CN101982723B - Method for monitoring deformation of convergence meter by equivalent method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for monitoring the deformation of a convergence meter by an equivalent method, which is used for equivalently replacing the convergence meter direct distance measuring method having the problems of high risk and high cost in overhead deformation monitoring operation, changes the overhead high-risk operation into the no-risk ground safe operation, reduces the engineering cost, and saves manpower, material resources and financial resources. The method realizes single point horizontal displacement and vertical displacement monitoring on a section by taking a point as a monitoring object, and can monitor the three-dimensional displacement of an arbitrary point with an inclined angle theta on the section thereof, can effectively avoid construction disturbance, and is particularly suitable for convergence deformation monitoring of geological surrounding rocks of a large tunnel, as well as the deformation monitoring work under a non overhead condition. The invention also recommends a simple and easy characteristic boundary forming method to ensure that the monitoring work is safe and convenient and has small investment, main auxiliary equipment to be added is just some common fine steel wires and a telescopic rod, and the independent operation of one person can be basically realized.

Description

Method of equal effects convergence gauge deformation monitoring method

Technical field

The invention belongs to the deformation monitoring method that uses convergence gauge in the engineering survey field.

Background technology

Use the deformation monitoring of convergence gauge; The main method of taking at present is direct span method, and promptly the hand-held convergence gauge of observer is suspended to the convergence gauge steel ruler on the monitoring point earlier; Be suspended to the hook of convergence gauge on another monitoring point again or on the reference point; Relative displacement between observing at 2 or horizontal shift or perpendicular displacement relatively, its work essence is to obtain accurate span with convergence gauge, and carries out front and back time span relatively.

What use mostly at present is the electronics convergence gauge, when shaking the nervous convergence gauge steel ruler of handle to specified pulling force, has prompting, and reading of measurement data is that electronics is visual.This convergence gauge precision is very high, counts example with basic health GK-1610 shaped steel chi convergence, and its accuracy of observation can reach 0.3mm, is the most accurate up to now simply one of distance-measuring equipment.But the use of this equipment receives following physical constraints:

(1) the high-risk problem of work high above the ground existence

For the monitoring point that is in the high-altitude, adopt direct span method the hook of convergence gauge steel ruler end to be suspended on the monitoring point in high vacancy, again convergence gauge is suspended on the monitoring point in another high vacancy, monitor the relative shift between these 2 then.Perhaps, the hook of convergence gauge steel ruler end is suspended on the monitoring point in high vacancy, convergence gauge is suspended on the ground point of fixity, this point of fixity is the vertical projection point of monitored point, measures the perpendicular displacement of monitoring point then.No matter convergence gauge steel ruler hook or convergence gauge are suspended on the monitoring point, high-altitude, all need the people to arrive place, monitoring point, high-altitude and with the hands operate, because monitoring is the repeatability work of a chronicity, therefore, often carries out work high above the ground and be full of danger.And if set out a large amount of manpowers or use a large amount of financial resources to carry out that various safeguard procedures are carried out the high-altitude monitoring reluctantly and the high cost brought thus also is that the common engineering funds are difficult to bear, so can not give full play to the effect of the high precision span equipment of this Cheap highly effective.

For example, for the high-altitude deformation monitoring operation of large tunnel, owing to, just have two kinds of drawbacks of personal safety and convergence gauge safety in relative horizontal shift or the perpendicular displacement on summit, hole that will monitor under the work high above the ground condition between two arch springing points.

(2) can only monitor relative horizontal shift problem between two points

Directly the span method can only be monitored the relative horizontal shift between two points, can't know 2 real standard change in displacement situation separately.For the monitoring of the country rock convergent deformation in tunnel, can only be according to stochastic medium theory, the convergent deformation of suppose tunnel cross-section is to carry out monitoring under the condition that evenly takes place, as supposes that the horizontal displacement of symmetrical 2 of height such as two hole walls equates.

(3) perpendicular displacement monitoring problem

Directly need vertical projection set up a fixed signal point to ground place in the monitoring point during perpendicular displacement of a point of span method monitoring; As set up monumented station; Because the choice of location of fixed signal point is unique, can't carry out periodic perpendicular displacement monitoring so often be subject to many construction factor influences and destruction.

Summary of the invention

< technical matters that will solve >

High-risk and high cost problem that the high-altitude deformation monitoring operation of being carried out with the direct span method of convergence gauge with the method for equal effects replacement brings realize that uprising the outage dangerous operation is the safety work of non-hazardous ground, reduce construction costs, save human and material resources and financial resources.And be monitoring target with the point; Realize single-point horizontal displacement monitoring and perpendicular displacement monitoring on the section, can also monitor the three-D displacement of arbitrfary point on its section that has tiltangle, also have ground or near the ground near the basic point used of selection extension convergence gauge flexibly; Disturb to avoid various construction factors; Make the basic point of long-term use during monitoring, exempt from destruction, be particularly suitable for the geology country rock convergent deformation monitoring of large tunnel, also be adapted to the deformation monitoring work under the non-high empty condition.

< technical scheme >

Several main noun concept explanations:

The difference of 1. monitoring and observing

Monitoring refers to the supervision to the variation of deformation point, and observation refers to the measurement to data such as concrete angle, distances, realizes the monitoring to deformation point through these measurement data.For a monitored point, once monitor only observation and once also can observe repeatedly, except that being observed the necessary observation for the first time, from observing the repetition measurement that begins to be known as to this monitoring for the second time.

2. tunnel cross-section

Tunnel cross-section is perpendicular to the vertical plane of hole axis, and it and hole wall have an intersection, and its intersection is exactly the excavation specification in tunnel.On this intersection, geological personnel is laid the point of certain specification as required, and these points are called country rock convergent deformation monitoring point, is exactly one 5 rules lattice sectional schematic diagrams like Fig. 5.Survey crew is monitored the layout country rock convergent deformation that carries out section, to find the displacement situation of point.

3. notion resets

Reset operation mainly be when eliminating between each hook in the back time monitoring and original bulk apart from the time the variant error that produces of location status, can also weaken the convergence gauge reading error.When once monitoring for back time, often need continuous repetition measurement several times, purpose realizes well resetting exactly.It is very simple to reset, and after accomplishing once observation, convergence gauge is taken off, swing gently convergence gauge steel ruler one end make characteristic edge span system return to well original bulk apart from the time state, and then convergence gauge hung up come repetition measurement again one time.So carry out the workload of repetition measurement with convergence gauge also little.

4. equivalent triangle

By a monitoring point j and basic point i is that the right-angle triangle that hypotenuse constitutes is called equivalent triangle, and its right angle is below hypotenuse, and its hypotenuse is called characteristic edge, and the two other limit is called the straight vertical arm of angle and the straight horizontal arm of angle respectively.The equivalence triangle is made up of characteristic edge, the straight vertical arm of angle and the straight horizontal arm of angle.By the face that equivalent triangle determined is a vertical plane, and this face is perpendicular to the tunnel center line (hole axis) of crossing this face place.

When monitoring convergence, the characteristic edge variable quantity that observes with convergence gauge is scaled the horizontal shift or the perpendicular displacement of monitoring point through equivalent triangular relationship.Typical equivalent triangle is as shown in Figure 4, and before beginning deformation monitoring work, the length on equivalent triangle character limit and two vertical edges thereof or one of them must more accurately be measured initial value in advance.Initial value is constant during monitoring generally speaking, an observational characteristic limit in time monitoring of back.The length of characteristic edge should be the distance between its two ends hook contact point.

The displacement that method of equal effects is monitored refers to monitored perpendicular displacement, horizontal shift and the actual displacement that in equivalent triangle vertical plane, takes place.

5. even basic point notion

The point of hanging convergence gauge is called basic point; Basic point generally is selected in the stable place interference-free near the ground or ground; Make just to stand on the ground people very easily the operation either converges meter carries out monitoring results, but since sometimes basic point also may have micro displacement, when its displacement reaches the degree of can not ignore; Then should observe, for two basic points observing the relative horizontal shift between the high basic points such as two and set up are called even basic point them.

Relative horizontal shift between the idol basic point can use the direct span of convergence gauge to obtain under non-work high above the ground condition in manual work.

Setting up even basic point notion, is for when there is displacement in basic point, can the displacement error of the relevant high ignore that caused by it be corrected.For Tunnel Engineering, even basic point is to be positioned at symmetrical contour point on tunnel two arms, its line perpendicular to hole axis.Relative horizontal shift each minute between the even basic point that observation is obtained be half the gives two basic points, and its sense of displacement is opposite.

During unification, the distance between the even basic point is also referred to as characteristic edge.

6. the displacement on two types of specific directions on the tunnel cross-section

Displacement on two types of specific directions, i.e. perpendicular displacement and the horizontal shift in certain vertical plane, such horizontal shift generally is meant the horizontal shift on the vertical plane that is determined by basic point and monitoring point.The actual displacement amount of monitoring point is long with the hypotenuse of these two displacements right-angle triangle that is right-angle side.

For the tunnel monitoring, horizontal shift is meant two arch springings or two hole wall symmetric points displacements in the horizontal direction on certain tunnel cross-section, and perpendicular displacement is meant the sinking in vertical direction of summit, hole.

But, if the point on the arch arc is monitored, should consider that then the monitoring point not only has horizontal shift, also to consider the situation of gravitate displacement vertically downward.That is, actual displacement is the monitoring point along the displacement of crossing on the vertical line direction that this point encircles the arc tangent line, also can be described as along the displacement on the normal direction of tangent line.At this moment, if require horizontal shift, then should increase tiltangle and correct.The θ angle is the angle of normal direction with the horizontal direction of crossing this point of point.The mensuration at θ angle is prone to adopt graphical method, and two kinds of methods are arranged: the one, and elder generation designs the position of monitoring point on drawing, arrive then and set up the some position on the spot; Second method is on tunnel cross-section, to set up earlier better position, moves its position to figure last figure again and solves the θ angle.

With in the tunnel cross-section country rock convergent deformation monitoring towards the tunnel displacement of center position be decided to be on the occasion of, so since the variation delta l of the characteristic edge that displacement causes of monitoring point do

Δl＝l ₀-l(Δl≥0)

Wherein:

l ₀Initial value for characteristic edge;

L is a back observed reading of this characteristic edge.

One. the horizontal displacement monitoring of point

(1) can find out that like the geometric relationship of Fig. 6 computes is used in the horizontal shift of monitoring point:

$x=\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-h_0^2}-d---\left(1\right)$

Wherein:

X is horizontal shift;

h ₀Be the straight vertical arm of angle;

D is the horizontal shift of basic point, if having relative horizontal shift between the even basic point, then d gets it partly, and is stable as if basic point, then d=0.

To formula (1) demand perfection differential and convert in error equation obtain estimation of error formula in the horizontal shift:

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{s_0^2}\sqrt{{[s_0\mathrm{\&Delta;l}-l_0(x+d)]}^2{m}_{l_0}^2+h_0^2{(x+d)}^2{m}_{h_0}^2+s_0^2{l}_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+s_0^4{m}_d^2}---\left(2\right)$

Wherein:

Δ l can obtain through given horizontal shift x: $\mathrm{\&Delta;\; l}=l_0-\sqrt{h_0^2+{(s_0-d-x)}^2};$

s ₀Be the straight horizontal arm of angle;

Be l ₀Middle error;

Be h ₀Middle error;

m _{Δ l}Be the middle error of Δ l, it is to influence m _xMajor event.Work as l ₀When identical, then with the l precision

(m _lFor convergence gauge once observe in error), if l ₀Error can ignore the time, m then _{Δ l}=m _l

m _dBe the middle error of d, if basic point is stable, m then _d=0, otherwise the relative horizontal shift of establishing between the even basic point is Δ l, d=Δ l/2 then is when the initial value of characteristic edge between the even basic point is identical with back time observed reading precision, then

If

and

can reach the degree of ignoring to the influence of horizontal shift x, then

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{s_0}\sqrt{l_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+s_0^2{m}_d^2}---\left(3\right)$

If basic point is stable, then

m _x＝λ _sm _Δl (4)

Wherein: λ _s=l ₀/ s ₀

(2) the horizontal shift calculating method of the monitoring point of band tiltangle

In some cases; Point position possibly be along in its vertical plane from the horizontal by the actual direction displacement of certain tiltangle (0≤θ≤90 °); At this moment in order to obtain horizontal shift component x, then can carry out as follows, can find out by the geometric relationship of Fig. 7:

$x=\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-h^2}-d$

h＝h ₀-y

y＝x?tanθ

h＝h ₀-x?tanθ

The various relation equation that gets x and θ angle does more than comprehensive

$x=\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-{[h_0-x\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}]}^2}-d$

Wherein:

Y is the perpendicular displacement component.

Solve an equation

$x=\frac{(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-\sqrt{(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})l^2-{[(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d)\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}-h_0]}^2}}{1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(5\right)$

Try to achieve after the x, can also obtain actual displacement amount x ', promptly

$x^{\&prime;}=\frac{x}{\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(6\right)$

At this moment, perpendicular displacement component y also can be easy to obtain.

And error m in the θ angle _θThe middle error that causes horizontal shift is estimated with following formula:

$m_x=|h_0-\frac{(l_0^2-S^{\&prime;2})\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}+S^{\&prime;}{h}_0}{(S^{\&prime;}+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-x(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})}-2x\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}|m_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(7\right)$

Wherein: m _θUnit be radian;

Dominant term to the horizontal shift influence is m _{Δ l}And m _d, estimate that thus error can be used computes in the horizontal shift

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{(S^{\&prime;}+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})x}\sqrt{l_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+S^{\&prime;2}{m}_d^2}---\left(8\right)$

If basic point is stable, then

$m_x=\frac{l_0}{(S^{\&prime;}+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})x}{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}---\left(9\right)$

In (7) formula, make θ=0 °

$m_x=\left|\frac{{\mathrm{xh}}_0}{S^{\&prime;}-x}\right|m_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(10\right)$

Here it is when two arch springings are set up the monitoring point, to the estimator that influences of horizontal shift, can x be calculated with the maximal value substitution of estimating during estimation when setting up to such an extent that cause having the pitch angle error to produce near arch arc part like the fruit dot position.

In addition, by (5) formula and (6) Shi Kede

$x^{\&prime;}=\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{S}^{\&prime;}+h_0\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-\sqrt{l^2-{(S^{\&prime;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{h}_0)}^2}$

θ differentiated

${\mathrm{dx}}^{\&prime;}=[-\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}{S}^{\&prime;}+h_0\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}+\frac{(S^{\&prime;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{h}_0)(S^{\&prime;}\mathrm{con\&theta;}+\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}{h}_0)}{\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{S}^{\&prime;}+h_0\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-x^{\&prime;}}]\mathrm{d\&theta;}$

With getting with θ=90 a ° substitution in the coefficient

${\mathrm{dx}}^{\&prime;}=\frac{x^{\&prime;}{S}^{\&prime;}}{h_0-x^{\&prime;}}\mathrm{d\&theta;}$

The error formula gets in converting into

$m_{x^{\&prime;}}=\left|\frac{x^{\&prime;}{S}^{\&prime;}}{h_0-x^{\&prime;}}\right|m_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(11\right)$

Here it is when Zheng Dongding sets up the monitoring point, as the fruit dot position set up deflection arch arc part and when causing having the pitch angle error to produce to the estimator that influences of perpendicular displacement, can the maximal value substitution of x ' usefulness expectation be calculated during estimation.

For formula (10) and formula (11), error bigger influence to displacement in pitch angle is bigger and the bigger error effect to self of displacement is also big more.

Two. the perpendicular displacement monitoring of point

(1) indirect method is asked perpendicular displacement

If provide a very little positive number ε (for example make ε=0.0001 °), make a θ left side near 90 °, even θ=(90-ε) °, let tan θ not only exist but also can guarantee computational accuracy, (5) formula can become one of computing method of perpendicular displacement x ' with (6) formula like this.Promptly earlier calculate x, use (6) formula to calculate x ' again with (5) formula.

(2) direct method is asked perpendicular displacement

The perpendicular displacement of monitoring point is calculated formula and can be tried to achieve with following method:

For formula (5), when θ=90 °, will reach a ultimate limit state, the actual displacement amount x ' of this moment will become perpendicular displacement, and the tan90 in this up-to-date style ° will not exist, and horizontal shift x has reached ultimate value 0, so indefinite pattern occurs

Because the limit of x ' exists, so

Formula (5) substitution following formula abbreviation put in order

$x^{\&prime;}=h_0-\sqrt{l^2-{(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d)}^2}---\left(12\right)$

And the middle error of perpendicular displacement is estimated with following formula:

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{h_0{s}_0}\sqrt{{(s_0\mathrm{\&Delta;l}-l_{0}d)}^2{m}_{l_0}^2+{(s_0{x}^{\&prime;}-h_{0}d)}^2{m}_{h_0}^2+s_0^2{l}_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+s_0^4{m}_d^2}---\left(13\right)$

Wherein Δ l can obtain through given perpendicular displacement x ': $\mathrm{\&Delta;\; l}=l_0-\sqrt{{(h_0-x^{\&prime;})}^2+{(s_0-d)}^2}$

When if

and can reach the degree of ignoring to the influence of horizontal shift x, then

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{h_0}\sqrt{l_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+s_0^2{m}_d^2}---\left(14\right)$

If basic point is stable, then

m _x＝λ _hm _Δl (15)

Wherein: λ _h=l ₀/ h ₀

Three. repetition measurement number of times ω confirms

In order to improve monitoring accuracy, can carry out unnecessary repetition measurement, its repetition measurement number of times ω confirms with following method:

Suppose that the displacement of a point representes with x, then usually can become by approximate representation

x＝λΔl (16)

Wherein λ is the figure conditional coefficient, according to different patterns condition λ=λ then _hOr λ _s, λ can be transformed to real standard displacement or perpendicular displacement approx with the variation delta l of the characteristic edge that observes through convergence gauge, and the repetition measurement number of times when considering characteristic edge initial value error does

ω＝2λ ² (17)

If when not considering characteristic edge initial value error do not do

ω＝λ ² (18)

Proof:

Know by (16) formula, make the middle error of displacement x of certain point reach m _{In advance}, need carry out redundant observation ω time to x.

1. identical as if the characteristic edge initial value with the precision of back time observed reading, then

If repeatedly observation obtains x ₁, x ₂, x ₃..., x _ωMean value do

Then

$\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{x}=\frac{x_1+x_2+x_3+...+x_{\mathrm{\&omega;}}}{\mathrm{\&omega;}}$

$=\frac{\mathrm{\&lambda;\&Delta;}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}_1+\mathrm{\&lambda;\&Delta;}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}_2+\mathrm{\&lambda;\&Delta;}{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}_3+...+\mathrm{\&lambda;\&Delta;}{l}_{\mathrm{\&omega;}}}{\mathrm{\&omega;}}$

Wherein: according to (16) formula, x _i=λ Δ l _i(i=1,2,3 ..., ω)

Get according to law of propagation of errors

$m_{\stackrel{\&OverBar;}{x}}^2=\frac{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2+...+{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2}{{\mathrm{\&omega;}}^2}=\frac{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="l"\; filenames="HDA0000031314320000042.png,HDA0000031314320000051.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">l</figure-callout>}}^2}{\mathrm{\&omega;}}=\frac{{\mathrm{\&lambda;}}^2\left({2m}_l^2\right)}{\mathrm{\&omega;}}$

Suppose

Expectation need reach m _{In advance}Accuracy requirement, then the order

Thereby obtain

Attention: be observed necessary observation the first time when monitoring because of considering that each back is inferior, so the result of calculation of this formula is not advanced for a house, the result who obtains just in time is exactly unnecessary repetition measurement number of times.If ω just in time then subtracts 1 for integer

If make m _{In advance}=m _l, promptly estimate the middle error equivalence when error in the displacement will reach with direct span, then ω=2 λ ²

2. if characteristic edge initial value error can ignore the time, then m _{Δ l}=m _lSo, ω=λ ²

(card is finished)

Must be pointed out, know error m in the expection of repetition measurement number of times ω and displacement by (19) formula _{In advance}Be inversely proportional to, yet, m _{In advance}Expectability is too not little, for example can make

Even bigger, should weigh according to factors such as the quality requirements of concrete engineering, funds, resources, as long as displacement accuracy can satisfy the construction quality requirement, too high accuracy requirement is not only useless, and is a kind of waste.

<beneficial effect >

According to the requirement of Daya Gulf neutrino experiment station tunnel construction engineering design sheets, 5 methods are adopted in the monitoring of the country rock convergent deformation of this engineering, like Fig. 5; Monitoring point numbering is respectively 1,2,3,4,5, gets into the tunnel for 3#, wherein 1,2 two on Liang Dongbi; 3, No. 4 points are apart from the about 6.1m in ground; Two arch springing places in the tunnel, No. 5 points are at Dong Ding, apart from the about 7.6m in ground.Therefore, 3,4,5 three observation belongs to work high above the ground, need monitor with special method, and these specific process considered there are following several kinds at that time:

(1) adopt two lifters, an observer is sent into high-altitude section point hook through a lifter, another section point that another observer who holds convergence gauge is sent into the high-altitude through another lifter hangs up convergence gauge, carries out direct span then.Adopt this method repeatedly, until all characteristic edge have been observed, required surveyor 1 people, cooperation personnel are more than 4.

(2) set up aerial gallery near before and after section across hole axis; Make survey crew between Liang Dongbi and top, hole, to link up with freely back and forth safely and to observe; Basically as nimble operation on the ground, but will guarantee the firm and safety of gallery, this method is expensive excessive.

(3) adopt the method for triangulation, but the difficulty that is difficult to overcome arranged:

When adopting triangulateration, as if fixed prism on the section monitoring point, then distance accuracy is had relatively high expectations, and what bring simultaneously is newly to purchase high distance-measuring equipment; If on the section monitoring point, use reflection diaphragm, then distance accuracy possibly be difficult to satisfy the demand.

Though simple measurement of angle can guarantee plane precision; But still need set up the fixed observer pier for the measurement of higher degree, yet triangulation method need be set up a high precision baseline at the bottom of the hole at tunnel bottom; The two ends of baseline need two firm monumented stations; Generally speaking, cannot say for sure to demonstrate,prove and be not destroyed during the point of fixity in the tunnel of construction, set up or observation pier are being monitored and deformation takes place, and wherein any one is clashed into very little the moving of generation; The convergence monitoring will be had a strong impact on even led to the failure, so this method is generally inadvisable.

(4) buy automatic, semi-automatic set of equipments and software, but cost an arm and a leg, and had little time training, this engineering is infeasible.And, the electronics convergence gauge only is provided on the engineering project book, and other deformation monitoring facility information is not provided.

More than these schemes through demonstration, all be not suitable for this engineer operation.Consider to set up the scheme that gears to actual circumstances at last, i.e. the present invention has just created under very difficult condition.This is a kind of method of Cheap highly effective; This method is suitable basically with the precision of direct span method, yet but greatly reduces construction costs, has saved manpower, material resources and financial resources; The more important thing is that having realized uprising idle job is Ground Operation, uprise the dangerous non-hazardous ground safety work that is.

And the present invention is to be monitoring target with the point, can realize the displacement monitoring of a point, and can only monitor the relative horizontal shift between two points unlike direct span method that kind.If use the present invention need monitor the relative horizontal shift between two points, then can use this single-point horizontal displacement addition of 2 to get final product.

The present invention has also recommended a kind of simple characteristic edge composing method; Make monitoring safe ready and invest little; Except that convergence gauge; The main utility appliance that needs to increase only is some common finer wires (seizing wire is also claimed finer wire here) and an expansion link, and total value is no more than 500 yuans, and can realize 1 people's independently working basically.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 carries out the synoptic diagram of method of equal effects convergence gauge monitoring on tunnel cross-section, using the convergence gauge steel ruler fully.

Fig. 2 carries out the synoptic diagram of method of equal effects convergence gauge monitoring on tunnel cross-section, using fixed length steel wire and special hook and a bit of convergence gauge steel ruler.There are two little rings at the two ends of fixed length steel wire: a ring is used to connect the below ring of special hook, and another ring is used to hang the steel ruler hook of convergence gauge.The fixed length steel wire is one section very little finer wire of retractility under the specified pulling force of convergence gauge.

Fig. 3 is special hook synoptic diagram, and it is made up of main hook, auxiliary hook and below ring.

Fig. 4 is equivalent triangle synoptic diagram.L among the figure ₀, h ₀And s ₀Be respectively equivalent leg-of-mutton characteristic edge initial value, straight vertical arm of angle initial value and straight horizontal arm of angle initial value, generally use back the observed reading on l representation feature limit, do not mark among the l figure.

Fig. 5 is 5 rules lattice sectional schematic diagrams of tunnel surrounding convergent deformation monitoring.

Fig. 6 is the horizontal shift synoptic diagram.Wherein occupy in 2 o'clock and 3 o'clock minutees on two hole walls, be the initial position of monitoring point, 2 ' and 3 ' be these 2 positions after being subjected to displacement, 2 are also used as basic point simultaneously.L and s are respectively the equivalent leg-of-mutton characteristic edge and the straight horizontal arm of angle after displacement takes place, and x is the horizontal shift of 3 generations, and d is the horizontal shift of 2 basic point generations just.

Fig. 7 is the horizontal shift synoptic diagram of band tiltangle.Among the meaning of its element and Fig. 6 with the same meaning of element.

Fig. 8 is selectable a kind of qualified finer wire type, and retractility is very little.

Fig. 9 is the finer wire type that can not select, because of retractility bigger.

Figure 10 is a 1+575 section country rock convergent deformation monitoring result curve map for tunnel construction engineering 3# master tunnel, Daya Gulf neutrino experiment station pile No.,

Wherein:

[1 and 2 relative horizontal shift figure] are the results who obtains with the direct span method of convergence gauge;

[5 straight displacement diagrams of hole roof pendant] is the result who uses the present invention's monitoring;

[3 horizontal shift figure] and [4 horizontal shift figure] is respectively the horizontal shift figure of two arch springings, is the result who uses the present invention's monitoring.

Embodiment

Embodiment: large-scale construction tunnel geology country rock convergent deformation monitoring

The present invention can use two kinds of methods that characteristic edge is carried out span to large-scale construction tunnel geology country rock convergent deformation monitoring: the one, use the convergence gauge steel ruler fully; The 2nd, only use sub-fraction convergence gauge steel ruler; Other part is used fixed length steel wire and special hook; Because the present invention only is concerned about back the monitoring of characteristic edge and the difference DELTA l of initial value in observation process, so it is enough so that obtain accurate observed reading reading from convergence gauge to use a bit of convergence gauge steel ruler.

One. characteristic edge is used convergence gauge steel ruler (not recommending) fully

Except that the length of convergence gauge itself, the length of characteristic edge is used the convergence gauge steel ruler fully.

Hold in the palm on the ring of monitoring point, high-altitude with an expansion link or other utility appliance hook the convergence gauge steel ruler; Because people holds expansion link high convergence gauge steel ruler hook is sent in the process in high-altitude, another person carefully firmly extracts one section one section ground of steel ruler from convergence gauge outward, and the cooperation that facts have proved two people is a problem and is difficult to coordination very much; If in an unguarded moment; Steel ruler will come off and damage, even can damage convergence gauge, and the hook of convergence gauge steel ruler is very little; The hit rate of hook is too low in the high-altitude, does not therefore recommend this method.

Also can convergence gauge steel ruler hook be suspended to earlier on the below ring of special hook, with expansion link special hook be suspended on the ring of monitoring point then, but should manage in the process that special hook act is high, to guarantee that convergence gauge steel ruler hook can not fall.

Two. characteristic edge is used fixed length steel wire and special hook and part convergence gauge steel ruler (recommendation)

Except that the length of convergence gauge itself, the length of characteristic edge is made up of fixed length steel wire, special hook and sub-fraction convergence gauge steel ruler.

As long as monitoring accuracy is satisfied in the making of fixed length steel wire and special hook, below this embodiment just provide a kind of proposed projects, and through facts have proved that the result is feasible.Yet user of the present invention can bring into play the imagination of oneself fully, adopts better replacement scheme.

(1) method of operating general introduction

Fixed length steel wire and special hook shown in Figure 3 are articulated; The thing of a fixing garment-like stay hook withstands auxiliary hook the main hook of special hook is prepended on the ring of monitoring point, high-altitude on the top of expansion link then; Then the hook of convergence gauge steel ruler being suspended to the fixed length steel wire hangs down on the ring of the end that comes; Hook with convergence gauge is suspended on the basic point again, can carry out the span operation.Facts have proved, effective, reached its intended purposes.This method can realize 1 people's operation basically.

(2) foundation of even basic point

If the stability of basic point is unknown, then need set up even basic point, and the relative horizontal shift of even intercardinal must try to achieve through direct span method, so that eliminate the error that produces owing to the basic point horizontal shift from other monitored point.If it is stable can concluding basic point, then can not set up even basic point, two basic points at this moment being set up can be different high.

Basic point is generally set up lowlyer; Apart from being advisable below the low 1m in hole; Beat as far as possible to build in and the people can be stood at the bottom of the hole just can be as the criterion by the handled easily convergence gauge, also will consider its stability and secure persistent property simultaneously, and guarantee difficult be not intended to break by construction machinery get final product.Basic point is low more stable more apart from the bottom, hole.

(3) selection of fixed length steel wire, making and temperature correction coefficient determination

For the selection and the making of fixed length steel wire, and the selecting for use etc. of the making of special hook, expansion link, the user is if there is better method directly to use.Below recommend a kind of feasible selection and production program to supply user's reference.

(a) finer wire selects for use

Should first-selected diameter be the indium steel wire of 2.0mm or 1.5mm, but this tinsel be expensive, current market price for the former every meter about 200 yuan, every meter of the latter is about 50 yuan.So, should be in the consideration of compromising aspect cost and the accuracy requirement, select cheap as far as possible retractility very little can satisfy accuracy requirement again the tinsel of reduction of expenditure replace best.The investigation and the test of the several market of process hard ware store find the common finer wire of accord with expectation purpose to replace the indium steel wire finally.The price of this common finer wire is 1 yuan every meter, has practiced thrift funds, has satisfied accuracy requirement again, and can receive equal technique effect.

What the fixed length steel wire at first will be considered is temperature variant telescopic rate, and the sensitivity that influenced by pulling force, and whether this can draw available conclusion through experiment.Can know that through the experiment contrast select the sort of outsourcing type finer wire as shown in Figure 8 for use, diameter is 3mm～5mm; Do not select the sort of finer wire of obviously turning round volume that has as shown in Figure 9 for use.

(b) making of fixed length steel wire, effect and qualification

1. the making of fixed length steel wire

Operation for ease with a kind of section of specification, is used same fixed length steel wire as far as possible.This will carry out the length of each monitoring point, high-altitude of grass examination to basic point with cord earlier according to the height in concrete tunnel; Perhaps adopt graphical method to estimate; Weigh then and approximate unified fixed length steel wire length; After promptly being suspended to an end of fixed length steel wire on each high ignore respectively, the people can easily get at the lower end of finer wire and guarantee the convergence gauge steel ruler under non-work high above the ground condition use amount is not less than 1m and is as the criterion.

The two ends of fixed length steel wire are the vesica piscises that utilizes two of steel wire to hold, and cooperate electric welding or metal glue to tighten up with holding screw, can not have any looseningly in the future, and can bear certain pulling force, and the specified pulling force of basic health GK-1610 convergence gauge is 7 kilograms.Also can pass through solder technology, two small circle rings that diameter is 2cm in the welding of the two ends of fixed length steel wire.

During monitoring, the nervous convergence gauge steel ruler of rotation convergence gauge handle is behind specified pulling force, at this moment

The characteristic length of side=convergence gauge reading+fixed length steel wire length+special hook is long

2. the effect of fixed length steel wire

During work high above the ground, it is neural that the fixed length steel wire is equivalent to a conduction, and it can be delivered to its another lower end through steel wire with the displacement information of high-altitude convergence point, makes the people can just can obtain the convergent deformation information of high ignore on the ground easily.

3. the qualification of fixed length steel wire

Under the nonevent condition of displacement, through the repeatedly observation of convergence gauge to the fixed length steel wire, error should be stabilized in some numerical value in its weight unit, for example ± 0.3mm, such finer wire can be selected to use, and as shown in Figure 8 is the sort of; Otherwise can not select to use, as shown in Figure 9 is the sort of.

(c) how accurately to measure the length of fixed length steel wire

Select one section fixed length distance on the spot, corridor inside corridor for example, as long as its length is longer and can make convergence gauge steel ruler use amount be no less than 1m than fixed length steel wire.That 2 of this regular length will be provided with is firm, can be used for hanging up fixed length steel wire and convergence gauge hook.

For example; In the support of the reinforcing bar window at two ends, hanging up two length earlier is the self-control reinforcing bar hook about 0.1m in the corridor of a corridor, and the end with the fixed length steel wire is suspended on one of them homemade hook then; The other end hangs up the chi hook of convergence gauge; Convergence gauge is suspended on another homemade hook, and convergence gauge reading x is read in the observation of beginning convergence gauge ₁(preferably reading three times averages).Then, the fixed length steel wire is taken off, convergence gauge steel ruler hook is directly hung on this hook, read reading x from convergence gauge ₂, x then ₂With x ₁Difference be exactly the length of fixed length steel wire under specified pulling force.Its error can reach ± 1.0mm.Can average as end product several times by repetition measurement.At this moment, the length of fixed length steel wire is that the contact point of linking up with from two ends is counted.

The convergence gauge model of using is different, and its specified pulling force maybe be different, and the length of the fixed length steel wire that therefore records possibly have difference slightly, but this can not influence the monitoring accuracy in the real work because use remain same fixed length steel wire and same convergence gauge.

Only need obtain the Δ l of characteristic edge during because of monitoring, not need to know separately the length of fixed length steel wire, one of fundamental purpose of measuring the fixed length steel wire length is in order to measure the temperature correction coefficient of fixed length steel wire.

(d) mensuration of fixed length wire temperature correction factor and length correction

1. the mensuration of fixed length wire temperature correction factor

At the same observation field of measuring the fixed length steel wire length; Under the time period of three obvious different temperatures, its length is observed; And writing down the temperature in its when observation, the temperature of these three times must be that the temperature difference is bigger each other, can observe obvious variation rate difference like this.

In temperature is T ₀The time to record a segment length be R ₀, if temperature influence not, then when temperature was T, the length that records still should be R ₀, but owing to temperature influence makes this segment length produce error DR, therefore recording its result is not R ₀But R.When revising its temperature correction DR to R, should still equal R ₀, promptly satisfy relational expression

R+DR＝R ₀

If

DR＝R ₀K(T-T ₀)

Wherein: K is the temperature correction coefficient;

Then

R＝-R ₀K(T-T ₀)+R ₀

$K=-\frac{R-R_0}{R_0(T-T_0)}$

Make Δ R=R-R ₀, Δ T=T-T ₀, then

$K=-\frac{\mathrm{\&Delta;R}}{R_0\mathrm{\&Delta;T}}$

Every observation once can be obtained a K value, and the mean value of getting a plurality of K is as end product.For example

$K=-\frac{35.47-36.12}{5.28612*1000*(19.5-13.5)}=0.00002049$

Dividing subunit is mm.

2. the temperature correction of convergence gauge steel ruler and fixed length steel wire

The temperature correction of convergence gauge steel ruler is calculated and is corrected by temperature correction coefficient and the formula that producer provides; The temperature correction of fixed length steel wire is corrected with fixed length wire temperature correction factor, and its coefficient needs to measure voluntarily with said method according to the steel wire type of using.

(4) specification of the making of special hook and expansion link is selected

1. the making of special hook

As shown in Figure 3, the making of special hook will have skill, when propping up auxiliary hook with expansion link when drag in the high-altitude, should guarantee that main hook is little to facing upward, and could guarantee like this main hook is suspended on the ring of high ignore smoothly, and hit rate is higher.This will be in the design balance of mastering the dynamics during special hook, and takes the weight of fixed length steel wire into account.

With white paint or reflectorised paint on the special hook surfaces coated so that in the bad tunnel of light, can be clear that it under the operating condition.

The specification of special hook is suitable conveniently to be used for, and its size is generally grasped at length 0.11m, width 0.08m, uses one section diameter to form and get final product as steel wire, the use hand vice system of holding of 2mm～4mm, and also can entrust factory process.

2. the specification of expansion link is selected

Generally selecting the light high-intensity expansion link for use, is to be unlikely to behind the height played pendulum by centre-of gravity shift and hit rate when having reduced hook for expansion link is lifted.But the very useful common aluminium alloy expansion link in high hole below 8 meters high also can, feel basic feasible solution in actual use, but effort relatively.

The diameter of expansion link is advisable about low side 30mm, is advisable about the 10mm of top.

Expansion link also can use the fishing rod of lighter weight to replace, but price is higher, and generally should keep clean between joint and the joint, can not have the grains of sand, dust and other impurities to get into, otherwise causes flexible inconvenience when using.

(5) how too high tunnel solves monitoring problem

The height of common expansion link is 6m～9m, if the cavern is too high, for example surpasses 8m; Then can increase the permanent length steel wire of different length according to the height of each monitoring point; It is hung over earlier on the monitoring point, high-altitude, after this section wire peg gets on, between observation, no longer take off; Just be suspended on the there at ordinary times, up to the deformation monitoring end-of-job always.Apart from the height at the bottom of the hole, the length of the permanent length steel wire of each point does not influence construction with its lower end is advisable according to each point, and this just needs to understand the daily maximum height that uses of construction equipment in the tunnel.The low side of this section steel wire is a ring, is used to hang the main hook of special hook.The length of the employed permanent length steel wire in each monitoring point possibly be different, but must keep effective use length of convergence gauge steel ruler to be not less than 1m.For example, a monitoring point apart from the hole at the bottom of 15m, the daily maximum activity height of construction machinery is approximately 7m, it is about 8m that then permanent length steel wire can be made into length, the fixed length steel wire can be made into 5m long about.If monitoring and construction non-interference also can only be used permanent length steel wire, and not use the fixed length steel wire.

(6) 5 rules lattice section parent maps of tunnel surrounding convergent deformation monitoring

Country rock convergent deformation on particular tunnel section is to accomplish through measuring some specified points of arranging on this section.For example, 5 methods of tunnel surrounding convergent deformation monitoring are exactly an instance, and Fig. 5 is exactly 5 method sectional schematic diagrams.1 and 23 and 4 is the symmetrical contour point that is positioned at two arch springing places in order to be positioned at the symmetrical contour point on the two hole walls, and 5 is the summit, hole.

For the large tunnel that needs work high above the ground, if 1 and 2 are lower, the people just stands at the bottom of the hole the direct span of operation either converges meter easily, and then these 2 directly as even basic point.Otherwise, should set up two new basic points apart from the position below the tunnel bottom 1m on the section, can be different high if new basic point is stable.

Can obtain two perpendicular displacements by two basic points, the two ought to equate, but because the existence of measuring error, when the absolute value of difference of the two is no more than certain limit value, got average as end product.Two symmetries can be got by this horizontal shift addition of 2 with high relative horizontal shift of putting.

Numeral in the small circle among Fig. 5 is conveniently to observe the job order number of regulation for real work, and the user also can stipulate to be fit to own method in proper order.

(7) on the monitoring point, set up ring

The ring gauge lattice that use the monitoring point on the section are decided to be the circle of diameter 3cm～5cm, and also can adopt major semi-axis is that 3cm～5cm, minor semi-axis are the ellipse greater than major semi-axis 2/3, and the diameter of its ring of point of more past eminence should be slightly larger.The opening direction of hole apical ring is parallel with section, the opening direction and the cross section perpendicular of hole wall ring.For example, the ring opening direction on the two vertical hole walls is vertically downward, and the opening direction of hole apical ring is parallel with hole axis.The other end of ring is squeezed into the degree of depth of rock should be firmly being as the criterion, and general dark is about 0.2m.Specifically can be with reference to the method for introducing in the basic health GK-1610 convergence gauge service manual.Be also noted that should not depart from section as far as possible too big in the foundation of each monitoring point on the section, this departure degree suggestion is advisable with interior at 0.3m.

(8) produce report instance

Figure 10 is 1+575 section country rock convergent deformation monitoring curve figure for tunnel construction engineering 3# master tunnel, Daya Gulf neutrino experiment station pile No..Its section 5 methods of employing standard of layouting, 1,2 two is even basic point, and 3,4 two is two the arch springing points in tunnel, and 5 is the Zheng Dong summit.

Can find out that from image curve this section was followed the trail of 38 days from monitoring from the first time continuously, monitored altogether 9 times, did not find country rock convergent deformation offset phenomena, explained that this section is in steady state (SS) in this period.Relevant observation information and data processing of information are following:

The apparent survey time of initial value: 15 o'clock on the 21st Dec in 2009

Temperature	L 12Punching	L 12Dial gauge	L 15Punching	L 15Dial gauge	H 15Vertical edges	L 25Punching	L 25Dial gauge
								24	7.75	29.46	1.0	47.04	6.422	0.95	37.24

Continuous table

H 25Vertical edges	L 14Punching	L 14Dial gauge	H 14Vertical edges	L 23Punching	L 23Dial gauge	H 23Vertical edges
							6.422	2.2	48.05	4.612	2.1	36.82	4.458

Wherein:

L _IjExpression basic point i is to the characteristic edge of monitoring point j, H _IjExpression basic point i is to the straight vertical arm of angle of monitoring point j;

" punching " expression convergence gauge steel ruler punching reading, " dial gauge " expression dial gauge reading, " vertical edges " expression straight vertical arm of angle length;

1,2 two is even basic point, tries to achieve relative shift with direct span method;

Dial gauge reading unit is mm, and the long measure of other amount is m, and temperature unit is ℃.

The fixed length steel wire is long to be 6.3852m, and special hook is long to be 0.107m, and can calculate each characteristic edge initial length according to the initial value table and be:

L 12	L 15	L 25	L 14	L 23
					7.77946	7.53924	7.47944	8.74025	8.62902

Annotate: convergence gauge reading=punching reading+dial gauge reading/1000

Back time monitoring observed reading and displacement reckoner

Observation time	Temperature	L 12Dial gauge	L 15Dial gauge	L 25Dial gauge	L 14Dial gauge	L 23Dial gauge
							15 o'clock on the 22nd Dec in 2009	24	29.62	46.53	37.26	47.82	36.46
08 o'clock on the 23rd Dec in 2009	24	28.93	46.64	37.11	47.48	36.13
							08 o'clock on the 28th Dec in 2009	25	29.52	46.61	37.65	48.18	36.74
09 o'clock on the 28th Dec in 2009	25	29.45	47.16	37.60	48.10	36.72
							2010 01 month 15 o'clock on the 05th	24	29.63	47.22	37.60	48.26	36.68

[0252]

2010 01 month 16 o'clock on the 07th	24	29.50	47.07	38.34	48.19	37.12
							2010 01 month 15 o'clock on the 08th	23.5	29.54	46.85	37.78	47.82	36.62
2010 01 month 15 o'clock on the 12nd	24	29.52	47.12	38.30	48.41	36.62
							2010 01 month 15 o'clock on the 27th	24	29.35	47.20	38.08	47.91	36.40

Continuous table

?L 12Horizontal shift	5 perpendicular displacements	3 horizontal shifts	4 horizontal shifts
				-0.16	0.34	0.50	0.35
0.53	0.15	0.54	0.41
				-0.15	0.05	0.14	-0.11
-0.08	-0.27	0.13	-0.05
				-0.17	-0.26	0.25	-0.16
-0.04	-0.65	-0.33	-0.14
				-0.03	-0.19	0.27	0.30
-0.06	-0.65	0.26	-0.39
				0.11	-0.62	0.44	0.11

Annotate: the unit of displacement is mm.

Perpendicular displacement is calculated with (12) formula, and horizontal shift is calculated with (1) formula.If tiltangle=0 °, with the displacement of (5) formula calculated level, the result is identical with the result of calculation of (1) formula; If perpendicular displacement is calculated with (5) formula and (6) formula in tiltangle=89.9999 °, the result is identical with the result of calculation of (12) formula.

(a) temperature effect to characteristic edge corrects

Can think correction to back time observed reading, so, displacement=initial value-back sub-value-temperature modified value.

1. steel ruler temperature correction coefficient, producer is provided as 11.6 * 10 by convergence gauge ^-6

Temperature modified value=initial value * 1000 * steel ruler temperature correction coefficient * (back time temperature-first temperature) (mm)

Idol basic point characteristic edge is used the convergence gauge steel ruler fully, and the corrected value when temperature differs 1 ° is: 7.77946 * 1000 * 11.6 * 10 ^-6* 1 °=0.09 (mm).

2. the temperature correction coefficient of fixed length steel wire is through being determined as 20.5 * 10 ^-6, but do not carry out this correction in the displacement reckoner, because of only influencing individual data, and the error that causes thus is no more than 0.2mm, do not influence desired precision.

(b) accuracy assessment

Error does in the characteristic edge of this section

Error does in the straight vertical arm of angle

Error is m in the span of characteristic edge _lSo=± 0.3mm is m _d=± 0.21mm,

Because the λ=λ of this section _h≈ λ _s=1.2, thus when not considering characteristic edge initial value error ω=λ ²≈ 1.Therefore, repetition measurement the time has all been carried out 1 time in back time monitoring, and promptly each back time equal Continuous Observation of monitoring is averaged for 2 times as the last displacement of this monitoring.

3, the middle error such as the following table of three kinds of different situations of 4,5:

The monitoring period	Characteristic edge	Middle error	Do not consider m l0And m h0The time middle error	Middle error when basic point is stablized
					3	L 23	0.53 (2)	0.53 (3)	0.49 (4)
4	L 14	0.54 (2)	0.54 (3)	0.49 (4)
					5	L 15	0.52 (13)	0.51 (14)	0.49 (15)
5	L 25	0.51 (13)	0.50 (14)	0.49 (15)

Annotate: the formula of error institute foundation during middle error lower right corner round bracket and numeral are calculated.The unit of middle error is mm.Visible from last table; Error

is insensitive to the influence of displacement in error in the characteristic edge initial length

and the straight vertical arm of angle length, and back error in measurement of characteristic edge is only main error.

For 3,4 these two arch springing points, should beat the intersection θ angle of building arch arc and hole wall in and be 0 place, but, will produce certain error effect horizontal shift if will put the position beats and build deflection in and encircle arc one side.For example, will put the position and beat and build deflection arch arc place in and make the pitch angle reach 2 °, can think m at this moment _θ=± 2 °, suppose that maximum horizontal displacement is 20mm, and basic point is stable, then calculate and can know that error will reach ± 0.42mm in the horizontal shift that causes thus through (10) formula.Therefore,, when setting up these two points, should be based upon a position on the arch springing vertical hole wall slightly more on the lower side as far as possible, beat and build and encircle arc beyond this point in order to eliminate this error.

As a same reason, 5 on hole top also there is similar situation, for example, position, summit, hole beaten to build near arch arc place makes the pitch angle reach 88 °, can think m this moment _θ=± 2 °, suppose that the maximum perpendicular displacement is 20mm, and basic point is stable, then calculate and can know that error will reach ± 0.43mm in the perpendicular displacement that causes thus through (11) formula.Therefore,, when setting up the summit, hole, should be based upon place, top, positive hole to a position as far as possible, not depart from too big in order to eliminate this error.

Claims (5)

1. method of equal effects convergence gauge deformation monitoring method is a kind of method of passing through the displacement of convergence gauge span monitoring point, it is characterized in that: the horizontal shift or the perpendicular displacement of a point of monitoring;

The point of hanging convergence gauge is called basic point; By a monitoring point and basic point is that the right-angle triangle that hypotenuse constitutes is called equivalent triangle; Its hypotenuse is called characteristic edge, and the two other limit is called the straight vertical arm of angle and the straight horizontal arm of angle respectively, during the convergence monitoring; The characteristic edge variable quantity that observes with convergence gauge is scaled the horizontal shift or the perpendicular displacement of monitoring point through equivalent triangular relationship, and concrete grammar is:

The horizontal shift of monitoring point is used

$\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-h_0^2}-d$

Formula is calculated;

Wherein: l ₀Initial value for characteristic edge; L is a back observed reading of this characteristic edge; h ₀Be the straight vertical arm of angle; D is the horizontal shift of basic point, if having relative horizontal shift between the even basic point, then d gets it partly, and is stable as if basic point, then d=0;

For two basic points observing the relative horizontal shift between the high basic points such as two and set up are called even basic point;

The perpendicular displacement of monitoring point is used

$h_0-\sqrt{l^2-{(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d)}^2}$

Formula is calculated.

2. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that computes is used in the horizontal shift of monitoring point:

$x=\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-h_0^2}-d---\left(1\right)$

Wherein: x is horizontal shift;

To formula (1) demand perfection differential and convert in error equation obtain estimation of error formula in the horizontal shift:

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{s_0^2}\sqrt{{[s_0\mathrm{\&Delta;l}-l_0(x+d)]}^2{m}_{l_0}^2+h_0^2{(x+d)}^2{m}_{h_0}^2+s_0^2{l}_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}^2+s_0^4{m}_d^2}---\left(2\right)$

Wherein:

Δ l can obtain through given horizontal shift x: $\mathrm{\&Delta;\; l}=l_0-\sqrt{h_0^2+{(s_0-d-x)}^2};$

s ₀Be the straight horizontal arm of angle;

Be l ₀Middle error;

Be h ₀Middle error;

m _{Δ l}Be the middle error of Δ l, it is to influence m _xMajor event, work as l ₀When identical, then with the l precision

m _lFor convergence gauge once observe in error, if l ₀Error can ignore the time, m then _{Δ l}=m _l

m _dBe the middle error of d, if basic point is stable, m then _d=0, otherwise the relative horizontal shift of establishing between the even basic point is Δ l, d=Δ l/2 then is when the initial value of characteristic edge between the even basic point is identical with back time observed reading precision, then

If and can reach the degree of ignoring to the influence of horizontal shift x, then

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{s_0}\sqrt{l_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}^2+s_0^2{m}_d^2}---\left(3\right)$

If basic point is stable, then

m _x＝λ _sm _Δl (4)

Wherein: λ _s=l ₀/ s ₀

3. method according to claim 2, following method is used in the horizontal shift that it is characterized in that monitoring the point of band tiltangle:

In some cases, some position possibly be along in its vertical plane from the horizontal by the actual direction displacement of certain tiltangle (0≤θ≤90 °), at this moment in order to obtain horizontal shift component x, then can carry out as follows:

$x=\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-h^2}-d,$ h＝h ₀-y、y＝x?tanθ、h＝h ₀-x?tanθ

The various relation equation that gets x and θ angle does more than comprehensive

$x=\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-\sqrt{l^2-{[h_0-x\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}]}^2}-d$

Wherein: y is the perpendicular displacement component;

Solve an equation

$x=\frac{(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-\sqrt{(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})l^2-{[(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d)\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}-h_0]}^2}}{1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(5\right)$

Try to achieve after the x, can also obtain actual displacement amount x ', promptly

$x^{\&prime;}=\frac{x}{\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(6\right)$

And error m in the θ angle _θThe middle error that causes horizontal shift is estimated with following formula:

$m_x=|h_0-\frac{(l_0^2-S^{\&prime;2})\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}+S^{\&prime;}{h}_0}{(S^{\&prime;}+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-x(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})}-2x\tan \mathrm{\&theta;}|m_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(7\right)$

Wherein:

m _θUnit be radian;

Dominant term to the horizontal shift influence is m _{Δ l}And m _d, estimate that thus error can be used computes in the horizontal shift

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{(S^{\&prime;}+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})x}\sqrt{l_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}^2+S^{\&prime;2}{m}_d^2}---\left(8\right)$

If basic point is stable, then

$m_x=\frac{l_0}{(S^{\&prime;}+h_0\tan \mathrm{\&theta;})-(1+{\tan }^2\mathrm{\&theta;})x}{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}---\left(9\right)$

In (7) formula, make θ=0 °

$m_x=\left|\frac{{\mathrm{xh}}_0}{S^{\&prime;}-x}\right|m_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(10\right)$

Here it is when two arch springings are set up the monitoring point, to the estimator that influences of horizontal shift, can x be calculated with the maximal value substitution of estimating during estimation when setting up to such an extent that cause having the pitch angle error to produce near arch arc part like the fruit dot position;

In addition, by (5) formula and (6) Shi Kede

$x^{\&prime;}=\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{S}^{\&prime;}+h_0\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-\sqrt{l^2-{(S^{\&prime;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{h}_0)}^2}$

θ differentiated

${\mathrm{dx}}^{\&prime;}=[-\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}{S}^{\&prime;}+h_0\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}+\frac{(S^{\&prime;}\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{h}_0)(S^{\&prime;}\mathrm{con\&theta;}+\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}{h}_0)}{\cos \mathrm{\&theta;}{S}^{\&prime;}+h_0\sin \mathrm{\&theta;}-x^{\&prime;}}]\mathrm{d\&theta;}$

With getting with θ=90 a ° substitution in the coefficient

${\mathrm{dx}}^{\&prime;}=\frac{x^{\&prime;}{S}^{\&prime;}}{h_0-x^{\&prime;}}\mathrm{d\&theta;}$

The error formula gets in converting into

$m_{x^{\&prime;}}=\left|\frac{x^{\&prime;}{S}^{\&prime;}}{h_0-x^{\&prime;}}\right|m_{\mathrm{\&theta;}}---\left(11\right)$

Here it is when Zheng Dongding sets up the monitoring point; As the fruit dot position set up deflection arch arc part and when causing having the pitch angle error to produce to the estimator that influences of perpendicular displacement; Can the maximal value substitution that x ' usefulness is estimated be calculated during estimation; For formula (10) and formula (11), error bigger influence to displacement in pitch angle is bigger and the bigger error effect to self of displacement is also big more.

4. method according to claim 3 is characterized in that:

(1) indirect method is asked perpendicular displacement

If provide very little positive number ε=0.0001 °; Make a θ left side near 90 °; Even θ=(90-ε) °, let tan θ not only exist but also can guarantee computational accuracy, (5) formula can become one of computing method of perpendicular displacement x ' with (6) formula like this; Promptly earlier calculate x, use (6) formula to calculate x ' again with (5) formula;

(2) direct method is asked perpendicular displacement

The perpendicular displacement of monitoring point is calculated formula and can be tried to achieve with following method:

For formula (5), when θ=90 °, will reach a ultimate limit state, the actual displacement amount x ' of this moment will become perpendicular displacement, and the tan in this up-to-date style will not exist for 90 °, and horizontal shift x has reached ultimate value 0, so indefinite pattern occurs

Because the limit of x ' exists, so

Formula (5) substitution following formula abbreviation put in order

$x^{\&prime;}=h_0-\sqrt{l^2-{(\sqrt{l_0^2-h_0^2}-d)}^2}---\left(12\right)$

And the middle error of perpendicular displacement is estimated with following formula:

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{h_0{s}_0}\sqrt{{(s_0\mathrm{\&Delta;l}-l_{0}d)}^2{m}_{l_0}^2+{(s_0{x}^{\&prime;}-h_{0}d)}^2{m}_{h_0}^2+s_0^2{l}_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}^2+s_0^4{m}_d^2}---\left(13\right)$

Wherein Δ l can obtain through given perpendicular displacement x ': $\mathrm{\&Delta;\; l}=l_0-\sqrt{{(h_0-x^{\&prime;})}^2+{(s_0-d)}^2}$

When if

and

can reach the degree of ignoring to the influence of horizontal shift x, then

$m_x=\&PlusMinus;\frac{1}{h_0}\sqrt{l_0^2{m}_{\mathrm{\&Delta;l}}^2+s_0^2{m}_d^2}---\left(14\right)$

If basic point is stable, then

m _x＝λ _hm _Δl (15)

Wherein: λ _h=l ₀/ h ₀

5. method according to claim 4 is characterized in that: in order to improve monitoring accuracy, can carry out unnecessary repetition measurement, its repetition measurement number of times ω confirms with following method:

Suppose that the displacement of a point representes with x, then usually can become by approximate representation

x＝λΔl (16)

Wherein λ is the figure conditional coefficient, according to different patterns condition λ=λ then _hOr λ _s, λ can be transformed to real standard displacement or perpendicular displacement approx with the variation delta l of the characteristic edge that observes through convergence gauge, and the repetition measurement number of times when considering characteristic edge initial value error does

ω＝2λ ² (17)

If when not considering characteristic edge initial value error do not do

ω＝λ ² (18)。

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