CN101896700A - 用于诊断颗粒过滤器的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于诊断颗粒过滤器的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101896700A
CN101896700A CN2008801204418A CN200880120441A CN101896700A CN 101896700 A CN101896700 A CN 101896700A CN 2008801204418 A CN2008801204418 A CN 2008801204418A CN 200880120441 A CN200880120441 A CN 200880120441A CN 101896700 A CN101896700 A CN 101896700A
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张宏
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/42Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof
    • B01D46/44Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof controlling filtration
    • B01D46/448Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof controlling filtration by temperature measuring
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    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F01N3/0253Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
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    • F01N9/00Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2273/00Operation of filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D2273/18Testing of filters, filter elements, sealings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2550/00Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/04Filtering activity of particulate filters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F01N2560/023Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting HC
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2570/00Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
    • F01N2570/10Carbon or carbon oxides
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/03Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于诊断设置在内燃机的排气管路上的颗粒过滤器的方法,包括如下步骤:进行至少一次燃料喷射;测量排气管路中的以废气流动方向为基准位于颗粒过滤器之后的HC排放量;根据所测得的HC排放量来诊断颗粒过滤器的缺陷。本发明还涉及一种相应的装置。

Description

用于诊断颗粒过滤器的方法和装置
本发明涉及用于诊断设置在内燃机的排气管路(Abgasstrang)中的颗粒过滤器的方法和装置。在汽车废气后处理系统领域,颗粒过滤器用于从废气中过滤出颗粒,如碳黑颗粒。这种颗粒过滤器例如用在汽车柴油内燃机或汽油内燃机中。在此希望能够监视颗粒过滤器的功能,以便必要时在过滤器出现缺陷时能采取相应的对策。这种颗粒过滤器的功能在目前特别是通过差压传感器来监视,差压传感器测量颗粒过滤器之前和之后的差压。就这种差压测量而言,如果针对过滤器的功能确定了临界值,则通常要对颗粒过滤器进行再生。但这种基于差压的诊断并不能就颗粒过滤器的效率提供明确的判定。特别是过滤器的某些缺陷,如过滤器上的孔眼,采用这种差压测量并不能可靠地识别出来。因此,例如加利福尼亚州空气资源局(CARB)要求改进用于测量的颗粒传感器和监视颗粒过滤器的功能。但这种传感器复杂,因而成本高昂。
基于前述现有技术,本发明的目的在于,提出开头部分所述类型的方法和装置,借此能采用简单的方式可靠地诊断颗粒过滤器。
该目的通过独立权利要求1和7的主题得以实现。本发明的有利设计见从属权利要求以及说明书和附图。
就用于诊断设置在内燃机排气管路上的颗粒过滤器的方法而言,本发明通过如下步骤来实现所述目的:进行至少一次燃料喷射;测量排气管路中的以废气流动方向为基准位于颗粒过滤器之后的HC排放量;根据所测得的HC排放量来诊断颗粒过滤器的缺陷。
根据本发明,所述目的还通过一种用于诊断设置在内燃机排气管路上的颗粒过滤器的装置得以实现,该装置包括:燃料喷射机构;在排气管路上以废气流动方向为基准设置在颗粒过滤器之后的HC传感器;和诊断机构,利用该诊断机构能根据在燃料喷射机构喷射燃料时由HC传感器所测得的HC排放量来诊断颗粒过滤器的缺陷。
本发明基于如下构思:使用一种碳氢化合物传感器(HC传感器),用于监视汽车的颗粒过滤器的效率,特别是用于识别该颗粒过滤器的缺陷。在这里利用了如下知识:燃料喷射提供了排气管路中的碳氢化合物(HC)的排放量。为了测量由所进行的燃料喷射引起的那部分碳氢化合物排放量,在排气管路上于颗粒过滤器之后设有碳氢化合物传感器。这种HC传感器对本领域技术人员来说本身是公知的。可用于本发明的HC传感器例如在DE 19757112A1中有所记载。这种传感器通常基于碳氢化合物引起的绝缘体上的导电能力变化来工作。碳氢化合物含量和碳氢化合物浓度于是可以采用电技术来测量,例如利用适当的电阻测量。例如已知有二氧化锆传感器。同样已知有用于测量碳氢化合物的电解的测量方法。
根据本发明,利用如下事实:当颗粒过滤器有缺陷时,例如过滤器中有孔眼时,在进行燃料喷射的情况下,颗粒过滤器后面的HC排放量明显增加,因为过滤器不再像以前那样将碳氢化合物完全氧化。因此,基于在进行燃料喷射情况下以废气流动方向为基准在过滤器后面的HC排放量非同寻常地增加,可以求得过滤器的效率,并推断出过滤器有缺陷。相反,只要在燃料喷射情况下利用HC传感器测得的碳氢化合物值具有正常的较小的大小,就不会诊断出缺陷。
与现有技术相反,采用本发明的方法或本发明的装置,在闭合的颗粒过滤器系统中恰恰能可靠地识别出缺陷,如小孔眼。
在诊断时,本发明的方法可以定期地重复。内燃机可以是柴油内燃机。但内燃机也可以是汽油内燃机。颗粒过滤器在此特别是碳黑颗粒过滤器。燃料喷射例如可以由内燃机的控制机构(ECU)来控制。诊断机构可以集成到控制机构中。
用于诊断的燃料喷射例如可以在内燃机的膨胀阶段或者在推出阶段进行。在这里,也可以进行多次喷射。所述喷射系指不会引起燃烧或者引起效率很差的燃烧的喷射。
燃料喷射例如可以在内部机动地(innermotorisch)进行,即特别是利用气缸喷射阀进行。但只要在排气管路上设有相应的喷射机构、特别是喷射阀,就也可以采用特别简单的方式直接在排气管路中进行喷射。这种设计的优点是,能够独立于内燃机的相应的运行状态(Fahrzustand)进行喷射。此外,由于在排气管路中进行喷射,所以决不会对电机的特性产生影响。
燃料喷射可以是后喷射。这种喷射由于在燃烧过程中喷射位置靠后而称为后喷射。在此,例如在膨胀情况下在电机的燃烧节拍期间喷射燃料。因为这种喷射在物理上引起比较差的效率,所以废气温度由此而上升。
一种特别优选的设计规定,在颗粒过滤器的再生阶段进行诊断。在再生阶段,过滤器的温度上升至约650℃。由此可以实现烧尽被过滤器滤出的、集聚在过滤器中的颗粒。在这里,温度上升通常由相应的燃料喷射例如后喷射在内部机动地或者在排气管路中引起。因为对于定期地进行的再生阶段而言本来就要进行燃料喷射,所以这种喷射也可以采用特别简单的方式用于诊断过滤器。
另一种设计规定,如果测得的HC排放量超过了事先规定的极限值,就诊断出颗粒过滤器的缺陷。因而根据这种设计,对所测得的HC值与极限值进行比较。为此,诊断机构可以具有相应的比较机构。在超过极限值时,就诊断出过滤器的缺陷。极限值是事先确定的。在这里,可以针对不同的诊断参数存储不同的极限值,然后分别根据在诊断时存在的运行参数考虑这些极限值用于比较。因此针对在颗粒过滤器顺畅地工作时的不同的运行参数,总是希望得到颗粒过滤器之后的一定的HC排放量。因为废气中的所希望的HC排放量取决于诊断时的喷射量、过滤器温度和废气流量,所以特别是可以根据喷射的燃料量和/或颗粒过滤器的温度和/或废气流量来规定过滤器之后的HC排放量阈值,超过该阈值就输出过滤器缺陷。
根据另一种设计,极限值大约可以为在法律上针对HC排放量规定的排放量极限值的1.5倍。针对汽车排放碳氢化合物,在法律上规定了不允许超过的极限值。实际上已表明,将极限值规定为HC排放量极限值的1.5倍是有意义的。
本发明的装置特别是被构造用于实施本发明的方法。
下面对照附图详细介绍本发明的实施例。该唯一的附图示意性地示出本发明的装置。
在该图中示意性地示出内燃机1。所示的实施例是柴油内燃机1。从内燃机1引出排气管路2,汽车的废气按照未详细示出的方式在该排气管路的端部3处排出,如在排气管路2的端部3处的箭头所示,该箭头表示废气的流动方向。在排气管路2上设有颗粒过滤器4。该颗粒过滤器对来自内燃机1产生的废气和氧化的碳氢化合物的颗粒、特别是碳黑颗粒进行过滤。
在排气管路2上还设有HC传感器5。利用该HC传感器能检测出在经由排气管路2排出的废气中碳氢化合物的含量。这种传感器5对于本领域技术人员来说本身是公知的,故对此不予以详述。利用诊断机构8能根据废气中的所测得的HC含量确定出相应的HC浓度。HC传感器5以废气流动方向为基准设置在颗粒过滤器4之后。从内燃机1中排出的废气因而首先流过颗粒过滤器4,接下来流过HC传感器5,然后在排气管路2的端部3处从汽车中排出。
排气管路2还配设有燃料喷射机构6。如图中用连接线7示意性地示出,利用燃料喷射机构6能将燃料喷入到排气管路2中。燃料喷射机构6为此具有至少一个喷射阀。
图中还示出了诊断机构8,其在所示实例中配属于未详细示出的内燃机控制机构(ECU)。诊断机构8通过线路9与内燃机1和喷射机构6连接。利用诊断机构8,能够通过线路9来控制喷射机构6,用于将燃料喷入到排气管路2中。这例如可以根据内燃机1的运行状态来进行,诊断机构8也可以通过线路9读出内燃机1的运行状态。诊断机构8通过另一线路10与HC传感器5连接。通过该线路10,诊断机构8可以控制用于测量废气中的碳氢化合物含量的HC传感器5,并能读出传感器5的相应的测量结果。不言而喻,诊断机构8可以通过图中未示出的另一电线路与颗粒过滤器4连接。
在工作中,诊断机构8使得燃料喷射机构6将燃料喷入到排气管路2中。这例如可以在内燃机1的滑行运行(Schubbetrieb)中进行。燃料喷入到排气管路2中会导致废气温度升高。这种升高又导致颗粒过滤器4的温度升高,用于烧尽从废气中过滤出来的、集聚在过滤器4中的颗粒,使得过滤器4获得再生。同时,在所示实施例中,由诊断机构8引起的燃料喷射用于诊断颗粒过滤器4。为此,诊断机构8通过线路10控制HC传感器5,该传感器用于测量废气中的由所进行的燃料喷射引起的那部分碳氢化合物含量。传感器5相应地将用于颗粒过滤器4后面的HC排放量的测量信号输出至诊断机构8。
在诊断时,诊断机构8根据喷射的燃料量、过滤器4的温度和废气流量来选择事先规定的HC极限排放量。诊断机构8然后对传感器5输出的测量值与HC极限值进行比较。如果所测得的碳氢化合物含量超过了碳氢化合物含量极限值,诊断机构8就输出颗粒过滤器4的缺陷。这种缺陷例如可以被通报给汽车驾驶员,或者可以在下一次车间检查(Werkstattbesuch)时显示出来。于是可以相应地维修或更换颗粒过滤器4。本发明的方法定期地重复。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于诊断设置在内燃机(1)的排气管路(2)上的颗粒过滤器(4)的方法,包括如下步骤:
-进行至少一次燃料喷射;
-测量排气管路(2)中的以废气流动方向为基准位于颗粒过滤器(4)之后的HC排放量;和
-根据所测得的HC排放量来诊断颗粒过滤器(4)的缺陷。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,将燃料喷射到排气管路(2)中。
3.如权利要求1或2中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,燃料喷射是后喷射。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在颗粒过滤器(4)的再生阶段进行诊断。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,如果测得的HC排放量超过了事先规定的极限值,就诊断出颗粒过滤器(4)的缺陷。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,根据喷射的燃料量和/或颗粒过滤器(4)的温度和/或废气流量来规定极限值。
7.一种用于诊断设置在内燃机(1)的排气管路(2)上的颗粒过滤器(4)的装置,包括:
-燃料喷射机构(6);
-在排气管路(2)上以废气流动方向为基准设置在颗粒过滤器(4)之后的HC传感器(5);和
-诊断机构(8),利用该诊断机构能根据在燃料喷射机构(6)喷射燃料时由HC传感器(5)所测得的HC排放量来诊断颗粒过滤器(4)的缺陷。
8.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于,利用燃料喷射机构(6)能将燃料喷射到排气管路(2)中。
9.如权利要求7或8中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,利用燃料喷射机构(6)能进行后喷射。
10.如权利要求7至9中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,能在颗粒过滤器(4)的再生阶段进行诊断。
11.如权利要求7至10中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,如果测得的HC排放量超过了事先规定的极限值,利用诊断机构(8)就能诊断出颗粒过滤器(4)的缺陷。
12.如权利要求11所述的装置,其特征在于,根据喷射的燃料量和/或颗粒过滤器(4)的温度和/或废气流量,利用诊断机构(8)能规定极限值。
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