CN101754684A - 防治海虱的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN101754684A CN101754684A CN200880025107A CN200880025107A CN101754684A CN 101754684 A CN101754684 A CN 101754684A CN 200880025107 A CN200880025107 A CN 200880025107A CN 200880025107 A CN200880025107 A CN 200880025107A CN 101754684 A CN101754684 A CN 101754684A
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Abstract
本发明提供了治疗养殖鱼的方法，以防治具有外骨骼的多细胞体外寄生物特别是海虱的侵扰，其中所述方法包括使养殖鱼，特别是海水网箱中的鲑鱼接触第一和第二海虱治疗剂，所述第一海虱治疗剂为氨基甲酸酯或有机磷酸酯，所述第二海虱治疗剂为拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及活体鱼的局部治疗方法，以防治具有外骨骼的多细胞体外寄生物，特别是甲壳纲(Crustacean)桡足动物的外寄生物，更特别是疮痂鱼虱目(Lepeophtheirur)的体外寄生物(海虱，特别是鲑疮痂鱼虱(Lepeoptheirussalmonis))，以及所述方法中所用的材料和治疗试剂盒。
背景技术
尽管看似奇怪，但在水产养殖中，主要的问题是海虱对养殖鱼(如鲑鱼)的侵扰。通常，对鱼采用有机磷酸酯(如甲基吡啶磷或敌敌畏)或拟除虫菊酯(如溴氰菊酯或氯氰菊酯)进行治疗，这些都是已知的化学海虱治疗剂。
目前可用的化学海虱治疗剂通常分为三类：有机磷酸酯类(如马拉硫磷)、氨基甲酸酯类(如胺甲苯)和拟除虫菊酯类(如苄氯菊酯)。
然而，这些化学海虱治疗剂具有毒性效应。长期以来，人们都特别关注如与农业工人相关的有机磷酸酯毒性。有机磷酸酯中毒不需要摄入，皮肤吸收就能导致中毒症状。有机磷酸酯类中毒的症状可包括唾液分泌过多、发汗、鼻溢、肌肉颤搐、虚弱、发抖、动作失调、头疼、头晕、恶心、呕吐、腹部痉挛、腹泻、呼吸抑制、喘鸣、视力模糊等更多症状。氨基甲酸酯类能导致如发汗、视力模糊、动作失调和抽搐等不良反应。类似地，拟除虫菊酯类甚至在皮肤暴露时就能导致不良反应，例如兴奋性神经毒性、多巴胺摄入改变和皮炎。
人们不但特别担忧水产养殖业工作者的健康和养殖鱼的健康，而且也担忧当治疗通常处于网箱而非罐中成鱼时，几乎不可避免发生的向环境中的释放。然而，我们已经发现通过施用有机磷酸酯或氨基甲酸酯和施用拟除虫菊酯可以减少与这些化学剂的接触，任选同时施用，但优选错开的施用，特别优选在次序上错开的施用。因此，相比于克服体外寄生物对海虱治疗剂的抗性，根据本发明的施用更关注于减少对潜在毒性化学品的接触。
发明内容
因此，一方面，本发明提供了治疗养殖鱼的方法，以防治具有外骨骼的多细胞体外寄生物特别是海虱的侵扰，其中所述方法包括使养殖鱼，特别是网箱中的鱼接触第一和第二海虱治疗剂，所述第一海虱治疗剂为氨基甲酸酯或有机磷酸酯，所述第二海虱治疗剂为拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。
另一方面，本发明提供了用于根据本发明方法治疗鱼的拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。另一方面，本发明提供了用于根据本发明方法治疗鱼的有机磷酸酯或氨基甲酸酯。
另一方面，本发明提供了包括在单独容器中的第一局部海虱治疗剂组合物和第二局部海虱治疗剂组合物的试剂盒，且优选还包括所述组合物在本发明方法中使用的说明书，所述第一局部海虱治疗剂组合物包含氨基甲酸酯或有机磷酸酯，所述第二局部海虱治疗剂组合物包含拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。
另一方面，本发明提供了氨基甲酸酯或有机磷酸酯以及拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯在制备局部海虱治疗剂组合物中的用途，所述局部海虱治疗剂组合物用于对养殖鱼进行局部施用以防治具有外骨骼的多细胞体外寄生物的侵扰。
根据本发明治疗的养殖鱼可以为易受体外寄生物侵扰的任何鱼。然而，鱼特别优选为鲤鱼、罗非鱼、鳕鱼、大比目鱼，或最优选为鲑亚目(Salmonid)，如鳟鱼或鲑鱼，特别是鲑鱼。
具体实施方式
养殖鱼的治疗是局部的，如使鱼进入含海虱治疗剂的水生环境中，或使鱼通过此类环境，或将海虱治疗剂加入到鱼所处的水生环境中。因此，例如，可以将鱼转移至用于治疗的罐中和使鱼从一个保持区(如罐或网箱)通过导管(如管或通道)进入另一个含海虱治疗剂的保持区。或者，可以将海虱治疗剂释放到鱼所处的网箱、罐或池塘中，这任选在用不透水的屏障物如塑料板将网箱围绕后进行，以至少临时保持网箱内水中的海虱处理剂。特别优选地，将海虱处理剂在更长时间段内释放到鱼所处的网箱如海水网箱内的水中，以确保在海虱处理剂被周围水流冲出网箱之前使鱼接触海虱处理剂。当制剂释放到海水网箱中时，通常将海水网箱网升高至2～2.5米的深度，并随后用防水油布围绕，以将要待处理的网箱分离。通常，内封水的深度可以为约3米，使得在网的底部和防水油布之间有一些空间(约0.5～1米)。随后将海虱治疗剂加入到已备好的海水网箱的若干位置中以确保最大的扩散。连续的治疗可以通过连续加入不同海虱处理剂进行，或通过上述经导管的连续转移或在罐之间转移进行。
希望与海虱治疗剂的接触的周期为每种制剂10～100分钟，特别是15～60分钟，特别是约20～40分钟。当连续治疗时，希望以10分钟～12小时的间隔周期错开进行，特别是至少15分钟，如15分钟～4小时，更优选30分钟～3小时，特别是约2小时。
特别优选地，对鱼也使用作为拟除虫菊酯/除虫菊酯增效剂的单加氧酶抑制剂，如胡椒基丁醚进行治疗(优选预治疗)。其可以与拟除虫菊酯/除虫菊酯治疗(如用含拟除虫菊酯/除虫菊酯的混合物)同时，或在拟除虫菊酯/除虫菊酯治疗前。例如，其可以在接触拟除虫菊酯/除虫菊酯前，如12小时～60小时，特别是24～48小时，通过鱼食物施用。
两种海虱治疗剂组合物可以采用任何便利的局部施用形式，如溶液、分散剂、散记等。因为它们将在鱼所处的水中被稀释，所以它们的浓度和剂型不重要。可以使用商购的组合物。
在特别优选的实施方式中，第一施用的组合物为含有机磷酸酯的溶液，或生理学上耐受的氨基甲酸酯制剂，且在后施用的组合物为含拟除虫菊酯的组合物。
根据本发明所用的有机磷酸酯可为在皮肤施用上是生理学耐受的且具有体外寄生物杀灭效果(优选具有海虱杀灭效果)的任何有机磷酸酯。这类化合物的实例包括马拉硫磷、对硫磷、敌敌畏、甲基吡啶磷、毒死蜱、氯硫磷、敌百虫、甲基对硫磷和皮蝇磷。然而优选使用甲基吡啶磷或敌敌畏。当使用氨基甲酸酯时，其可以为在皮肤施用上是生理学耐受的且具有体外寄生物杀灭效果(优选具有海虱杀灭效果)的任何氨基甲酸酯。这种化合物的一个实例为胺甲苯。但优选使用有机磷酸酯。
具体地，对于海虱治疗，鱼所处水中的有机磷酸酯或氨基甲酸酯优选以5～1000ppb/wt，特别以10～500ppb，尤其以20～300ppb的浓度存在。对于甲基吡啶磷，优选的浓度为40ppb，而对于敌敌畏，为200ppb。
根据本发明所用的拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯可以为在皮肤施用上是生理学耐受的且具有体外寄生物杀灭效果(优选具有海虱杀灭效果)的任何拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。相对于除虫菊酯，通常优选的这种拟除虫菊酯化合物实例包括苄氯菊酯、苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯、除虫菊酯和溴氰菊酯。然而优选使用溴氰菊酯或氯氰菊酯。如果使用除虫菊酯，其可来自诸如菊属(Chrysanthemum)植物等天然来源。然而，当使用除虫菊酯时，还优选使用增效剂(如下文讨论)。
具体地，对于海虱治疗，鱼所处水中的拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯优选以0.5～50ppb/wt，特别以1～25ppb，尤其以2～20ppb的浓度存在。对于溴氰菊酯的优选浓度为1～2ppb，而对于氯氰菊酯，为5～10ppb。
对于其它体外寄生物的治疗，可以适当调整海虱治疗剂的浓度。
如果需要，本发明的方法可重复，例如7～10天后，但对于个别的侵扰情况，通常进行一次上述方法就足以。
海虱治疗剂组合物中的一种或两种可以有利地包含其它海虱治疗剂，如选自氯代烟碱(例如吡虫啉)、苯基吡唑(例如氟虫腈)、噁二嗪(例如茚虫威)、吡唑(例如虫螨腈)或有机氯(例如林丹)类。
然而，在本发明的方法中，最优选在有机磷酸酯/氨基甲酸酯后施用拟除虫菊酯/除虫菊酯，相反顺序的施用是有利的，并构成本发明的另一个次优选的方面。
Claims (11)
1.一种养殖鱼的治疗方法，以防治具有外骨骼的多细胞体外寄生物的侵扰，其中所述方法包括使养殖鱼局部接触第一和第二海虱治疗剂，所述第一海虱治疗剂为氨基甲酸酯或有机磷酸酯，所述第二海虱治疗剂为拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述体外寄生物为海虱。
3.如权利要求1和2中任意一项所述的方法，其中所述养殖鱼为鲑亚目的鱼。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其中所述养殖鱼为鲑鱼。
5.如权利要求1～4中任意一项所述的方法，其中所述养殖鱼在网箱中。
6.如权利要求1～5中任意一项所述的方法，其中所述第一海虱治疗剂选自甲基吡啶磷和敌敌畏，所述第二海虱治疗剂选自溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯。
7.如权利要求1～6中任意一项所述的方法，其中与所述第一海虱治疗剂的接触在与所述第二海虱治疗剂接触前的10分钟～12小时完成。
8.一种试剂盒，包括在单独容器中的第一局部海虱治疗剂组合物和第二局部海虱治疗剂组合物，且优选还包括所述组合物在根据前述任意一项权利要求中使用的说明书，所述第一局部海虱治疗剂组合物包含氨基甲酸酯或有机磷酸酯，所述第二局部海虱治疗剂组合物包含拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯。
9.拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯以及有机磷酸酯或氨基甲酸酯在制备局部海虱治疗剂组合物中的用途，所述局部海虱治疗剂组合物用于对养殖鱼进行局部施用以防治具有外骨骼的多细胞体外寄生物的侵扰。
10.拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯，所述拟除虫菊酯或除虫菊酯用于根据权利要求1～7中任一项所述的方法治疗鱼。
11.有机磷酸酯或氨基甲酸酯，所述有机磷酸酯或氨基甲酸酯用于根据权利要求1～7中任一项所述的方法治疗鱼。
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109328017A (zh) * | 2016-05-10 | 2019-02-12 | 瑞士伊兰科动物保健有限公司 | 用于控制海虱的二氢异噁唑化合物 |
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