CN101759448B - 有机物解毒造肥催腐剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属土壤改良技术领域，具体涉及微生物改变土壤物理性、化学性及生物性特性的应用制剂。它由具有固氮、解磷、解钾能力之微生物所组成，能将土壤中被固化之肥分溶解转化为作为营养成分，同时解除了土壤酸化及板结的问题。产品中所含枯草芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌具有不同强烈分觯酶，能分解高分子有机质有利植物吸收，尤其能有力对付不易分解的纤维素与木质素，秸秆分解后所得肥分可观秸秆燃烧问题亦为之应刃而解，枯草芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌强势生存力与分解力能以菌群优势排挤病虫害。本产品不只能够增进肥力、改良土壤、分解秸秆，并具有抑制病虫害的效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属有机废弃物资源化技术领域，具体涉及微生物改变物质分子结构特性的应用制剂。
背景技术
(1)有机废弃物的再利用：现代有机废弃物主要如城市餐厨垃圾(亦称厨余)，屠宰场、果菜市场及农场的菜边皮与碎渣，畜禽水产养殖场的动物粪便与污泥，农业粮食作物产生的大量秸秆等，有机废弃物泛滥成灾，而且不断腐败分解，产生氨气、硫化氢、甲硫醇、亚硝酸等有毐恶臭物质，处理方法不当时，更会造成二次污染。土壤有益微生物种类繁多，功能各异。利用枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus substilus)的强大分解合成的物质整合能力，可去除毐性，构成有机营养成分以供农业之需。
(2)自然界氮、磷、钾的利用：同时更进一步地利用微生物来操控与争取土壤与大气中氮、磷、钾肥分的合成转化和利用。其中1.固氮菌能将大气中的分子态氮转化为农作物能利用的氨，进而提供合成蛋白质所必需的氮素营养成分.根瘤菌属中的大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)，花生根瘤菌(Rhizobium arachis)紫云英根瘤菌
(Rhizobium astragali)可与相应的豆科植物共生固氮，代替相当份量的氮肥。2.磷细菌如氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxydans)，巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)，多黏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus polymyxa)，蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)，假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp)等能将化学磷肥与钙、铁等造成土壤板结的不溶性磷化物与天然磷矿石等转化为可溶性汐有效磷，同时又可分解多种农药残留，3.钾细菌如胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus muciaginosus)，环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus muciginosus)，球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillussphaericus)等，它可分解正长石、磷灰石等，并释放其中的磷、钾肥。
(3)防止肥分流失：土壤微生物除了从大气与土壤中提供氮、磷、钾等元素外，它并同时能将它合成为不溶性有机质而防止它的流失.微生物将氮、磷、钾元素与碳、氢、氧、硫等元素合成为有机单元体，即氨基酸、单糖、脂肪酸、核疳酸等，甚至于更进而合成蛋白、多醣、脂肪、核酸等有机多元体.这些有机养分除了提供作物生长所需之外，并为菌体繁衍所吸收利用，当土中营养耗尽时，死亡的菌体又被分解为单元体而供作物利用。以为作物及菌体所需。在此物质转化的架构中，达到了将化肥转化为高效益的缓效肥的效果，同时防止化肥流失而污染环境的作用，土壤微生物发挥了“肥力增效与防止流失”的双重功能。
(4)秸秆催腐利用：秸秆中最难腐化分解的纤维素(Cellulose)与木质素(Lignin)可利用枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus substilus)，哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)等对粗纤维的强烈分解能力而将之分解成为单醣类，以利作物代谢生长之用。腐熟过程中的粗纤维有利于土壤空隙度、保水性与排水性.。
本发明利用上述有利于有机物转化造肥与催腐的微生物，经筛选收集并纯化菌株，经个别培养量化后，再混合培养而成兼具分解造肥及催腐作用的新颖生物菌剂，本产品能使厨余等有机废弃物资源化，催腐秸秆，造肥增产，防止化肥流失。环保、农业、社会、经济效益兼备。是推动农业可持续发展的重要课题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提出一种具有秸秆催腐作用的新颖生物制剂，即有机物解毒造肥催腐剂。
本发明提出的复合生物土壤改良催腐剂，其组分配比按重量计如下：
A.大豆根瘤菌 (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) 10-20％
B.巨大芽孢杆菌 (Baci l lus megaterium) 15-25％
C.球形芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus sphaericus) 15-20％
D.枯草芽胞杆菌 (Bacillus substilus) 25-30％
E.哈茨木霉菌 (Trichoderma harzianum) 10-25％
总量满足100％。
上述复合生物催腐剂的制备方法如下：
a.制作菌种源：在实验室中，将上述A-E五项菌种纯化、复壮培养，然后分别投入一公升培养基中培养熟化，再投入五十公升种子罐作成量产用菌种源；
b.单种量产：以吨级反应罐，根据各菌种适配的处方制作大量无菌培养基，以50倍放大为上限，渐次放大到所需容量，每次放大需维持充氧、搅拌及温控条件，每次培养时间为5-10天。
单种量产所用培养基：
1.大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)，巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmegaterium)，球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)及枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)：综合氨基酸0.2~0.4％，磷酸二氢钾0.8~1.2％，尿素0.8~1.2％，氯化钠0.3~0.5％，硫酸镁0.01~0.03％，硫酸亚铁0.01~0.02％，碳酸钙0.15~0.25％，糖蜜(糖厂废液Molases)0.08~0.12％，酸碱度为6.5-7.0。
2.哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)：磷酸氢二钾0.08~0.12％，硝酸钾0.15~0.25％，氯化钾0.04~0.06％，氯化钠0.04~0.06％，硫酸镁0.04~0.06％，硫酸亚铁0.001~0.002％，糖蜜(糖厂废液Molases)4~6％，麦麸3~5％，酸碱度为6.5-7.0。
c.混合秸抗培养：按菌种A~E上述用量配比，将经过单种量产培养的菌种同时倒入混合容器里进行混合培养，并添加混合培养物重量的15~25％的已经高温杀菌后的培养基，该培养基主要成分为糖蜜(砂糖厂废弃物Molases)8~12％，鸡蛋0.8~1.2％，牛肉膏0.04~0.06％，鲜奶0.8~1.2％，粉碎杂鱼2~4％、尿素0.8~1.2％、磷酸二氢钾0.8~1.2％。酸碱度缓冲调整为pH6.5~7.0.操作控制温度25℃~30℃，维持搅拌、充氧，确认二次熟化完成后，即可倒入储存槽存放与包装成商品。
d.粉剂生产：将上述熟化液态产品以细雾定量喷施于搅拌中的干燥并消毒过的草炭中，再晾干。
菌种源：
本产品所用菌种源出于广东省微生物研究所菌种保藏中心。经科凯生物工程公司微生物研究中心培养，与土壤中筛选的菌种比对鉴定后采用。菌种来源资料如下列：
A.大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)GIM1.92 SCNU 113-2
B.巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)GIM1.183 ACCC11107
C.球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)GIM1.184 ACCC11096
D.枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus substilus)GIM1.136 ATCC6633
E.哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)GIM3.442 ACCC30371
本产品的优点、特点：
1.优点：
a.本产品筛选具备不同能力的微生物菌群，经分开培养量产并熟化后，定比参混进入第二次拮抗培养以激发抑菌物质的分泌，采用半合成培养基及钙离子以增进孢子生长，因此产品中同时含有活菌『菌种』、『芽孢』及其所分泌特定功能的『酶』，不但起到立即效果，同时活菌又可继续繁殖，并不断分泌其特定酶，長久而稳定地提供特定效果。提供兼具速效及长效之土壤改良效果。
b.本产品由五种不同菌种复合而成，经过菌种的复合作用增加可用的氮、磷、钾肥，并将其转化为有质营养成分避免流失，又杜绝污染，分解利用作物秸秆有利于节能减排。综合成具有广谱效果的生物型土壤改良剂产品。
2.特点：
a.本产品中所含枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)及哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)对粗纤維及木质素具有强烈分解能力，能帮助分解作物秸秆，舒松土壤，增加有机质。本产品在增加土壤肥力的同时，并具有改善土质与生态平衡的特点，使产品中的有益菌得到良好的生存繁衍温床。
b.本产品所采用的菌株均为土壤强势菌种，存活能力特佳，效果明显。
本产品的使用方法：
整地：事先取用本产品二公斤，加水400~600公升，制成200~300倍之稀释液后，于散布基肥后平均喷于一亩地面，翌日耕耘，深入土壤20cm以上。播种后每个月每亩使用一公斤，加水200~250公升灌根。
本发明是一种有机绿色产品，产品采用具有特殊酶体及强烈秸秆有机质分解酶之微生物经量化后，又经第二次培养，令其相互拮抗以激发有效酶的大量分泌，产品效果十分明显。
2009年春初，于上海崇明岛赢东村小麦收割后接种水稻。利用自动收割机，将麦秆切断为10-20cm长度并同时抛散地面，深耕机携带本产品稀释液(250倍)及柴油喷雾器紧跟其后，经切断并抛散地面的麦杆经喷施本产品后即被耕耘入土，其后水稻如常播种施肥，中期追肥比正常减量二成，农药减半，提前十天收割，增产11％-14％。
具体实施方式
实施例1
A组分……15％
B组分……15％，
C组分……15％，
D组分……30％，
E组分……25％，
总量满足100％。
生产控制要求：
将菌种A~E按用量配比同时倒入混合容器里混合培养，并添加20％之已经高温杀菌后之培养基，主要成分为糖蜜(砂糖厂废弃物Molases)10％，鸡蛋1％，牛肉膏0.05％，鲜奶1％，粉碎杂鱼3％、尿素1％、磷酸二氢钾1％。酸碱度缓冲调整为pH6.8.操作控制温度25℃-30℃，维持搅拌、充氧，确认二次熟化完成后，即可倒入储存槽存放与包装成商品。
依照实施例1所生产的有机物解毒造肥催腐剂经大田试验，对水稻收割同时将稻杆全量(每亩约五百公斤)斩短还田后，在播种前整地施放基肥的同时，每亩使用本产品二公升稀释300倍，平均喷施土壤表皮，翻耕入土20cm.播种后十天内即表现明显促长作用，幼苗翠绿无黄化现象，节省追加氮肥的费用，其后每个月每亩使用本产品一公升稀释200倍，喷施作物根部土壤及茎叶，每月重复操作.农药使用量减少50％，同时呈现大幅增产8.2％。在毒理试验上，白老鼠应用上未见异常。
实施例2：
A组分……20％
B组分……25％，
C组分……20％，
D组分……25％，
E组分……10％，
总量满足100％。
生产控制要求：
将菌种A~E按用量配比同时倒入混合容器里混合培养，并添加20％之已经高温杀菌后之培养基，主要成分为糖蜜(砂糖厂废弃物Molases)10％，鸡蛋1％，牛肉膏0.05％，鲜奶1％，粉碎杂鱼3％、尿素1％、磷酸二氢钾1％。酸碱度缓冲调整为pH6.8.操作控制温度25℃-30℃，维持搅拌、充氧，确认二次熟化完成后，即可倒入储存槽存放与包装成商品。
依照实施例2所生产的有机物解毒造肥催腐剂经大田试验，对大白菜、西兰花菜、烟草区试验，在前期收割时，将菜边皮及烟杆留置原地，每亩使用本产品一公升稀释500倍，平均喷施，播种前整地施放基肥的同时，又于每亩使用本产品二公升稀释300倍，平均喷施土壤表皮，翻耕入土20cm.播种后十天内即表现明显促长作用，幼苗翠绿，地下白根丛生，追肥量及农药使用量减少50％，节省肥料及人工费用，其后每14天每亩使用本产品一公升稀释250倍，喷施作物根部土壤及茎叶，每月重复操作.病虫害近乎绝迹，大白菜增产22％，西兰花菜增产18％，花菜大小整齐，符合出口标准.烟叶光滑厚实，烘烤后实产量增加28.4％。在毒理试验上，白老鼠应用上未见异常。
实施例3
A组分……10％
B组分……15％，
C组分……15％，
D组分……30％，
E组分……30％，
总量满足100％。
生产控制要求：
将菌种A~E按用量配比同时倒入混合容器里混合培养，并添加20％之已经高温杀菌后之培养基，主要成分为糖蜜(砂糖厂废弃物Molases)10％，鸡蛋1％，牛肉膏0.05％，鲜奶1％，粉碎杂鱼3％、尿素1％、磷酸二氢钾1％。酸碱度缓冲调整为pH6.8.操作控制温度25℃-30℃，维持搅拌、充氧，确认二次熟化完成后，即可倒入储存槽存放与包装成商品。
依照实施例3所生产的有机物解毒造肥催腐剂用于秸秆堆肥制作。上海青蒲盛产茭白，但其废弃之茭白秸秆年产六万吨，当地又无养殖业之动物粪便可供搭配以利发酵分解秸秆中之粗纤维(碳源)，最后采用上海市徐汇区某酒楼收集的厨余饭菜为塔配原料(氮源)，操作时，先将秸秆用打草机斩断为20cm长度，再均匀混合厨余饭菜，再于每立方米秸秆中，利用动力喷雾器平均喷施未稀释之本产品二公斤，堆置60-80公分高，三米宽度，放置四天之后，温度上升至60℃，每天翻堆一次，第十五天温度维持45℃而不上升时，即可晾干粉碎打包。堆肥粗纤维充分被微生物所分解，呈细粉状，商品性状优越.检验结果所含氮、磷、钾总合达5.67％，肥力超越猪粪堆肥，本产品对作物废弃秸秆就地还田与异地堆肥分解之效果显著，经济效益与社会效益贡献良多。在毒理试验上，白老鼠应用上未见异常。
Claims (2)
1.一种有机物解毒造肥催腐剂的制备方法，其特征在于所述有机物解毒造肥催腐剂，其基本组分配比按重量计如下：
A大豆根瘤菌 10-20％(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)
B巨大芽孢杆菌 15-25％(Bacillus megaterium)
C球形芽孢杆菌 15-20％(Bacillus sphaericus)
D枯草芽孢杆菌 25-30％(Bacillus substilus)
E哈茨木霉菌 10-25％(Trichoderma harzianum)
以上5种组分总量满足100％；具体制备步骤如下：
a.制作菌种源：在实验室中，将上述A-E五项菌种纯化、复壮培养，然后分别投入一公升培养基中培养熟化，再投入五十公升种子罐作成量产用菌种源；
b.单种量产：以吨级反应罐，根据各菌种适配的处方制作大量无菌培养基，以50倍放大为上限，渐次放大到所需容量，每次放大需维持充氧、搅拌及温控条件，每次培养时间为5-10天；
单种量产所用培养基：
1)大豆根瘤菌，巨大芽孢杆菌，球形芽孢杆菌及枯草芽孢杆菌：综合氨基酸0.2～0.4％，磷酸二氢钾0.8～1.2％，尿素0.8～1.2％，氯化钠0.3～0.5％，硫酸镁0.01～0.03％，硫酸亚铁0.01～0.02％，碳酸钙0.15～0.25％，糖蜜0.08～0.12％，酸碱度为6.5-7.0；
2)哈茨木霉菌：磷酸氢二钾0.08～0.12％，硝酸钾0.15～0.25％，氯化钾0.04～0.06％，氯化钠0.04～0.06％，硫酸镁0.04～0.06％，硫酸亚铁0.001～0.002％，糖蜜4～6％，麦麸3～5％，酸碱度为6.5-7.0；
c.混合拮抗培养：按菌种A～E上述用量配比，将经过单种量产培养的菌种同时倒入混合容器里进行混合培养，并添加混合培养物重量的15～25％的已经高温杀菌后的培养基，该培养基主要成分为糖蜜8～12％，鸡蛋0.8～1.2％，牛肉膏0.04～0.06％，鲜奶0.8～1.2％，粉碎杂鱼2～4％、尿素0.8～1.2％、磷酸二氢钾0.8～1.2％；酸碱度缓冲调整为pH6.5～7.0，操作控制温度25℃～30℃，维持搅拌、充氧，确认二次熟化完成后，即可倒入储存槽存放与包装成商品；
d.粉剂生产：将上述熟化液态产品以细雾定量喷施于搅拌中的干燥并消毒过的草炭中，再晾干。
2.如权利要求1所述方法制备的有机物解毒造肥催腐剂。
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| CN112573946A (zh) * | 2020-12-01 | 2021-03-30 | 沈阳农业大学 | 一种有机废弃物腐解剂及改良盐碱地的生物有机肥 |
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| CN101524089A (zh) * | 2009-04-17 | 2009-09-09 | 上海创博生物技术有限公司 | 一种促进水稻生长的复合微生物制剂及其制备方法 |
| CN101585736A (zh) * | 2009-07-03 | 2009-11-25 | 嵇书琼 | 一种农用复合微生物菌剂及其制备方法 |
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