CN101696059A - Ecological canal for preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution - Google Patents
Ecological canal for preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution Download PDFInfo
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- CN101696059A CN101696059A CN200910272338A CN200910272338A CN101696059A CN 101696059 A CN101696059 A CN 101696059A CN 200910272338 A CN200910272338 A CN 200910272338A CN 200910272338 A CN200910272338 A CN 200910272338A CN 101696059 A CN101696059 A CN 101696059A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological canal for preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution, which is realized by the following steps: A, constructing an artificial canal for collecting agricultural sewage and farmland surface runoff in a watershed, wherein the canal comprises a sewage runoff inlet and a main canal; B, making the width of the artificial canal between 60 and 240 cm, the depth between 40 and 70 cm, and the length unlimited; C, setting the shape of the canal according to the landform of the watershed; D, setting the sewage inlet of the canal according to the water volume of the sewage and the surface runoff rate in the watershed; and E, making the inlet a trapezoidal open inlet, arranging a physical barrier, a small bio-ball and a sedimentation basin at the inlet, wherein the physical barrier comprises a coarse screen and a fine screen; the two side walls of the main canal are embedded with large bio-balls; emergent plants, floating leaf plants and submerged plants are planted in the canal; and epiphytic algae and floating algae are inoculated in the sewage. The ecological canal for preventing and controlling the agricultural area source pollution is suitable for stopping, degrading, absorbing and utilizing water pollutants in watersheds of mountain region and hill farming areas.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to pollution of area source control and water pollution organism processing technology field, the ecological canal that more specifically relates to a kind of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution, be applicable to the conventional tillage district that agricultural pollution is serious, especially the pollution of mountain and hill area and farming region, sloping arable land is disposed, as reservoir area of Three Gorges and agricultural tillage district, reservoir area, Danjiangkou.
Background technology
In China, along with the attention that point-source pollution is controlled and the raising of Governance Ability, pollution of area source has become an important factor that influences water surrounding; Widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area is becoming the one of the main reasons of China's rural ecological environmental degradation, seriously restricts the Sustainable development of agricultural and rural economy environment.Widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area has influenced soil, water body and atmospheric environmental quality.At first be to accumulate on chemical fertilizer in drinking water source and the soil and agricultural chemicals the vast residents ' health of maritime provinces has been constituted threat.There were six widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area that economize 2 municipalities directly under the Central Government (Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei) to be in the excessive risk level in 2002, expect 2010, will be increased to 15 provinces, municipality directly under the Central Government (having increased Hebei, Tianjin, Henan, Anhui, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Hunan).Next is to cause agricultural soil, water body (river, lake, bay) and the decline of atmospheric environmental quality, especially causes the eutrophication of lake, river, the shallow water along the coast ecosystem, causes the frequent generation of wawter bloom and red tide.Simultaneously, (N of chemical fertilizer and fertilizer generation is used in present Chinese farmland to the gaseous loss of nitrogenous fertilizer
2O gas escape amount account for the world 1/3) influenced climate change as greenhouse gases.In addition, excessive fertilization and applying pesticides have increased production cost, have reduced the competitive power of agricultural products in China in the world market, have influenced peasant's net income.Cause the major cause of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area to comprise: excessive use chemical fertilizer and agricultural chemicals, utilising efficiency low (China account for the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer that uses on less than 1/10 arable land in the world account for the world 1/3); Heavy irrigation causes loss, particularly the growing vegetables industry; Widely used fertilizer variety is easy to form pollution of area source; Fertilizer practice falls behind, and fertilising is uneven; Chemical fertilizer and pesticides packaging do not have operation instruction or illustrate incorrect; Lack extension service, the peasant lacks relevant fertilising knowledge; The public especially peasant lacks Environmental awareness.
Both at home and abroad in the process of administering pollution of area source, recognize that gradually ecological engineering is the effective measure of pollution of area source improvement, technology is ripe at present has with the more ecological engineering of application: artificial swamp, preposition storehouse, vegetation buffer strip, land and water staggered band, soil conservation and Agro-ecological Engineering etc.Domestic many scholars pass through to make up artificial swamp treated side source sewage, or utilize sewage to carry out Techniques of No-tillage Culture of Rice and cultivate artificial economic wetland to alleviate pollution of area source.External existing scholar adopts source, subsurface wastewater infiltration system opposite sewage treatment effect to study, and Denmark's rural area sewage disposal main trend is to adopt wetland runoff, BOD in this system
5Reach 95% and 90% respectively with ammonia-N removal rate; Report is also arranged, be with nutrient and the silt of holding back effectively from the farmland, rainwash total nitrogen and total phosphorus are significantly reduced by recovering the riverbank forest vegetation.These technology are difficult to apply on a large scale owing to need bigger floor space, especially are not suitable for the national conditions that China has a large population and a few land.
The invention of ecological canal and make up the contradiction can solve well between the people ground, but because the area differentiation of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area and regional economic development level different, also generally be not applicable to the ecological canal in different agricultural tillages district at present.CN ZL98102839.X discloses a kind of river or ditch polluted water intensified ecological self-cleaning method, be characterized in utilizing space, river course (canal), form the wetland oxidation pond by setting up some grades of Ji Yan, every grade of Ji Yan is made of the precipitation ditch before and after levee slope vegetation, view aeration, sprinkling irrigation aeration, wetland, Ji Yan and the basic weir, river wastewater by various aquatic animals and plants in the wetland oxidation pond of basic weirs at different levels and the effect of levee slope soil organisms, is purified successively.CN ZL 200610097845.2 discloses a kind of ecological method for purifying trench sewage, it is characterized in that town domestic sewage and farmland drainage are carried out combination treatment, town domestic sewage is flowed through successively and is mixed with farmland drainage behind coarse rack, settling pit, fine fack, microbiological treatment pond, acidification hydrolization pond, windmill oxygenation aeration tank, gravel interception and the bio-contact oxidation bed, passes through by purifying waste water of obtaining discharging after the purification of complex media Filtration Adsorption bed district.These inventions still need very wide irrigation canals and ditches or vacant lot to build wetland and oxidation pond, and perhaps infrastructure project is more, and the technical essential complexity is unfavorable for the repair and reconstruction of irrigation canals and ditches original appearance, and the Financial cost and the handling cost of operation are higher, promote difficulty.
The document aspect, in recent years domestic and international many scholar's research utilize the waterways to carry out the effect of sewage disposal, as: Parallel to the flow direction in ditch such as Chen Fuli is provided with the fixation of microbe carrier, and its wastewater treatment rate can meet or exceed the level of general biomembrance process; Yin Chengqing etc. are respectively 42%, 65% and 14% at the vegetation irrigation canals and ditches that have of the wide 4.2m of the long 290m of studies show that of Baiyang Lake to rainwash TN, TP and COD processing efficiency.Qu Xiangrong etc. studies show that nutritive substance N, P and the COD of effluent stream behind the 6km irrigation canals and ditches is 41.7～64.7% from net efficiency.Mersie etc., Dabney etc., Sanderson etc. have reported that the anti-big vast ability of switchgrass is strong, can effectively subdue weedicide, settling and nutrition in the runoff.Bouldin shows U.S. Mississippi Delta view agricultural drainage system investigation result, has limited or do not have the escape canal of vegetation buffer strip, and the water nutrition level is the highest, and along with the increase of coverage, suspended matter reduces.Mats Astr6m is by physical chemistry attribute (western Finland) contrast of two brook flowing water, article one, handle through ditching in the forest land, upstream in streams, another does not have (basin method in pairs), though discover the manual draining ditch to discharge curve without any material impact, but it causes the increase of Mn in the water, Ca, Mg, suspended matter and basicity, TOC and H
3O
+The reduction of concentration.Though having carried out further investigation to the water pollution control effect of ecological canal, a lot of scholars inquire into, but these researchs only are the research to natural irrigation canals and ditches, not as a complete technique means perhaps to Pollution abatement, only be a pre-treatment link of Pollution abatement, can't finish direct purpose at the inner strengthened purification pollutent of irrigation canals and ditches.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to be to provide a kind of ecological canal of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution, at the dispersion of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area pollutent, pollutant component complexity, characteristics such as pollution channel is various, the pollution load seasonal variation is big, based on ecological principle and biological characteristics, the artificial biomass that improves the irrigation canals and ditches Living organism, utilize the vital movement rule of microorganism, pasture and water and algae, realization reaches the purpose that reduces and reduce the water pollution load to obstruction, degraded, absorption, the utilization of water pollution material.
Technical solution of the present invention is: a kind of ecological canal of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution, it is characterized in that making up the artificial irrigation canals and ditches of collection rural sewage and farmland rainwash in the water collection basin district, physics lattice coral is set in the ingress of sewage and runoff, place biological ball between thick lattice coral and thin lattice coral, lattice coral bottom is a settling tank, plantation emergent, pleuston and submerged plant are inlayed biological ball in the irrigation canals and ditches on the irrigation canals and ditches two side, inoculation epiphytic algae and planktonic algae in the sewage.Making up the primary process of artificial irrigation canals and ditches and concrete technical parameter is described in detail as follows:
At first the small watershed landform that makes up irrigation canals and ditches is carried out field trip and investigation, grasp the topography and geomorphology characteristics of small watershed, understand the main catchment area and the water system distribution situation in this basin, and the agricultural pollution situation of small watershed is had deep understanding comprehensively, on this basis, select concrete irrigation canals and ditches construction site, determine the shape of irrigation canals and ditches, the specified place of sewage inlet and inlet quantity are drawn design paper, and calculate the basic cost that irrigation canals and ditches are built, set about carrying out concrete construction work.
A kind of ecological canal of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution the steps include:
A, make up to collect the artificial irrigation canals and ditches of rural sewage and farmland rainwash in the water collection basin district, irrigation canals and ditches divide sewage footpath influx and trunk canal two portions.Physics lattice coral is set in the ingress of sewage runoff, places the atom ball between thick lattice coral and thin lattice coral, thin lattice coral bottom is a settling tank; Lay mcroorganism ball, waterplant and algae in the trunk canal.
The width 60-240cm of B, artificial irrigation canals and ditches, degree of depth 40-70cm, length is not limit (＞3000m treatment effect is better).
C, irrigation canals and ditches shape are set according to the concrete landform of catchment area, are advisable with anfractuose S shape.Practical situation show, in limited small watershed scope, the treatment effect of irrigation canals and ditches and irrigation canals and ditches length have substantial connection, irrigation canals and ditches length is long more, waits the clearance of other pollutents high more to nutritive substance (N, P) and pesticide herbicide (phorate, thiodemeton, monocrotophos, thiophos, acephatemet, omethoate, sulfotep, Coumaphos, isocarbophos, phosphamidon, Systox, isofenphos_methyl, fenamiphos, terbufos, formaldehyde phosfolan, carbofuran (furans pellet), aldicarb, methomyl, chlordimeform, nitrofen, chlornitrofen ...).
The sewage inlet place of D, irrigation canals and ditches is according to the sewage water yield of catchment area and the particular case setting of flow path surface, go into the irrigation canals and ditches water yield many (every monthly average flow velocity＞0.8m/s, every day average discharge＞100m
3/ h) regional every 500m is provided with an inlet, goes into the few local every 1000-3000m of the irrigation canals and ditches water yield inlet is set.The ingress is the uncovered of T shape, is convenient to maximum and admits sewage.
The physics lattice coral of E, ditch polluted water ingress divides thick lattice coral and thin lattice coral, the thick long 60-250cm of lattice coral, and wide 40-70cm, the thin long 50-200cm of lattice coral, wide 40-70cm, the slant range between thickness lattice coral is 50-100cm; Thickness lattice coral top adds the top cover of stainless steel or aluminum alloy material, forms a cage structure and is used to load biological ball.The biological ball of placing in the cage structure is diameter 2.0-3.0cm, and the plastic pellet of the evenly densely covered similar cilium shaft in middle hollow out surface is placed this type of atom ball 200-500 between each thickness lattice coral.Bead can free movement under the impact of flowing water.The settling tank specification of thin ditch polluted water ingress, lattice coral bottom is 50-200cm for long limit, minor face 45-180cm, and two back gauges are 50-70cm, the ladder structure of high 40-70cm.
Plantation emergent, pleuston and submerged plant are inlayed the mcroorganism ball in F, the trunk canal on the irrigation canals and ditches two side, inoculation epiphytic algae and planktonic algae in the sewage.
The plantation emergent is Chinese celery, wild rice stem and calamus in G, the irrigation canals and ditches, and pleuston is Herba Eichhorniae, mater convolvulus, and submerged plant is waterweed, eel grass, according to attractive in appearance and natural principle reasonable Arrangement.The biological ball of inlaying on the irrigation canals and ditches two side is diameter 20.0-30.0cm, evenly the gather baton round of similar cilium shaft of middle hollow out surface, two balls be spaced apart 25.0-40.0cm.The epiphytic algae of inoculating in the sewage is the seat algae of Cyanophyta, the bristle algae of Chlorophyta and the boat-shaped algae of Bacillariophyta, and planktonic algae is the chlorella of Chlorophyta.
The removal principle of the water pollutant that relates among the present invention is: the rubbish that some individualities are bigger, floating matter and agricultural wastes etc. intercept through physics lattice coral, can artificially be removed by managerial personnel; Contained most of silt and suspended particulate matter etc. are removed via the settling tank precipitation in the sewage; Biological ball between cage type physics thickness lattice coral and the biological ball that is embedded on the irrigation canals and ditches two side have largest specific surface area in limited volume, under the effect of slow-flowing stream, enriched microorganism forms stable microbial film, degradable, decompose, absorb some pollution substances, reduce the concentration of pollutent; The waterplant of planting in the irrigation canals and ditches and the algae of inoculation can absorb the source of students key element in the water body in a large number in the process of its growing multiplication, reduce the content of water body N, P material, pesticide herbicide also there is certain resistance control effect, reduce the content of these materials in water body, reduce the total load amount of pollution of area source.
Advantage of the present invention is that the ecological canal after building up is not lost the due function of general irrigation canals and ditches, still be to catchment and the passage of draining, do not influence rainwash and the farmland sewage drainage is unimpeded, do not change the general layout of agriculture production, but, improved the processing power that irrigation canals and ditches pollute water, the part waterplant or the vegetables in season of being planted simultaneously owing to increased the vegetation coverage and the irrigation canals and ditches biomass of irrigation canals and ditches artificially, can turn waste into wealth, obtain byproduct preferably.Irrigation canals and ditches in present method can be newly-built in the small watershed catchment area, also can utilize original farmland drainage ditch to carry out appropriate reconstruction, and resource does not occupy cultivated land.These irrigation canals and ditches are at the processing of characteristic agricultural pollutant, and selected hydrobiont all has degraded favourable, absorbs effect chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, weedicide etc., and is with strong points; And simplicity of design, construction are easily, and construction cost is cheap, and Operation Administration and Maintenance is simple, and good sewage processing effect has certain landscape effect simultaneously, possesses good application value.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural representation of ecological canal, 1 thick lattice coral among the figure, 2 atom balls, 3 thin lattice corals, 4 settling tanks, 5 algae (epiphytic algae and planktonic algae), 6 mcroorganism balls, 7 waterplant (emergent, pleuston and submerged plant), arrow is depicted as water (flow) direction.
Fig. 2 is a kind of biological ball synoptic diagram, and the internal structure unanimity of mcroorganism ball, atom ball only is that size specification is inequality.8 fine hair sample rod-like protrusions among the figure, the fold spline structure of reciprocal winding in the 9 spheroid cavitys, 10 spheroids.The structure of biological ball helps to increase surface-area, enlarges the space that exists of water microorganisms, improves processing efficiency.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1:
With reference to the accompanying drawings the present invention is described in further detail below:
A kind of ecological canal of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution the steps include:
A, make up to collect the artificial irrigation canals and ditches of rural sewage and farmland rainwash in the water collection basin district, irrigation canals and ditches divide sewage footpath influx and trunk canal two portions.Physics lattice coral is set in the ingress of sewage and runoff, thick lattice coral 1 and thin lattice coral 3 (thick lattice coral 1 and 3 of thin lattice corals are placed atom ball 2), thin lattice coral bottom is a settling tank 4, these facilities are that Parallel to the flow direction is laid from top to bottom successively.
The width 90.0cm of B, artificial irrigation canals and ditches, degree of depth 70.0cm, irrigation canals and ditches are positioned at the bottom in agro-farming district, mountain region, present with anfractuose S shape, can effectively compile rainwash and rural sewage from the agro-farming district, the long 3300.0m of irrigation canals and ditches.
C, irrigation canals and ditches shape are set according to the concrete landform of catchment area, are advisable with anfractuose S shape.Practical situation show that in limited small watershed scope, the treatment effect of irrigation canals and ditches and irrigation canals and ditches length have substantial connection, and irrigation canals and ditches length is long more, and are high more to the clearance of other pollutents such as nutritive substance (N, P) and pesticide herbicide.
The sewage inlet place of D, irrigation canals and ditches is according to the sewage water yield of catchment area and the particular case setting of flow path surface, go into the irrigation canals and ditches water yield many (every monthly average flow velocity＞0.8m/s, every day average discharge＞100m
3/ h) regional every 500m is provided with an inlet, goes into the few local every 1000-3000m of the irrigation canals and ditches water yield inlet is set, 4 of total sewage footpath influxs.The ingress is the uncovered of T shape, is convenient to maximum and admits sewage.
E, ditch polluted water ingress physics lattice coral divide thick lattice coral 1 and thin lattice coral 3, thick lattice coral 1 long 100.0cm, wide 70.0cm; The thick lattice coral 1 bottom 60.0cm of distance is thin lattice coral 3, long 70.0cm, wide 70.0cm; Thick lattice coral 1, thin lattice coral 3 tops add the top cover of aluminum alloy material, form a cage structure and are used to be mounted with atom ball 2.The atom ball of placing in the cage structure 2 is diameter 2.0cm, the atom ball 2 (plastic pellet) of the evenly densely covered similar cilium shaft in middle hollow out surface, and each thick lattice coral 1,3 of thin lattice corals are placed this type of atom ball 2 (300); Settling tank 4 specifications of thin ditch polluted water ingress, lattice coral 3 bottom are long limit 70.0cm, minor face 50cm, two back gauge 70.0cm, high 70.0cm.
Plantation emergent, pleuston and submerged plant 7 are inlayed mcroorganism ball 6 in F, the trunk canal on the irrigation canals and ditches two side, and inoculation algae 5 comprises epiphytic algae and planktonic algae in the sewage.
The plantation emergent is Chinese celery, wild rice stem and calamus in G, the irrigation canals and ditches, pleuston is Herba Eichhorniae, mater convolvulus, submerged plant is waterweed, eel grass, according to attractive in appearance and natural principle reasonable Arrangement, the alternate laying of emergent and pleuston, submerged plant is planted in their space (emergent, pleuston and submerged plant 7).On the irrigation canals and ditches two side, inlay mcroorganism ball 6 and be diameter 25.0cm, the baton round of the evenly densely covered similar cilium shaft in middle hollow out surface, two balls be spaced apart 25.0cm, mcroorganism ball 6 has bigger specific surface area, and microorganisms in water is grown nonparasitically upon another plant, and the formation biofilm structure possesses efficient purification of water quality effect on biological ball.The algae 5 that inoculates in the sewage comprises the grow nonparasitically upon another plant kind and the kind of swimming, epiphytic algae is the seat algae of Cyanophyta, the bristle algae of Chlorophyta and the boat-shaped algae of Bacillariophyta, planktonic algae is the chlorella of Chlorophyta, and planktonic algae swims in the water body, epiphytic algae and submerged plant weave in.
H, atom ball 2 are identical with the internal structure of mcroorganism ball 6, only are that size specification is different.Biological outer surface of ball is a fine hair sample rod-like protrusions 8, and biological ball inside is cavity structure 9, is repeatedly the fold spline structure 10 of reciprocal winding in the cavity structure.This structure design of biological ball helps to increase surface-area, enlarges the space that exists of water microorganisms, improves processing efficiency.
Claims (4)
1. the ecological canal of a preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution the steps include:
A, make up the artificial irrigation canals and ditches compile rural sewage and farmland rainwash in the water collection basin district, irrigation canals and ditches divide sewage footpath influx and trunk canal, in sewage runoff ingress physics lattice coral is set, comprise the atom ball of placing between thick lattice coral (1) and thin lattice coral (3) and coarse rack (1) and fine fack (3) (2), thin lattice coral (3) bottom is settling tank (4);
The width 60-240cm of B, artificial irrigation canals and ditches, degree of depth 40-70cm, length is not limit;
C, irrigation canals and ditches shape are set according to the landform of catchment area, with anfractuose S shape;
The sewage inlet place of D, irrigation canals and ditches is trapezoidal uncovered, and inlet quantity is gone into the many regional every 500m of the irrigation canals and ditches water yield inlet is set according to the sewage water yield and the flow path surface setting of catchment area, goes into the few local every 1000-3000m of the irrigation canals and ditches water yield inlet is set;
The long 60-250cm of thick lattice coral (1) of E, ditch polluted water ingress, wide 40-70cm, the thin long 50-200cm of lattice coral (3), wide 40-70cm, the slant range between thickness lattice coral (1) is 50-100cm; Thick lattice coral (1) and thin lattice coral (3) top add the top cover of stainless steel or aluminum alloy material, form a cage structure and are used to load atom ball (2);
Plantation emergent, pleuston and submerged plant (7) are inlayed mcroorganism ball (6) in F, the trunk canal on the irrigation canals and ditches two side, inoculate algae (5) in the sewage and comprise epiphytic algae and planktonic algae;
The plantation emergent is Chinese celery, wild rice stem and calamus in G, the irrigation canals and ditches, pleuston is Herba Eichhorniae, mater convolvulus, submerged plant is waterweed, eel grass, inlaying mcroorganism ball (6) on the irrigation canals and ditches two side is diameter 20.0-30.0cm, evenly the gather baton round of similar cilium shaft of middle hollow out surface, two balls be spaced apart 25.0-40.0cm.
2. the ecological canal of a kind of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the atom ball of placing in the described cage structure (2) is diameter 2.0-3.0cm, places 200-500 between each thick lattice coral (1) and thin lattice coral (3); The surface of biological ball is a fine hair sample rod-like protrusions (8), and spheroid cavity (9) inside is the fold spline structure (10) of reciprocal winding, and the mcroorganism ball (6) on the sidewall of trunk canal is the same with the structure of atom ball (2).
3. the ecological canal of a kind of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: settling tank (4) specification of ditch polluted water ingress, described thin lattice coral (3) bottom is 50-200cm for long limit, minor face 45-180cm, two back gauges are 50-70cm, the ladder structure of high 40-70cm.
4. the ecological canal of a kind of preventing and controlling agricultural area source pollution according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described epiphytic algae is the seat algae of Cyanophyta, the bristle algae of Chlorophyta and the boat-shaped algae of Bacillariophyta, and planktonic algae is the chlorella of Chlorophyta.
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| CN102145957A (en) * | 2011-02-10 | 2011-08-10 | 河海大学 | Method for constructing agricultural drainage and ecological purification system |
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