CN101809377B - 用于光能的集中、聚集和照明的紧凑光学装置 - Google Patents

用于光能的集中、聚集和照明的紧凑光学装置 Download PDF

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CN101809377B
CN101809377B CN2008801057847A CN200880105784A CN101809377B CN 101809377 B CN101809377 B CN 101809377B CN 2008801057847 A CN2008801057847 A CN 2008801057847A CN 200880105784 A CN200880105784 A CN 200880105784A CN 101809377 B CN101809377 B CN 101809377B
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CN101809377A (zh
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S·戈施
D·S·斯科尔兹
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Banyan Energy Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/12Light guides
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/30Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/79Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with spaced and opposed interacting reflective surfaces
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0543Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0023Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed between the light guide and the light source, or around the light source
    • G02B6/0028Light guide, e.g. taper
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0045Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
    • G02B6/0046Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide
    • G02B6/0048Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide with stepwise taper
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44Heat exchange systems
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52PV systems with concentrators
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S385/00Optical waveguides
    • Y10S385/90Solar collector or transmitter

Abstract

一种太阳能集中器,有用于收集输入光的集中器元件;有多个递增台阶的改变方向部件,用于接收光且用于改变光的方向;以及包括多个递增部分的波导,这些递增部分能实现光的收集并把光集中到接收器上。其他的系统是用光源代替接收器,这样的系统的光学装置,能够提供照明。

Description

用于光能的集中、聚集和照明的紧凑光学装置
交叉参考相关申请
本申请要求2008年9月9日提交的美国专利申请No.12/207,346的优先权,后者要求2007年9月10日提交的美国专利申请No.11/852,854的优先权,引用其全文,并合于此。 
技术领域
本发明针对用于产生电能、热能和辐射能的太阳能集中器。更具体说,本发明针对一种太阳能集中器,该太阳能集中器使用折射与反射的组合和/或改变方向的光学装置,以便对来自多个集中器系统的太阳光进行集中和聚集。其他的应用包含使用紧凑的光学装置来发光和照明。 
背景技术
太阳能收集器已经为太阳光的收集和集中而研发了很长时间。增加周围太阳光的能量密度,能更有效的转换到有用的能量形式。已经研发了大批的几何结构和系统,但这类系统平庸的性能和高昂的成本不允许广泛使用。为了获得合适的性能和可制造性,需要对太阳能收集器加以改进。 
发明内容
集中器系统包含一些光学元件的组合,这些光学元件包括诸如折射和/或反射部件等的集中元件,折射和/或反射元件把太阳光方向改变为进入光波导,该光波导由许多台阶状反射表面构成,以便有效地聚集和集中进接收器单元(热的和/或光电的)以及其他常规能量转换系统。反射表面的几何结构连同光波导纵横比的控制能实现简便的处理,太阳光的收集和集中对各种商业应用最好是到邻接的区域上,这些商业应用包含太阳能电池装置、光管应用、热交换器、燃料生产系统、光谱分离器、以及其他供各种各样光学应用的光的二 次处理。 
本发明的这些和其他目的、优点和应用,及其操作的组织和方式,将从下面结合附图的详细描述中变得明白。 
附图说明
图1画出一般地按照本发明实施例构成的太阳能集中器; 
图2画出光波导一个实施例的断面视图,该光波导已在图1示意画出; 
图3画出光波导的直线型实施例的另一个断面视图,该光波导已在图1示意画出; 
图4画出光波导的旋转型实施例的另一个断面视图,该光波导已在图1示意画出; 
图5A画出波导的反射元件的第一边缘的形状;图5B画出波导的反射元件的第二边缘形状;图5C画出作为台阶状波导一部分的用于改变光方向的第一分离元件;图5D画出作为台阶状波导一部分的用于改变光方向的第二分离元件;图5E画出有多个与台阶状波导耦合的光管的系统;而图5F画出有嵌入式改变方向部件的波导; 
图6画出与波导耦合的弯曲的集中元件和弯曲的反射器; 
图7画出与波导耦合的弯曲的集中元件和两个平面的反射器; 
图8A画出与波导耦合的封闭的光学元件;而图8B画出图8A的光学元件与波导接合处部分的放大视图; 
图9A画出另一个与波导耦合的封闭的光学元件;而图9B画出图9A的光学元件与波导接合处部分的放大视图; 
图10A画出另一个与波导耦合的封闭的光学元件;而图10B画出图10A的光学元件与波导接合处部分的放大视图; 
图11A画出再一个与波导耦合的封闭的光学元件;而图11B画出图11A的光学元件与波导接合处部分的放大视图; 
图12画出对图2和6-11的光学系统的光线追迹结果; 
图13画出太阳能集中器或照明器实施例的另一个代表; 
图14画出常规系统的折射集中器部件; 
图15画出用于另一种常规系统的反射集中器部件; 
图16画出有主和副反射光学装置的卡西格林(Cassegrainian)集中器; 
图17对类似于图13的系统,画出光透射对接收角的关系; 
图18画出波导以反射器部件终止的实施例,该反射器部件使光的方向改变为朝向基座表面; 
图19画出图18的一种变化,这里集中器围绕对称轴被镜面化; 
图20画出图13实施例的一种形式,它有相对集中器倾斜的波导和改变方向元件; 
图21画出集中器和/或改变方向元件有变化的尺寸的实施例; 
图22画出使用光源代替接收器的光漫射的实施例; 
图23画出图4实施例的不同的变化,以实现横跨两根轴上的光集中; 
图24画出实现横跨两根轴上的光集中的又一个实施例; 
图25画出本发明太阳能集中器的不同的实施例; 
图26画出本发明太阳能集中器的又一个实施例; 
图27画出本发明太阳能集中器的再一个实施例。 
具体实施方式
按照本发明优选实施例构成的太阳能集中器系统以图1中的10示意性表示。该太阳能集中器系统10包括光学集中元件12,它可以是任何常规光学集中器,诸如物镜、菲涅尔透镜、和/或反射表面元件,诸如抛物面或复合形状的反射器。该光学集中元件12对输入光14起作用,以把光14集中到小的焦点区域16。在该优选实施例中,小的焦点区域16被安排在反射的或改变方向的元件18或其他常规光学改变方向的元件之内,该种常规光学改变方向的元件导致全内反射。改变方向元件18使被集中的光20的方向改变为进入波导22。波导22构造成使沿波导22传播的光20,按照斯涅尔(Snell)定律发生内反射,其中,当光20入射到波导22表面24的角度大于临界角 
Figure GPA00001043229000031
时,出现全内反射: 
Figure GPA00001043229000041
这里 
Figure GPA00001043229000042
η波导=波导材料折射率 
η包层=包层折射率或在环境/波导界面上的折射率。 
接收器26被安排在波导22的一端并接收光20,以便处理成有用的能量或其他光学应用。 
图13画出具有这个机构细节的系统10的优选形式。画出了N多个集中元件12和改变方向的元件18。每一集中元件12以半角θ1接收来自区域A的输入光14,并以半角θ2把光14集中到更小的区域B,使集中比=A/B。每一改变方向的元件18从关联的集中元件12之一接收被集中的光,把光旋转一些角度 
Figure GPA00001043229000043
再把光插进波导22的一段中,保持由区域B和半角θ2定义的集中度。波导22是多个段,这些段有高度B的递增台阶,彼此分开长度A。波导22的每一段从关联的改变方向元件18之一接收光,使波导22作为一个整体对来自多个集中元件14和改变方向元件18的光进行聚集,并使光14沿其长度传播,以供接收器23收集。波导22不改变传送给它的集中度,因此,波导22的纵横比 
=波导的高度/波导的长度 
=N×B/N×A 
=B/A 
=1/(每一元件中的集中比) 
对太阳能集中器(以及其他装置,诸如照明器),紧凑性有巨大的实际利益。除别的利益外,还有:较少材料的使用;消除了必然难以密封的光学装置与接收器23之间大的空气隙;装置体积不那么庞大,以便于更廉价的货运和安装;与昂贵且冒险的习惯制造方法相反,可以利用传统的平坦模件的制造方法。 
波导22的紧凑性极限由接收器23限定。因此,波导22只能如同它向之传送光的接收器23一样紧凑。对大多数集中器,集中器12 的紧凑性显著大于接收器23的宽度。然而,因为该装置是由多个段构成波导22的,每个段的高度由传送给该段的已被集中的光的区域限定,所以,被聚集的波导22具有的高度等于接收器23宽度。换句话说,波导22已处在紧凑性的极限上。 
因此,有鉴于本发明的结构,集中器系统10所实现的光的集中是纵横比A/B的函数,从而导致极其紧凑的集中器系统10。该装置能够从相对宽的区域聚集光,并把光集中到相对小的有邻接的区域的接收器,同时保持极其紧凑。这样通过缩减需要的材料体积而简化生产,允许多个单元从单一模具制成并降低组装的复杂性。 
图12画出在图2和6-11中所示的设计上完成的光线追迹的结果。每个设计表现出按由比值A/B所示的线性尺度的利用其集中光能力的特定性能。该数据是用于具有半角±1度的输入光锥、半角±20度的输出光锥、起始折射率n=1和最终折射率n=1.5的光。按线性尺度,对这些输入参数,理论上可允许的光集中的最大值是30x,而例如图9,实现25x的集中因子。因为按线性尺度的集中因子与纵横比A/B成正比,图9所示设计能够给出250毫米长(A)而只有10毫米厚(B)的集中器;或者是500毫米长(A)而只有20毫米厚(B)的集中器。这代表极其紧凑的集中器系统10,它能够有效地从相对宽的面积上对被集中的光进行聚集,并把光传送到单个接收器。 
集中元件12与改变方向元件18的尺度和数量能够随任何集中器12的入口孔径而改变。例如,能够以一半尺寸(A/2和B/2)的两倍同样数量的元件(2×N)实现图13所示系统10。随着集中元件12和改变方向元件18变得更小又更多,整个集中器12的纵横比接近由1/(集中比)给出的波导22的纵横比。换句话说,对10的集中比,集中器12的纵横比能够是0.1。 
集中器12典型的纵横比在1的数量级。图14画出折射集中器12,它可以是,例如物镜或菲涅尔透镜。物镜的焦距限定高度25。集中比由A/B给出,而纵横比由高度/A给出,该高度/A大于集中比。图15对集中器12的反射形式,画出类似的情形。 
对单个集中元件,已经尝试达到紧凑性的极限。图16画出由主和副反射光学装置构成的卡西格林集中器。由高度/A给出的纵横比是0.25。Winston在2005年的“Planar Concentrators Near the EtendueLimit”中说明了“1/4纵横比的基本紧凑性极限”。在本发明的上下文中,该紧凑性极限适用于这些集中元件12中单独的一个。从许多个集中元件12来聚集光的波导22的使用,能允许系统10的紧凑性降至1/4以下并接近1/(集中比)。 
本发明在光能从输入到传送给接收器23的透射效率方面也有优点。在图13中,θ2受集中元件12控制。θ2也成为光射到波导22表面所形成的角,而90-θ2是相对于波导表面法线所形成的角。如在上面所讨论的,可以设置θ2,使在波导22内实现全内反射,把表面吸收损耗降至零。 
此外,可以把集中元件12和改变方向元件18设计成使用全内反射来处理光14,如在下面专门的实施例所示。还有,能够把集中元件12和改变方向元件18以及波导22设计成在固态介电质内为光14提供邻接的路径。换句话说,从输入区到接收器23的光线不必遇到或者反射涂层或者折射率的变化。反射涂层能够引起~8%的吸收损耗。从折射率1.5的光学材料(塑料或玻璃)到空气的折射率变化,能够导致~4%的菲涅尔反射损耗。因此,就这些损耗机制而言,透射效率能够接近100%。 
这一点与常规的集中器光学装置相反。反射的光学装置每次反射将有8%的损耗。因而对单个光学装置,透射效率将为~92%,而当使用二次反射光学装置时则为~85%。折射光学装置要求折射率至少有一次变化。对单个光学装置,透射效率因而将为~96%,而当使用二次折射光学装置时则为~92%。 
图17画出通过图13所示本发明实施例的透射是输入半角θ1的函数。计算是根据光线追迹软件。该实施例被设计成在±3度的输入角内起作用。效率已经考虑到菲涅尔反射损耗和硬反射损耗。如图所示,装置的效率在θ1=0度上接近100%,在θ1=±3度内维持在100% 附近,然后陡然降落。 
在图2所示集中器系统10的另一个优选形式中,入射光14使用前面说明的元件12被集中或聚焦在第一台阶中。集中的光20被有反射器/波导段28的集中器系统10的关联段进一步处理。每一反射器/波导段28包括反射段32,该反射段32接收被集中的光20,并在有光30的关联波导段28内改变光30的方向,光30沿整个波导22的长度经历全内反射(TIR)。多个反射器/波导段28组成波导22并形成波导结构的台阶状形式。 
图18画出系统10另一个实施例,这里波导22终止在反射器27中,该反射器27使光14的方向改变为朝向波导22的基座表面,这里可以放置接收器23。有利于制造的是,使集中器光学装置平躺在实施为接收器23的常规接收器元件的平面上。 
利用这个结构,集中器12可以围绕对称轴被镜面化,如图19所示,这样使来自两端的两个接收器23形成一个邻接的区域,这里一个单独的接收器23可以被放置。在这种情形下,因为孔径面积加倍但集中器12的厚度不变,紧凑性极限由1/(2×集中比)给出。 
改变方向元件18使光路径旋转角度 
Figure GPA00001043229000071
在图13中, 
Figure GPA00001043229000072
被画成90度。图20画出 
Figure GPA00001043229000073
度。这样做的一个优点是,可允许集中元件12被定位在同一平面,而改变方向元件18也同样在它们自己的平面上,这样对可制造性有帮助。 
集中元件12和改变方向元件18、以及关联的波导22都可以改变尺寸,且图21画出这样的一个例子。这里A1、A2和A3是不同的长度,B1、B2和B3也一样。但是,在每一段中,集中比保持相同的值:A1/B1=A2/B2,如此等等。因而波导22的纵横比仍由下式给出 
=(B1+B2+B3)/(A1+A2+A3) 
=1/(集中比) 
在图22所示另一个实施例中,借助使通过系统10的光沿反方向运行,系统10还可以用作光漫射器。在图22中,光从光源33输入, 该光源33原先是接收器23,输入的光被引导通过波导22,被改变方向元件18把方向改变为落在集中元件12上,该集中元件12把输出光传送到系统10之上。应用包括:照明、背后照明、和其他光漫射装置。应当始终理解,用于光的集中而示出的光学装置,以光源取代“接收器23”,也能用于照明。 
各种反射器/波导段28的断面,为集中器系统10的各种配置,提供基础的结构模块。一个示例性的商业实施例在图3中画出,它有纵横比N×B/N×A,A/B,面积集中因子或正比于A/B的能量密度 
Figure GPA00001043229000081
这里N×A是波导22的长度,而N×B是最大厚度(见图2和3)。在一个最可取的实施例中,厚度N×B由多个递增的台阶高度B构成,这些台阶为来自每一个反射器/波导段32的TIR光提供透明的光通道。 
图4按旋转(或轴)对称几何结构的形式画出集中器系统10的另一个例子,该对称几何结构有集中器系统10′和与波导22的反射器/波导段28关联的集中元件12。集中器系统10′(或系统10)的旋转对称形式,它可以是整个圆的任何部分,能使入射光14实现三维径向会聚,导致 
Figure GPA00001043229000082
集中比与(A/B)2成正比,从而实际上增强收集和集中器效率。在图4的最可取实施例中,与图3的实施例单根轴的跟踪相反,用的是两根轴的太阳跟踪。 
图4画出实现横跨两根轴上集中的一种方式,而图23画出另一种方式。这里,线对称主集中器12,把沿一根轴被集中的光传送到在集中器12一侧的它的接收器23。那里,第二个线对称集中器37被沿垂直轴放置。该副集中器37沿第二根轴使光集中,把光送到最后的接收器23。 
图24画出实现横跨两根轴的集中的第三种方式。这里,示出的集中器12是镜面对称的,如图19所示。线对称主集中器12再一次把沿一根轴被集中的光14传送到集中器12基座上的光的接收器23。那里,第二个线对称主集中器37被沿垂直轴放置。该副集中器37沿第二根轴使光14集中,把该光送到最后的接收器23。 
除了图3和4的直线和旋转的实施例外,集中器系统10′可以相对于入射光14的方向,被安排在波导22之上和/或在波导22之下。在这样的实施例中,一些光14将通过波导22并被集中器系统10′改变方向,返回波导22。系统的这些形式能使光循环,从而如本文说明的,改进端部效率和用于集中的反射系统的利用,这表明,相对于常规折射系统增加了光集中效率。 
在其他的实施例中,为了产生TIR,反射元件18可以在角度上相对于波导22进行调整。反射元件18可以是波导22的集成部分,有各种角度轮廓(见图5A和5B)。元件18也能够是分离元件38和39(见图5C和5D)。此外,反射元件18和关联的波导22,也可以如分别在图5E和5F中所示,采取复杂的光收集器管42和改变光方向部件43的形式。 
上面说明的集中器系统10和10′的形式,与节点区域相反,是向邻接的区域提供被集中的光20,从而允许把被集中的太阳能传送到各种下游接收器26,诸如太阳能电池、供进一步处理的光管、热交换器、副集中器、以及光谱分离器。 
在图6-11B所示又一系列实施例中,能够组合地使用各种光学部件,以进一步和实际上增强集中效率及收集效率二者。在最可取的实施例中的图6画出弯曲的集中元件50,它把光52引导到弯曲的反射器54上,该弯曲的反射器54把光52送进波导22。在另一个最可取的实施例中的图7画出另一种弯曲集中元件56,它引导光52离开有两个平面表面59和60的反射器58,该两个平面表面59和60通过TIR使光52的方向改变为进入波导22。图8A画出部分封闭的光学元件64,它在界面66上改变光52的方向,把光52从弯曲的反射器68反射出去,使光52聚焦到光学元件64的底反射表面72之间的界面70上。在图8B的放大视图中看得最清楚,波导22有与反射表面72匹配的实际上互补的角度。 
图9A中另一个最可取的实施例是与图8A类似的系统,但光学元件65是封闭的并耦合到一个延伸波导74(光管的一种形式),该 延伸波导74收集光52,并把光52发送进波导22(在图9B中看得最清楚)。 
在图10A中,光学元件76是封闭的,输入光52从反射表面77被TIR反射,反射表面77有图10B中最清楚示出的特定角度的断面,该特定角度的断面能借助TIR收集光并借助离开表面80、81和82的反射而与波导22耦合。 
在图11A中,光学元件82与另一个反射器84合作,把光52从两个不同光源82和84引进波导22,从而进一步保证入射到光学元件82的表面86上的全部光的收集。在该实施例中,光学元件82和84起集中元件和反射元件两种作用。 
在图25中,弯曲的集中元件12把光14引导到(改变方向部件18上),该改变方向部件18把光14送进波导22。集中元件12和改变方向部件18被画成相同的实体部分上的两个不同零件,而波导22被画成与第一部分耦合的第二实体部分。在图26中,弯曲的集中元件12把光14引导到两个依次起作用的反射器(改变方向部件18)上,该两个反射器把光14送进波导22。集中元件12、改变方向元件18和波导22,全部画成耦合在一起的分离的实体部分。图27类似于图26,是把光14引进波导22。但是,改变方向部件18和波导22组合成一个结构。 
前面为了演示和描述的目的,已经给出本发明各实施例的说明。不打算穷举或限制本发明于已公开的精确形式,而借助上面的教导,或者,根据本发明实践中的要求,修改和变化是可能的。实施例的选择和描述是为了解释本发明的原理和它的实际应用,以便本领域的熟练人员能按各个实施例,并以各种修改来利用本发明,只要设想的具体用途合适。 

Claims (29)

1.一种太阳能集中器,包括:
相互毗邻安排的多个光学元件,该多个光学元件的每一个包含:
(a)集中器元件,用于收集输入光和改变输入光位置;和
(b)有多个递增台阶的改变方向元件,用于从集中器元件接收光,并且改变光方向;且该太阳能集中器还包含:
有沿长度耦合到改变方向元件的多个递增台阶的几何结构的波导,用于从改变方向元件接收改变了方向的光,该波导使输入光传播,以便由接收器收集,且其中的接收器宽度是波导高度的函数。
2.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该改变方向元件被安排为与集中器元件相对,且该改变方向元件被加工成一定形状,以便从该集中器元件接收光边缘光线,把该光边缘光线位置改变一个垂直的角度。
3.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中改变方向元件的至少一部分包括不连续的表面。
4.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中改变方向元件的至少一部分被实体上不连续地安排为离开集中器元件。
5.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中改变方向元件的至少一部分是与波导分开的。
6.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该波导由递增的台阶状的段构成,台阶高度为被集中的光的高度,该被集中的光是在该段被输入波导的。
7.按照权利要求6的太阳能集中器,其中该台阶高度为在该段输入到波导的光的高度。
8.按照权利要求7的太阳能集中器,其中该台阶高度可以从一组向上的竖直台阶和向下的竖直台阶中选出。
9.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该波导有上水平表面和下水平表面,这些表面是平行的。
10.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该多个光学元件向波导输入光,以提供被聚集的光,而该集中器还包括收集该被聚集的光的接收器。
11.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该集中器元件选自由物镜、菲涅尔透镜、抛物表面和特制形状反射表面构成的组。
12.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该集中器元件被安排在波导之上和波导之下中至少之一上。
13.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中至少一个改变方向元件被放置在波导之上和波导之下中至少之一上。
14.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,还包括光接收器,而其中该波导的一端有反射器,使光方向改变为从波导朝向接收器。
15.按照权利要求14的太阳能集中器,其中该多个光学元件和波导被围绕中央轴镜面化,以形成两个系统,使来自该两个系统的接收器组合形成一个邻接的接收器,并使该太阳能集中器的宽度加倍而保持相同的高度。
16.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该波导包括顶壁和底壁,该两壁平行于太阳能集中器的顶部收集表面。
17.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该波导包括顶壁和底壁,该两壁被安排为与太阳能集中器的顶部收集表面成一定角度。
18.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中集中器元件在该多个集中器元件上有相同的尺寸,而改变方向元件在该多个改变方向元件上有相同的尺寸。
19.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,还包括光接收器,且其中该接收器被光源代替而该太阳能集中器作为光漫射器以反向方式运行。
20.按照权利要求1的太阳能集中器,其中该太阳能集中器是线对称的,并把被集中的光沿一根轴传送到波导的一端,在该点上,沿垂直轴被定位的第二太阳能集中器,从第一集中器收集光并使光沿该垂直轴集中。
21.按照权利要求15的太阳能集中器,其中该太阳能集中器是线对称的,并把被集中的光沿一根轴传送到接收器,在该点处,沿垂直轴被定位的第二太阳能集中器,从第一太阳能集中器收集光并使光沿该垂直轴集中,从而使如此集中的光沿两根轴送至接收器。
22.一种太阳能集中器,包括:
相互毗邻安排的多个光学元件,每一个光学元件包含:
(a)集中器元件,用于收集输入光和改变输入光位置;
(b)有多个递增台阶的改变方向元件,用于接收输入光并改变光方向;且该太阳能集中器还包含:
具有沿长度耦合到改变方向元件的多个递增台阶的几何结构的波导,该波导实体上与集中器元件分开,且该波导用于从改变方向元件部分接收被改变位置的光。
23.按照权利要求22的太阳能集中器,其中改变方向元件的至少一部分被安排成与集中器元件相对,且该改变方向元件的至少一部分被加工成一定形状,以便从集中元件接收该光边缘光线,以使该光边缘光线位置改变第二垂直的角度。
24.按照权利要求22的太阳能集中器,其中该波导由递增的台阶状的段构成,台阶高度为被集中的光的高度,该被集中的光是在输入段输入该波导的。
25.按照权利要求24的太阳能集中器,其中该台阶高度为输入到第二改变方向元件的光的高度。
26.按照权利要求22的太阳能集中器,其中,集中器元件和第一改变方向元件的下表面以及波导的上表面基本上相互平行。
27.按照权利要求22的太阳能集中器,其中该多个光学元件向波导提供被聚集的光,而该集中器还包括收集该被聚集的光的接收器。
28.按照权利要求22的太阳能集中器,其中该集中器元件选自由物镜、菲涅尔透镜、抛物表面和特制形状反射表面构成的组。
29.按照权利要求22的太阳能集中器,还包括:
由多个部分构成的波导,每一部分与对应的一个集中元件关联,每一波导部分还有与接收来自集中元件的输出光关联的台阶零件,而该波导包括基本上彼此平行的顶壁和底壁,由此保持着光的集中,以便传送到接收器。
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US7925129B2 (en) 2011-04-12
CA2698284A1 (en) 2009-03-19
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US20100142891A1 (en) 2010-06-10
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