CN101980409A - 一种光伏并网逆变器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明一种光伏并网逆变器，涉及应用有控制极的半导体器件的不可逆的直流功率输入变换为交流功率输出的以及用于与电源的供电系统一起使用的设备，由光伏阵列模块、四个同样的开关管、两个同样的二极管、四个相同的电容器、一个电感和电网组成，其拓扑确保对电网不产生直流分量，而且不产生共模电流，同时该逆变器具有输出电流纹波小和较高的效率，克服了现有的全桥逆变器和其他类型无变压器型光伏逆变器在电网中会产生直流分量、产生共模电流或/和产生较大的电流纹波的缺点，较之半桥逆变器，本发明一种光伏并网逆变器的差模电压和电流纹波降低了一半。
Description
技术领域
本发明的技术方案涉及应用有控制极的半导体器件的不可逆的直流功率输入变换为交流功率输出的以及用于与电源的供电系统一起使用的设备，具体地说是一种光伏并网逆变器。
背景技术
太阳能的光伏发电技术正逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。在2008年，光伏发电系统全球总的装机容量达到5.56GW，其中，西班牙、德国、意大利、美国、韩国和日本所占的份额超过96％，较之2007年增长了50％。截止2008年底，光伏发电系统总的装机容量已经达到了13.4GW。光伏并网系统在2008年大约占总的装机容量的99％。
光伏并网发电系统主要由光伏阵列模块、逆变器、交流滤波器和电网组成。逆变器是连接光伏阵列模块和电网的关键部件，用以实现控制光伏阵列模块运行于最大功率点和向电网注入正弦电流。目前有三种基本的光伏并网逆变器：工频变压器型光伏逆变器、高频变压器型光伏逆变器和无变压器型光伏逆变器。较之前两种类型，无变压器型光伏逆变器不仅成本降低，体积和重量较小，其效率可提高1-2％。因而，这种类型的光伏并网逆变器在低功率(小于5kW)的场合下越来越受到人们的重视。
然而，由于没有变压器隔离，光伏阵列模块和电网之间存在电气连接，除了导致安全问题外，还可能产生如下两个问题：其一，逆变器输入到电网中的电流可能含有较大的直流分量(即直流注入)，导致电网中的分布变压器工作点偏移，可能引起变压器饱和；其二，如果逆变器具有可变的共模电压，在光伏阵列模块和地之间会产生共模电流(即漏电流)，共模电流可能产生严重的传导型或辐射型电磁干扰，致使电网电流产生畸变，并增加了系统的额外损耗。
目前，对于以上无变压器型光伏逆变器存在的问题的解决方法是：(1)采用接地故障检测装置可以满足安全需求；(2)通常，电网电流通过控制(如PI调节)来消除直流分量。然而，由于检测控制环节所用的器件具有直流偏移问题，导致电网中会有直流分量的存在，为了减小由于器件偏移造成的直流分量就必须使用低偏移量的器件，造成硬件的成本增加。因而，光伏并网逆变器应该选择不存在直流分量问题的逆变拓扑。(3)对于无变压器型光伏并网逆变系统，必须采用不产生可变共模电压的逆变器结构。
论文“Transformerless inverter for single-phase photovoltaic systems”(IEEETransactions on Power Electronics，2007，22(2)：693-697)指出：双极性脉宽调制全桥逆变器用于光伏并网不产生可变的共模电压，然而双极性PWM方式将产生较大的电流纹波，增加了开关损耗，降低了逆变器的效率；同样，双极性脉宽调制全桥逆变器将在电网中产生直流分量。
EP 1369985A2公开了一种全桥逆变器的改进形式，该逆变器具有6个开关管，减小了输出电流的纹波，提高了效率，但电网直流注入的问题并没解决。
EP 1626494A2公开了一种全桥逆变器的改进形式，该逆变器具有5个开关管，减小了输出电流的纹波，提高了效率，但电网直流注入的问题并没解决。
论文“Multilevel converters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaicsystems-an overview”(IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics，Pertoria，South Africa，1998.)指出：采用二极管箝位式三电平逆变器可以不产生共模电流，并且可提高效率，降低纹波，但是这种结构具有直流注入问题。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是：提供一种光伏并网逆变器，其拓扑确保对电网不产生直流分量，而且不产生共模电流，同时该逆变器具有输出电流纹波小和较高的效率，克服了现有的全桥逆变器和其他类型无变压器型光伏逆变器在电网中会产生直流分量、产生共模电流或/和产生较大的电流纹波的缺点。
本发明解决该技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种光伏并网逆变器，由光伏阵列模块、四个同样的开关管、两个同样的二极管、四个相同的电容器、一个电感和电网组成；光伏阵列模块1的极性15上正下负，电容器2和电容器3串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点21，电容器2和电容器3串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点22，电容器4和电容器5串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点23，电容器4和电容器5串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点24，开关管6和开关管7串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点25，开关管6和开关管7串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点26，开关管8和二极管11串联形成支路17，开关管9和二极管10串联形成支路16，支路16与支路17并联后一端连接于电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20，另一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12另一端与电网13的一端连接于节点27，电网13的另一端分两路，其中一路连接于电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19，另一路与地线14连接于节点28。
上述一种光伏并网逆变器，其中所有开关管均为绝缘栅双极型晶体管IRG4PSC71UD，所有二极管均为快恢复二极管HFA25TB60，所用电容器的电容值为300uF，所用电感的电感值为1.5mH，所用光伏阵列模块的型号为165(36)P/G1573*824的太阳电池板串并联组成，其输出电压介于700伏到1100伏之间，电网电压220V，电网频率50Hz，额定功率5kW，开关频率20kHz。
上述一种光伏并网逆变器，其中所涉及到的光伏阵列模块、开关管、二极管、电容器、电感和电网都是公知的，所有元器件都可以通过商购等公知途径获得；其中所有元器件的连接也都是普通的线路连接方法。
本发明的有益效果是：
A.本发明一种光伏并网逆变器突出的实质性特点是：
①开关管8和二极管11串联形成的支路17保证电流的单方向性，开关管9和二极管10串联形成的支路16保证电流的单方向性，支路16和支路17保证电流在电网13不同阶段电流的方向性。
②电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19与电网13的一端连接于节点28，并与地线14连接，使得：在电网13电压的正半周期，开关管6导通时，电网13电流流经电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19；在电网13电压的负半周期，开关管7导通时，电网13电流流经电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19。
③电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20先通过支路16或支路17后，再通过电感12与电网13的另一端连接，使得：在电网13电压的正半周期，开关管8导通时，电网13电流流经电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20；在电网13电压的负半周期，开关管9导通时，电网13电流流经电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20。
④由①、②和③，电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19与电网13的一端连接于节点28，并与地线14连接，电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20先通过支路16或支路17后，再通过电感12与电网13的另一端连接，这样使得电网13的直流分量(即直流注入)为零。
⑤节点19位于电容器4和电容器5的中点，节点20位于电容器2和电容器3的中点，节点18位于开关管6和开关管7的中点，在续流阶段节点18通过开关管8和二极管11或者通过开关管9和二极管10与节点20连接，因而在电网13电压正半周，开关管9和开关管7保持关断，开关管6导通时，共模电压为Vin/2，差模电压为Vin/2，开关管6关断，开关管8导通时，共模电压为Vin/2，差模电压为0；在电网13电压负半周，开关管8和开关管6保持关断，开关管7导通时，共模电压为Vin/2，差模电压为-Vin/2，开关管7关断，开关管9导通时，共模电压为Vin/2，差模电压为0。因而，本发明一种光伏并网逆变器共模电压恒定，从而共模电流为零；差模电压在电网13电压正半周期时在0，Vin/2之间调制，差模电压在电网13电压负半周期时在-Vin/2，0之间调制，较之整个周期在-Vin/2，Vin/2调制的逆变器(如半桥逆变器等)差模电压减小。
⑥由⑤，由于差模电压小，输出到电网的电流纹波减小。
⑦由⑤，开关管的开关电压小，因此开关损耗小，逆变器的效率高。
B.本发明一种光伏并网三电平逆变器突出的显著进步是：
综合上述特点，本发明一种光伏并网逆变器不产生共模电流，而且其拓扑确保对电网不产生直流分量；同时该逆变器具有输出电流纹波小，差模电压小和较高的效率，特别适合于无变压器型单相光伏并网系统。较之半桥逆变器，本发明逆变器的差模电压和电流纹波降低了一半。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进一步说明。
图1是本发明一种光伏并网逆变器结构示意图。
图2是本发明一种光伏并网逆变器的相关波形示意图。
图3a是本发明一种光伏并网逆变器开关管7和开关管9保持关断，开关管6导通时的示意图。
图3b是本发明一种光伏并网逆变器开关管7和开关管9保持关断，开关管8导通时的示意图。
图3c是本发明一种光伏并网逆变器开关管8和开关管6保持关断，开关管7导通时的示意图。
图3d是本发明一种光伏并网逆变器开关管8和开关管6保持关断，开关管9导通时的示意图。
图中，1.光伏阵列模块，2.电容器，3.电容器，4.电容器，5.电容器，6.开关管，7.开关管，8.开关管，9.开关管，10.二极管，11.二极管，12.电感，13.电网，14.地线，15.光伏阵列模块的极性上正下负，16.单向导通支路，17.单向导通支路，18～28.均为节点。
具体实施方式
图1所示实施例表明本发明一种光伏并网三电平逆变器的电路的连接关系是：光伏阵列模块1的极性15上正下负，电容器2和电容器3串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点21，电容器2和电容器3串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点22，电容器4和电容器5串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点23，电容器4和电容器5串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点24，开关管6和开关管7串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点25，开关管6和开关管7串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点26，开关管8和二极管11串联形成支路17，开关管9和二极管10串联形成支路16，支路16与支路17并联后一端连接于电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20，另一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12另一端与电网13的一端连接于节点27，电网13的另一端分两路，其中一路连接于电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19，另一路与地线14连接于节点28。
图2所示实施例表明用本发明一种光伏并网逆变器的开关管的开关序列以及与电网电压和电流的关系是：在电网13电压的正半周期，开关管7和开关管9保持关断，开关管8和开关管6交替开关；在电网13电压的负半周期，开关管8和开关管6保持关断，而开关管7和开关管9交替开关。通过开关调制输出正弦电流，输出电流频率与电网13频率一致，输出电压与电网13电压一致。
图3a所示实施例表明在电网电压正半周，当开关管7和开关管9保持关断，开关管6导通时，电流流经开关管6，电感12电流增加。
图3b所示实施例表明在电网电压正半周，当开关管6关断，开关管8导通时，电感12电流经开关管8和二极管11续流，电感(12)电流减小。
图3c所示实施例表明在电网电压负半周期，当开关管8和开关管6保持关断，开关管7导通时，电流流经开关管7，电感12电流增加。
图3d所示实施例表明在电网电压的负半周期，当开关管7关断，开关管9导通时，电感12电流经开关管9和二极管10续流，电感12电流减小。
实施例
由光伏阵列模块、四个同样的开关管、两个同样的二极管、四个相同的电容器、一个电感和电网组成本实施例的一种光伏并网逆变器。
本实施例的一种光伏并网逆变器所用的元器件包括：1.光伏阵列模块、2.电容器、3.电容器、4.电容器、5.电容器、6.开关管、7.开关管、8.开关管、9.开关管、10.二极管、11.二极管、12.电感、13.电网和地线14。所有开关管均为绝缘栅双极型晶体管IRG4PSC71UD，所有二极管均为快恢复二极管HFA25TB60，所用电容器的电容值为300uF，所用电感的电感值为1.5mH，所用光伏阵列模块的型号为165(36)P/G1573*824的太阳电池板串并联组成，其输出电压可介于700伏到1100伏之间，电网电压220V，电网频率50Hz，额定功率5kW，开关频率20kHz。
上述元器件用导线按图1所示方式连接构成本发明的光伏并网逆变器：
电容器2和电容器3串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点21，电容器2和电容器3串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点22，电容器4和电容器5串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点23，电容器4和电容器5串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点24，开关管6和开关管7串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点25，开关管6和开关管7串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点26，开关管8和二极管11串联形成支路17，开关管9和二极管10串联形成支路16，支路16与支路17并联后一端连接于电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20，另一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12另一端与电网13的一端连接于节点27，电网13的另一端分两路，其中一路连接于电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19，另一路与地线14连接于节点28。
上述实施例中，所涉及到的光伏阵列模块、开关管、二极管、电容器、电感和电网都是公知的，所有元器件都可以通过商购等公知途径获得；其中所有元器件的连接也都是普通的线路连接方法。
Claims (2)
1.一种光伏并网逆变器，其特征在于：由光伏阵列模块、四个同样的开关管、两个同样的二极管、四个相同的电容器、一个电感和电网组成；光伏阵列模块1的极性15上正下负，电容器2和电容器3串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点21，电容器2和电容器3串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点22，电容器4和电容器5串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点23，电容器4和电容器5串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点24，开关管6和开关管7串联后正极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的正极节点25，开关管6和开关管7串联后负极连接于光伏阵列模块1的输出端的负极节点26，开关管8和二极管11串联形成支路17，开关管9和二极管10串联形成支路16，支路16与支路17并联后一端连接于电容器2和电容器3的中点节点20，另一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12一端连接于开关管6和开关管7的中点节点18，电感12另一端与电网13的一端连接于节点27，电网13的另一端分两路，其中一路连接于电容器4和电容器5的中点节点19，另一路与地线14连接于节点28。
2.根据权利要求1一种光伏并网逆变器，其特征在于：其中所有开关管均为绝缘栅双极型晶体管IRG4PSC71UD，所有二极管均为快恢复二极管HFA25TB60，所用电容器的电容值为300uF，所用电感的电感值为1.5mH，所用光伏阵列模块的型号为165(36)P/G1573*824的太阳电池板串并联组成，其输出电压介于700伏到1100伏之间，电网电压220V，电网频率50Hz，额定功率5kW，开关频率20kHz。
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