CN101693632B - 一种硼肥的制备及其施用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种硼肥的制备及其施用方法，它是以四硼酸钠原矿为原料经过溶解、固液分离、净化水中不溶物、结晶、脱游离水、粉碎结晶板块状、脱结晶水、研磨固体三氧化二硼以及包装步骤制得硼肥成品。该硼肥的施用方法有叶面喷施、长效颗粒泼撒以及浸种施用。本发明制得的硼肥pH值为9.1～9.3，可调节土壤，作物酸、碱度。在水中四硼酸钠的溶解度：0℃时1.3％，20℃时2.7％，适宜于各种土壤；同时由于产品成微细粉末能速溶，因而无需加热，也不堵塞喷雾器，大幅度地提高了工作效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种化肥的制备及其施用方法，特别是涉及一种硼肥的制备及其施用方法。
背景技术
作物生长发育所必需的营养元素共16种，除碳、氢、氧主要来源于空气和水分外，还需要大量元素氮、磷、钾和中量元素镁、钙、硫、硅以及微量元素硼、锰、铁、锌、铜、钼，其中硼元素来自含有硼酸钠的土壤。我国硼酸钠主要富集在西藏那曲、日喀则和阿里地区的土壤中，其他大部分地区的土壤多为缺硼土壤。缺硼土壤有砖红土壤、赤红土壤、红土壤、黄土壤和紫色土，主要分布于福建、广东、江西、浙江西部和南部等地。
众所周知硼对于植物的生长发育有着重要的作用，是植物根、叶、花朵以及果实发育的必需元素。硼的作用主要有：
1、硼能促进作物根系的生长，对豆科作物根瘤的生长影响很大，缺硼时对根瘤发育不良，甚至会失去固氮能力。硼在作物繁殖器官的形成和开花、结实过程中具有增强作物输导组织的作用，促进碳水化合物和生长素的正常运转，促进生殖器官的发育，有利于蛋白质合成和豆科作物固氮。
2、硼在植物体内多作酶或辅酶的组成部分，对叶绿素和蛋白质的合成、光合作用、氧化还原的正常进行和对其它必需元素的吸收起促进和调节作用，能增强作物抗旱，抗病能力。
3、硼能使植物株体内其它组织(输导、薄壁)正常发育。缺硼植物顶端组织首先退化，破坏；其次柔组织(薄壁)壁被破坏，木质化减弱，造成水果、块茎、根和木髓中常见有褐色或变色斑、坏色的斑点，水渍区和木栓质结瘤，茎、叶、柄易脆裂，光合强度下降。
4、硼能促使作物根内维管束发育良好，养分输送通畅，加快作物的代谢过程，光合作用增强，促进作物早熟。
5、硼对植物的叶绿素的形成和稳定有良好作用，并能促进植株中氨基酸和蛋白质的合成，提高块根、块茎中糖、淀粉、蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪的含量。
6、促进酶代谢和木质素形成。酚类化合物积累抑制吲哚乙酸氧化酶的活性，硼能与酚类化合物络合，克服两者之间抑制作用。在木质素形成和木质部导管分化过程中，硼对羟基化酶和酚类化合物酶的活性起控制作用。
从实际应用效果也可看出：通过施用硼肥，对玉米的斑病、(大)小麦的黑穗病、甜菜的褐斑病、水稻的穗茎瘟病均有缓解作用。再如，油菜的萎缩不实；棉花的蕾而不花、落铃落蕾；柑橘的石头果、花而无果、落花落果；苹果的缩果病；以及水果畸形等病症均可得到根治，且效果显著。同时，许多需硼作物如油菜、甜菜、大豆、棉花等在施硼后产量都有明显的提高，因而硼肥对于保证作物优质、高产、稳定起到了十分重要的作用。
目前国内多以十水硼砂作为硼肥施用，但由于配制成水溶液时极易结晶，从而导致喷雾器喷嘴堵塞而无法施用。虽然进口硼肥施用时不会出现此问题，但因成本较高，国内一般也很少使用。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服上述缺陷，提供一种简便易行，施用方便、快捷，且硼含量高、成本低的硼肥的制备以及施用方法。
为实现上述发明目的，本发明采用的技术方案如下：
一种硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于按如下工艺步骤进行：
A、四硼酸钠原矿溶解：根据三氧化二硼在70～100℃水中的溶解度为16.9～36.33％，将四硼酸钠原矿中所含的三氧化二硼以水溶解至饱和；
B、固液分离：将溶解后的原矿采用过滤机进行固液分离，过滤母液加入原矿重量0.01～0.1％的絮凝剂后再用前述过滤机进行固液分离，回收饱和母液后，滤饼根据测定的三氧化二硼含量，确定加水量，并通温度为70～100℃蒸汽热溶后与母液合并。
所述过滤机选自螺旋压榨离心卸料式过滤机或板框过滤机，均为市售产品。
所述絮凝剂选自聚丙烯酰胺。
C、净化水中不溶物：采用孔径为1～20微米、耐120～200℃高温的石英砂滤芯及不锈钢水过滤器对母液进行过滤净化。
D、冷却饱和母液：采用水冷式专用搅拌冷却器，用5～50℃的间接冷却水，以2～300转/分钟的转速冷却饱和母液，使饱和母液冷却成结晶板块状。
E、粉碎结晶板块状及脱游离水：将结晶板块用锤式粉碎机粉碎成1～3mm的颗粒，再采用连续卸料离心机脱去游离水，并使水分含量控制在1～10％(质量)以内。
F、干燥脱结晶水：采用干燥设备，于80～400℃的温度下脱除晶体的结晶水，得到三氧化二硼固体颗粒即长效颗粒硼肥。
所述干燥设备为流化床或滚筒干燥器。
G、研磨三氧化二硼固体颗粒：用研磨机将脱除结晶水后的三氧化二硼固体颗粒研磨至200～400目，得速溶硼肥。
H、包装：按10～1000克的计量分别包装，得B含量为15～21％的硼肥成品。
本发明所得硼肥的施用方法及施用量为：
1、在作物需硼较多的生育期，叶面喷施0.05～0.1％(质量)的硼肥水溶液，喷施后4小时内不得被雨淋冲洗流失，每亩喷施用量50～100公斤。
2、长效颗粒肥施用：
基肥：根施、追肥(施后立即灌水)
亩施：200～250克/亩
单株施：5～10克/株
3、浸种施用：具有杀菌、消毒之功效，将种子浸于0.01～0.02％(质量)的硼肥水溶液中4～6小时捞出，晾干后播种。浸过的种子，播种时不要与氮肥、磷肥、硼镁磷肥直接接触。
本发明制得的硼肥pH值为9.1～9.3，四硼酸钠在水中的溶解度：0℃时1.3％(质量)，20℃时2.7％(质量)，适宜于各种土壤；同时由于产品成微细粉末能速溶，因而无需加热，也不堵塞喷雾器，大幅度地提高了工作效率。
具体实施方式
实施例1(产品的制备)
一种硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于按如下工艺步骤进行：
A、四硼酸钠原矿溶解：根据三氧化二硼在80～100℃水中21.8～36.33％的溶解度，将四硼酸钠原矿中所含的三氧化二硼以水溶解至饱和；
B、固液分离：将溶解后的原矿采用螺旋压榨卸离心料式过滤机进行固液分离，过滤母液加入原矿重量0.03％的聚丙烯酰胺有机高分子絮凝剂后再进行固液分离，回收饱和母液后，滤饼通过测定三氧化二硼含量，确定加水量，并通温度为80～100℃的蒸汽热溶后与母液合并，进行絮凝过滤；
C、净化水中不溶物：采用孔径为1～20微米、耐120～200℃高温的石英砂滤芯及不锈钢水过滤器，对母液进行过滤净化；
D、冷却饱和母液：采用水冷式专用搅拌冷却器，用10～50℃的间接冷却水，以80～300转/分钟的转速冷却饱和母液，使饱和母液冷却成结晶板块状；
E、粉碎结晶板块及脱游离水：将结晶板块用锤式粉碎机粉碎成1～3毫米的颗粒，再采用连续卸料离心机脱去游离水，并使水分含量控制在1～10％(质量)以内。
F、干燥脱结晶水：采用流化床于120～400℃的温度下脱除晶体的结晶水，即得三氧化二硼固体颗粒；
G、研磨三氧化二硼固体颗粒：采用封闭式的微细磨机等研磨机，将脱除结晶水后的三氧化二硼固体颗粒研磨至200～400目，得速溶硼肥。
H、包装：按10～1000克的计量分别包装，得B含量为15～21％的硼肥成品。
实施例2(产品应用效果)
以下作物通过施用本发明制得的硼肥后，均获得了较大幅度的增产，具体效果见下表：
| 作物名称 | 平均增产 |
| 油菜 | 15～20％ |
| 棉花 | 10％左右 |
| 花生 | 10％左右 |
| 水稻 | 8％左右 |
| 土豆 | 10％以上 |
| 梨 | 15％左右(单株增产) |
| 苹果 | 25％左右(单株增产) |
| 番茄 | 10％左右 |
| 芹菜 | 15％左右 |
| 柑橘 | 15％左右 |
实施例3(适用作物及应用效果)如下表
| 适用作物种类 | 未施硼肥的作物表现 | 具体喷施时期 | 施肥后的增产率 |
| 苜蓿、甜菜、三叶草、芹菜、甘蔗、花椰菜、油菜、大豆、棉花、向日葵、苹果 | 花而不实、蕾而无花、落铃落蕾、褐斑(心)病，龟裂症 | 苗期、花(铃、蕾)期，抽苔期、结荚期各喷施一次，每次每亩喷施2袋 | 8-15％ |
| 烟草、番茄、马铃薯、花生、胡萝卜、茶树、桃、亚麻、芝麻、梨、柿、核桃、枣树、石榴、葡萄、板栗、樱桃、杏、李、银杏、杨梅、西瓜、茄子、辣椒、白菜、花卉 | 落花落果、果锈斑、顶叶畸形、木栓化、枯稍缩果、卷叶、幼果坚硬 | 苗期、花期、幼果期各喷施一次，每次每每亩喷施2袋 | 6-10％ |
| 大(小)麦、玉米、水稻、燕麦、高粱 | 幼叶畸形、花而不实，空秕子多、斑病、黑穗病 | 苗后期，孕穗期、开花期各喷施一次，每次每亩1-2袋 | 5-8％ |
本产品用冷水即可快速溶解，喷施后能迅速被植物叶、茎、枝、果吸收利用，肥效明显，可增强作物抗病能力，增加产量，提高收获品质。
Claims (8)
1.一种硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于按如下工艺步骤进行：
A、四硼酸钠原矿溶解：根据三氧化二硼在70～100℃水中的溶解度为16.9～36.33％，将四硼酸钠原矿中所含的三氧化二硼以水溶解至饱和；
B、固液分离：将溶解后的原矿采用过滤机进行固液分离，过滤母液加入原矿重量0.01～0.1％的絮凝剂后再用前述过滤机进行固液分离，回收饱和母液后，滤饼根据测定的三氧化二硼含量，确定加水量，并通温度为70～100℃蒸汽热溶后与母液合并；
C、净化水中不溶物：采用孔径为1～20微米、耐120～200℃高温的石英砂滤芯及不锈钢水过滤器对母液进行过滤净化；
D、冷却饱和母液：采用水冷式专用搅拌冷却器，用5～50℃的间接冷却水，以2～300转/分钟的转速冷却饱和母液，使饱和母液冷却成结晶板块状；
E、粉碎结晶板块状及脱游离水：将结晶板块用锤式粉碎机粉碎成1～3mm的颗粒，再采用连续卸料离心机脱去游离水，并使水分含量控制在1～10％的质量比以内；
F、干燥脱结晶水：采用干燥设备，于80～400℃的温度下脱除晶体的结晶水，得到三氧化二硼固体颗粒即长效颗粒硼肥；
G、研磨三氧化二硼固体颗粒：用研磨机将脱除结晶水后的三氧化二硼固体颗粒研磨至200～400目，得速溶硼肥；
H、包装：按10～1000克的计量分别包装，得硼含量为15～21％的硼肥成品。
2.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于步骤B所述过滤机选自螺旋压榨离心卸料式过滤机或板框过滤机，
3.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于步骤B所述絮凝剂选自聚丙烯酰胺。
4.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于步骤F所述干燥设备为流化床或滚筒干燥器。
5.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于该硼肥pH值为9.1～9.3。
6.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于该硼肥在0℃水中四硼酸钠的质量百分比溶解度为1.3％。
7.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于该硼肥在20℃水中的四硼酸钠的质量百分比溶解度为2.7％。
8.如权利要求1所述硼肥的制备方法，其特征在于该硼肥的施用方法有：叶面喷施、长效颗粒施用或浸种施用。
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| CN1876604A (zh) * | 2005-06-07 | 2006-12-13 | 董吉山 | 一种螯合态水剂硼肥 |
| CN1944349A (zh) * | 2006-10-25 | 2007-04-11 | 四川省兰月农化科技开发有限责任公司 | 具有表面活性功能的液体硼肥的制备方法 |
| CN101012133A (zh) * | 2007-02-12 | 2007-08-08 | 吴礼树 | 一种硼肥及其制备方法 |
| CN101531550A (zh) * | 2009-04-17 | 2009-09-16 | 深圳市朗钛生物科技有限公司 | 一种硼肥水分散粒剂及其制备方法 |
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| CN1876604A (zh) * | 2005-06-07 | 2006-12-13 | 董吉山 | 一种螯合态水剂硼肥 |
| CN1944349A (zh) * | 2006-10-25 | 2007-04-11 | 四川省兰月农化科技开发有限责任公司 | 具有表面活性功能的液体硼肥的制备方法 |
| CN101012133A (zh) * | 2007-02-12 | 2007-08-08 | 吴礼树 | 一种硼肥及其制备方法 |
| CN101531550A (zh) * | 2009-04-17 | 2009-09-16 | 深圳市朗钛生物科技有限公司 | 一种硼肥水分散粒剂及其制备方法 |
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