluted to 100ml, adds 5ml50 weight % ammonium citrate successively, and 1 neutral red solution is adjusted to 9～10 with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor with pH value, add 20ml bisoxalydihydrazone solution again, left standstill 10～20 minutes, colour developing at 15～30 ℃; Measure every kind of solution absorbency with spectrophotometric, with copper concentration and absorbance drawing curve;
Get the three acid corrosion groove solution 10ml to be measured that dilute 10 times and be diluted to 100ml, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution, the pH that regulates solution to be measured with 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor is 9.0～10.0; Add 20ml bisoxalydihydrazone solution again,, use the spectrophotometric determination solution absorbency leaving standstill the same time with the same temperature of above-mentioned steps;
Get the solution 10ml to be measured that dilutes 10 times and be diluted to 100ml, add 5ml 50 weight % ammonium citrates successively, 1 neutral red solution adds 1: 1 ammoniacal liquor with the standard solution same amount, as blank solution, measures light absorption value;
The concentration that the light absorption value of solution to be measured deducts light absorption value corresponding copper ion on working curve that the light absorption value of blank solution obtains promptly is the content of the copper ion of solution to be measured.
17. the assay method of content of copper ion is characterized in that in the three acid corrosion groove solution as claimed in claim 15, add bisoxalydihydrazone solution after, left standstill 15 minutes at 25 ℃.
18. the assay method as content of copper ion in claim 15 or the 16 described three acid corrosion groove solution is characterized in that a thinned water deionized water, distilled water or pure water.
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