CN101760215A - Step-by-step quality-improving processing technique and processing system for low-level coal - Google Patents
Step-by-step quality-improving processing technique and processing system for low-level coal Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a step-by-step quality-improving processing technique for low-level coal. The processing technique includes the following steps: (1) the step of drying: raw coal particles are fed into a drying reactor to carry out anoxic hot gas drying under normal pressure, and moisture in the raw coal particles is physically removed; (2) the step of low-temperature dry distillation (thermal decomposition): the dry coal particles which are processed by the step (1) are fed into the dry distillation (thermal decomposition) reactor, anoxic gas is filled under normal pressure to carry out heating and dry distilling, and volatile matters in raw coal overflow in gaseous state through chemical changing. The invention further provides a step-by-step quality-improving processing system for the low-level coal, which comprises the drying reactor and the dry distillation reactor. The dry distillation reactor is arranged at the lower part of the drying reactor. By adopting the step-by-step processing method of drying and low-temperature dry distilling, the invention overcomes the singleness of the domestic quality-improving technology for the low-level coal in the treatment of coal varieties, thereby realizing the diversity of the quality-improving coal varieties.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a quality-improving treatment process for drying dehydration-low-temperature dry distillation of low-rank coal, and also relates to a processing system for drying dehydration-low-temperature dry distillation of low-rank coal.
Background
The low-rank coal comprises sub-bituminous coal such as peat, lignite, long flame coal, gas coal and weak caking coal, and accounts for about 50% of the world coal resource reserves, and similarly, the reserves of the low-rank coal in China are also extremely rich and account for about more than 60% of the coal reserves in China. Mainly distributed in Yunnan, inner Mongolia, northeast and Sichuan provinces. It is characterized by high water content, generally more than 20% (receiving base); the volatile matter is high and is about 30-50% (dry ashless base); the heat value is low and is 2500-4500 kcal/kg.
At present, anthracite and bituminous coal are mainly exploited and utilized in China, and low-rank coal is low in exploitation and utilization level and mainly used as power coal for power plants. Because of its high water content, it is difficult to burn and has low heat efficiency when it is directly burned. With the increasing demand for energy in China and the resource shortage caused by the over-exploitation of anthracite and bituminous coal resources, the development and utilization of low-rank coal become more and more important. Aiming at low-rank coal, the reaction activity is high, spontaneous combustion is easy, and long-distance transportation is not easy; the defects of large water content and low heat value are that the drying and conversion upgrading of low-rank coal is required to be performed.
At present, the traditional processes for converting and upgrading low-rank coal mainly comprise: the method comprises two processes of drying and upgrading and low-temperature dry distillation (pyrolysis) and upgrading.
The principle of the common drying and upgrading process is mainly that moisture in raw coal is rapidly changed into a gaseous form and discharged through physical methods such as temperature rising, pressurization and the like, so that the aim of removing the moisture is fulfilled. The drying and upgrading technology of low-rank coal worldwide has a plurality of technologies, including a fixed bed, a fluidized bed, a rotary kiln, an entrainment system and the like, and each technology has the advantages. The processes involved in German patents DE-PS359440, DE19946517A1, Japanese patent JP9255968A and Chinese patent CN101294765A are non-pressurized evaporation processes, the equipment is simple, the energy consumption is low, the large-scale industrialization is easy, the moisture content of the treated product coal is reduced to be very low, and the heat value is improved. Chinese patent CN96108263A discloses a method for reducing water content in low-rank coal, which needs to perform steam treatment in a closed pressure chamber, and then mechanically presses out water content into steam by squeezing to discharge the steam, so that the product coal can not absorb water again, and the required precision of equipment is high.
It is well known that the drying and upgrading process has the disadvantages that after moisture in coal is removed by a physical method, the pore structure and the chemical structure of the coal are not obviously changed, a treated coal sample is easy to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment and recover to the moisture content before treatment, and the coal dust exposed in the air for a long time is easy to self-ignite. There are two main causes of spontaneous combustion: firstly, after moisture is removed singly, pores on the surface of coal particles are developed, the physical adsorption rate of oxygen on the surface of carbon is accelerated, the oxygen reacts with organic matters in coal, the oxidation reaction is an exothermic reaction, 120000KJ of heat is finally released in each mole of oxygen reaction, and the oxidation rate is doubled when the temperature is increased by 10 ℃, so that the temperature of the carbon is increased, and spontaneous combustion is generated at last; another way to cause spontaneous combustion is to absorb water, and the process of absorbing water vapor in air is an exothermic process, and when water vapor physically adsorbs one mole of water on the surface of dry coal, the water vapor will give off about 20000KJ of heat, so the heat of adsorption accelerates the oxidation rate of coal, and the increase of the oxidation rate will eventually cause spontaneous combustion of coal.
The low-temperature dry distillation upgrading process refers to a process of processing sub-bituminous coal and bituminous coal with low water content into high-quality solid fuel semi-coke in a pyrolysis mode and obtaining fuel gas with a certain heat value and a high value-added liquid product coal tar. The main principle is that the dry distillation (pyrolysis) treatment is carried out on raw coal at a certain temperature, the process is an artificial carbonization process, belongs to chemical change and mainly takes depolymerization reaction and decomposition reaction. The specific process is as follows: the bridge bond between aromatic rings in coal is broken to form free radical; diffusing the small molecular weight free radicals from the coal particles to generate combustible gas with a certain calorific value; the free radicals with larger molecular weight are saturated to generate tar with medium molecular weight and the tar is diffused from the coal particles; at the same time, the substances with large molecular weight are solidified and condensed into high-heat value solid fuel semicoke.
The mature industrial semi-coke production process at present mainly comprises a multi-stage rotary furnace process and an internal heating type gas heat carrier vertical furnace process. Chinese patent CN201053004Y discloses a process technology for dry distillation and quality improvement of subbituminous coal and bituminous coal by using a rotary furnace, which has the advantages of low capacity of treating low-rank coal, high energy consumption, high requirement on factory construction, large occupied area and complex equipment matching system although the process has large coal treatment amount and can realize large-scale production. Chinese patent CN1966612A discloses a process technology for carrying out dry distillation and quality improvement on weakly caking coal by using an internal heating type vertical furnace with gas carriers, the process can only be used for quality improvement processing on bituminous coal with lower water content, the requirement on coal types is high, and the diversification of the treated coal types is difficult to realize; in addition, the process has small coal processing amount in order to ensure the heat transfer efficiency and the gas circulation amount, and is difficult to realize industrial scale expanded production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a step-by-step quality-improving processing technology and a processing system for low-rank coal, which can improve the diversity of coal types.
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a step-by-step upgrading process for low-rank coal, which comprises the following steps:
(1) and (3) drying: sending the raw coal particles into a drying reactor, drying the raw coal particles by using hypoxic hot gas at normal pressure, and physically removing moisture in the raw coal particles;
(2) low-temperature dry distillation (pyrolysis) step: and (2) sending the dry coal particles treated in the step (1) into a dry distillation (pyrolysis) reactor, introducing oxygen-deficient gas under normal pressure for heating and dry distillation, and enabling volatile matters in the raw coal to overflow in a gaseous form through chemical change.
Preferably, the drying conditions in step (1) are controlled to require 10-50 cubic meters of hot gas with an oxygen content of less than 6% (vol) per kilogram of coal, so that the temperature of raw coal particles is controlled to be 150-250 ℃, and the moisture content in the coal is reduced to below 6%.
Preferably, the low-temperature dry distillation conditions in the step (2) are as follows: and (2) introducing oxygen-deficient hot gas with the high-temperature oxygen content lower than 3% (vol) at the flow ratio of 1 kg of coal to 5-50 cubic meters, controlling the temperature of the oxygen-deficient hot gas entering the pyrolysis furnace to be 400-950 ℃, and enabling the temperature to reach 450-680 ℃ after the coal and the hot gas are fully mixed.
The invention provides a low-rank coal distribution upgrading system which comprises: the dry distillation reactor is arranged at the lower part of the drying reactor; wherein,
the drying reactor and the dry distillation reactor respectively comprise: the furnace body is internally provided with a rotatable furnace bottom, the upper part of the furnace body is provided with a coal feeding port and an exhaust outlet, and the bottom of the furnace body is also provided with a hot air inlet.
Preferably, a plow type mechanical stirrer for stirring is further arranged in the furnace body.
The invention relates to a process combining two process technologies of drying quality improvement and low-temperature dry distillation quality improvement of low-rank coal, which has the following characteristics:
1. the drying step with physical change and the dry distillation step with chemical change are separated, so that the pore structure in the coal is changed, moisture is not absorbed from the environment any more, the heat value and the stability of the solid product coal are improved, and the long-distance transportation is facilitated.
2. In the low-temperature dry distillation process, the content of volatile matter overflowing in coal can be adjusted through different dry distillation temperatures, and the yields of high-heating-value product coal and high-added-value liquid fuel can be adjusted according to market demands. The carbonization temperature is increased, so that volatile matters in the coal overflow in a gaseous form as much as possible, and the high-yield liquid fuel with high added value is obtained through condensation; the carbonization temperature is reduced, so that more combustible components are left in the coal, and the yield of high-calorific-value product coal is improved.
3. The purposes of adjusting and controlling the content of water and volatile matters in the product coal according to requirements are achieved by controlling the retention time of the raw material coal in the reactor and the temperature and the gas quantity of the gas heat carrier.
4. The method overcomes the singleness of the domestic low-rank coal upgrading technology to the treatment of coal types by a drying and low-temperature carbonization step-by-step treatment mode, and realizes the diversity of the upgraded coal types. The process technology is not only suitable for upgrading lignite with high water content, but also suitable for upgrading subbituminous coal and bituminous coal with weak caking property.
5. The calorific value of the solid product coal produced by the method can be increased to 5500-7000 kcal/kg; the yield of the liquid product with high added value is different according to the process requirement, and the yield can be 5-12%.
6. The process of removing the moisture content in the coal by drying and controlling the volatile matter content in the coal by low-temperature dry distillation is carried out step by step, so that the defects that the moisture content and the volatile matter in the coal are difficult to be effectively controlled simultaneously by the domestic low-rank coal upgrading technology, the stability and the yield of the product coal are poor, and the product coal is difficult to realize long-distance transportation can be overcome. The product coal processed by the processing method of the invention has stable yield, the moisture content and the volatile content in the product coal after process optimization are moderate, meanwhile, the product coal is respectively processed by chemical and physical changes, the pore structure of the product coal is also changed, the stability is obviously improved, the phenomenon of spontaneous combustion can not occur after long-term exposure to the environment, and the stability of long-distance transportation is extremely high.
The process of the invention uses the gas carrier internal heating type vertical stirring rotary hearth furnace to dry and dry distill the raw material coal at low temperature, and has the following characteristics:
1. the rotary hearth furnace is used as a drying and dry distillation unit for convection heat exchange, hot gas is sent to a groove-shaped rotary furnace grate to heat raw material coal on the rotary hearth furnace grate, the rotating speed of the groove-shaped rotary furnace grate can be adjusted, and the retention time of the raw material coal in the furnace can be ensured according to actual conditions.
2. The thickness of the coal layer designed on the groove-shaped rotary grate is only 0.3m, and a plough-type mechanical stirrer is additionally arranged, so that the heat exchange between hot gas and coal can be improved, and the heat transfer efficiency is high.
3. The rotary discharging device can discharge materials more conveniently and rapidly.
4. The vertical furnace has small floor space requirement, large raw coal handling capacity, simple equipment structure and large-scale production, and can be realized by only properly increasing the diameter of the converter.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of the low-rank coal step-by-step upgrading process of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a drying-retorting processing system employed in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of the gas carrier internal heating type vertical stirring rotary hearth furnace for drying and low-temperature dry distillation of the present invention.
Wherein:
1-coal feeding bin
2-drying reactor
3-destructive distillation (pyrolysis) reactor
4-product coal cooling device
5-passivating treatment device for product coal
6-product coal discharge hopper
7-product coal transportation system
8-gas burner
9-pyrolysis gas treatment unit
10-liquid product storage tank
11-hot air inlet
12-exhaust outlet
13-discharge opening
14-rotary hearth
15-plow type mechanical stirrer
16-Water seal
Detailed Description
As shown in FIG. 1, the whole process of the invention comprises the following steps: raw material coal which is crushed and screened is fed into a drying reactor 2 through a coal feeding bin 1, raw coal particles are directly subjected to heat transfer drying in the drying reactor 2 by using hypoxic hot gas, a dried coal sample enters a low-temperature dry distillation reactor 3 and undergoes pyrolysis reaction under the heating of the hypoxic hot gas, part of high molecular weight olefins in gas generated in the pyrolysis reaction process is condensed in a pyrolysis gas treatment unit 9 to generate a high value-added liquid product (coal tar) which is collected in a storage tank 10, the rest of gas is ignited in a gas burner 8 and is fully combusted to serve as heating gas to be recycled in the process, the coal material in the pyrolysis reactor is discharged into a product coal cooling device 4 through a discharging system to be cooled, the cooled coal material is subjected to passivation treatment in a product coal passivation treatment device 5, and the treated coal sample is discharged into a product coal discharging bin 6, the product coal is discharged into a product coal transportation system 7 through a product coal discharge hopper 6 and then sold and stored.
In the drying process, the preferable drying condition is controlled to be that each kilogram of coal needs hot gas with 10-50 cubic meters and oxygen content lower than 6% (vol), so that the temperature of raw coal particles is controlled to be 150-250 ℃, and the moisture content in the coal is reduced to be below 6% according to different coal types.
In the low-temperature dry distillation process, oxygen-deficient hot gas with the high-temperature oxygen content lower than 3% (vol) is introduced according to the flow ratio of 1 kg of coal to 5-50 cubic meters, the temperature of the oxygen-deficient hot gas entering the pyrolysis furnace can be controlled to be 400-950 ℃, and the temperature reaches 450-680 ℃ after the coal and the hot gas are fully mixed.
The calorific value of the solid product coal produced by the method can be increased to 5500-7000 kcal/kg; the yield of the liquid product with high added value is different according to the process requirement, and the yield is 5 to 12 percent.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a drying-retorting processing system employed in the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of the gas carrier internal heating type vertical stirring rotary hearth furnace for drying and low-temperature dry distillation of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the processing system adopted in the present invention includes: a drying reactor 2 and a dry distillation reactor 3, wherein the dry distillation reactor 3 is arranged at the lower part of the drying reactor 2. The drying reactor 2 and the retort reactor 3 have the same structure, and as shown in fig. 2 and 3, respectively include: the furnace body 21 has a rotatable furnace bottom 14 provided in the furnace body 21, a coal inlet 22 and an exhaust outlet 12 provided in an upper part of the furnace body 21, and a hot air inlet 11 provided in a bottom part of the furnace body 21. A plow type mechanical stirrer 15 for stirring is also arranged in the furnace body 21. The coal feeding bin 1 is arranged on the coal feeding port 22 of the drying reactor 2, and the discharging port 17 of the furnace bottom 14 of the drying reactor 2 is arranged on the coal feeding port 22 of the carbonization reactor 3.
As shown in fig. 2 and fig. 3, the process flow and principle of drying and low-temperature dry distillation (pyrolysis) by using the gas carrier internal heating type vertical stirring rotary hearth furnace are as follows: the processed raw coal is added into a drying reactor 2 through a coal feeding bin 1, and the coal sample after drying processing enters a dry distillation reactor 3 for dry distillation (pyrolysis) processing. The drying reactor 2 and the dry distillation reactor 3 both use an air carrier internal heating type vertical stirring rotary hearth furnace, a coal sample is added into a rotary hearth 14 of the rotary hearth furnace for processing, a plow type mechanical stirrer 15 carries out scraping and separating processing on the coal sample in the rotating process of the hearth 14, so that the coal sample is more uniformly distributed in a hearth of the rotary hearth furnace, the heat exchange efficiency with hot gas is improved, heating gas enters the reactor from a hot air inlet 11 to heat the coal sample uniformly spread by the plow type mechanical stirrer 15, tail gas after heating is discharged from an exhaust outlet 12 to carry out subsequent process processing, and a processed product coal sample enters the next process through a rotating hearth discharge opening 13. The whole equipment adopts water seal treatment to ensure the air tightness of the device.
The concrete examples are as follows:
example 1, pulverized and screened lignite coal particles containing about 30% of water, about 25% of volatile matter and 4000 kcal/kg of heat are fed into a drying reactor of a vertical rotary hearth furnace, the drying conditions are controlled to be that each 1 kg of coal needs 50 cubic meters of hot gas, the oxygen content of the hypoxic hot gas is 3%, the temperature of raw coal particles is controlled to be about 220 ℃, and the water content of the coal particles after drying treatment for a certain rated time is about 5%. And then, feeding the raw coal particles treated by the drying process into a pyrolysis reactor of a vertical rotary hearth furnace, introducing hypoxic hot gas with the oxygen content lower than 1% (vol) into pyrolysis gas at the flow rate of 35 cubic meters of 1 kilogram of coal, ensuring that the temperature of the coal particles is controlled at about 520 ℃, ensuring that the calorific value of the obtained solid coal is 5800 kilocalories/kilogram, the content of volatile matters in the solid coal is about 10 percent, the yield of solid product coal is about 52 percent, and the yield of high value-added liquid products obtained by dedusting and condensing process by-products generated by pyrolysis at 71 ℃ is about 6 percent.
Example 2, the weakly caking bituminous coal particles after being crushed and screened, which contain about 18% of water, about 28% of volatile matters and 4800 kcal/kg of heat, are fed into a drying reactor of a vertical rotary hearth furnace, the drying conditions are controlled to require 40 cubic meters of hot gas per 1 kg of coal, the oxygen content of the oxygen-deficient hot gas is 3%, the temperature of the raw coal particles is controlled to be about 180 ℃, the water content of the coal particles after being dried for a certain rated time is about 5%, the raw coal particles after being dried are fed into a pyrolysis reactor of the vertical rotary hearth furnace, the oxygen-deficient hot gas with the oxygen content lower than 1% (vol) is fed into pyrolysis gas at a flow rate of 35 cubic meters of 1 kg of coal, the temperature of the coal particles is controlled to be about 520 ℃, the heat value of the obtained solid coal is 6200 kcal/kg, the volatile matters in the solid coal are about 12%, the yield of the solid product coal is about 56%, the yield of the high value-added liquid product obtained by dedusting the process byproduct gas generated by pyrolysis and condensing at 71 ℃ is about 8%.
Example 3, sending crushed and screened weakly caking bituminous coal particles with water content of about 18%, volatile matter of about 28% and calorific value of 4800 kcal/kg into a drying reactor of a vertical rotary hearth furnace, controlling the drying conditions to require 40 cubic meters of hot gas per 1 kg of coal, controlling the oxygen content of the anoxic hot gas to be 3%, ensuring that the temperature of raw coal particles is controlled to be about 180 ℃, controlling the water content of the coal particles after drying treatment for a certain rated time to be about 5%, then sending the raw coal particles after drying process into a pyrolysis reactor of the vertical rotary hearth furnace, introducing the anoxic hot gas with oxygen content of less than 1% (vol) into pyrolysis gas at a flow rate of 50 cubic meters of 1 kg of coal, ensuring that the temperature of the coal particles is controlled to be about 680 ℃, ensuring that the heat value of the obtained solid coal is 6800 kcal/kg, controlling the volatile matter content of the solid coal to be about 6%, and controlling the yield of the solid product coal to be about 46%, the yield of the high value-added liquid product obtained by dedusting the process byproduct gas generated by pyrolysis and condensing at 71 ℃ is about 11%.
Therefore, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A step-by-step quality-improving processing technology of low-rank coal is characterized in that two technologies of drying quality improvement and low-temperature dry distillation quality improvement of the low-rank coal are combined and processed step by step, and the step-by-step quality-improving processing technology comprises the following steps:
(1) and (3) drying: sending the raw coal particles into a drying reactor, drying the raw coal particles by using hypoxic hot gas at normal pressure, and physically removing moisture in the raw coal particles;
(2) low-temperature dry distillation (pyrolysis) step: and (2) sending the dry coal particles treated in the step (1) into a dry distillation (pyrolysis) reactor, introducing oxygen-deficient gas under normal pressure for heating and dry distillation, and enabling volatile matters in the raw coal to overflow in a gaseous form through chemical change.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drying conditions in step (1) are controlled to require 10-50 cubic meters of hot gas with an oxygen content of less than 6% per kilogram of coal, so that the temperature of the raw coal particles is controlled to 150-250 ℃, and the moisture content in the coal is reduced to below 6%.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the low-temperature dry distillation conditions in the step (2) are as follows: and (2) introducing oxygen-deficient hot gas with the high-temperature oxygen content lower than 3% (vol) at the flow ratio of 1 kg of coal to 5-50 cubic meters, controlling the temperature of the oxygen-deficient hot gas entering the pyrolysis furnace to be 400-950 ℃, and enabling the temperature to reach 450-680 ℃ after the coal and the hot gas are fully mixed.
4. A low-rank coal distributed upgrading system, comprising: the dry distillation reactor is arranged at the lower part of the drying reactor; wherein,
the drying reactor and the dry distillation reactor respectively comprise: the furnace body is internally provided with a rotatable furnace bottom, the upper part of the furnace body is provided with a coal feeding port and an exhaust outlet, and the bottom of the furnace body is also provided with a hot air inlet.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein a plow-type mechanical stirrer for stirring is further provided in the furnace body.
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011054304A1 (en) * | 2009-11-06 | 2011-05-12 | 湖南大唐先一科技有限公司 | Low-rank coal upgrading method of gaseous carrier and internal heating type |
| CN102382664A (en) * | 2010-08-30 | 2012-03-21 | 湖南大唐先一科技有限公司 | Step purification quality-improving machining equipment of low rank coal |
| CN102965128A (en) * | 2012-11-07 | 2013-03-13 | 中国重型机械研究院股份公司 | Brown coal low temperature carbonization method |
| CN102965127A (en) * | 2012-11-07 | 2013-03-13 | 中国重型机械研究院股份公司 | Step-by-step low-temperature carbonization system of brown coal |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1031348C (en) * | 1992-06-13 | 1996-03-20 | 煤炭科学研究总院北京煤化学研究所 | Multi-stage rotary process of coal pyrogenic decomposition |
| US5322530A (en) * | 1992-10-20 | 1994-06-21 | Western Research Institute | Process for clean-burning fuel from low-rank coal |
| CN101260307B (en) * | 2008-04-18 | 2011-08-17 | 清华大学 | Brown coal drying quality-increasing device and technique |
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