CN101664686B - 一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN101664686B
CN101664686B CN2009100935179A CN200910093517A CN101664686B CN 101664686 B CN101664686 B CN 101664686B CN 2009100935179 A CN2009100935179 A CN 2009100935179A CN 200910093517 A CN200910093517 A CN 200910093517A CN 101664686 B CN101664686 B CN 101664686B
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张法智
鲁瑞娟
徐新
徐赛龙
段雪
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Beijing University of Chemical Technology
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Abstract

一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法,属于复合半导体材料技术领域。具体制备工艺包括以下步骤:利用水滑石的层板金属离子可调变性和层间阴离子可交换性,将半导体先驱金属元素以氢氧化物的形式引入LDHs层板,然后将LDHs粉体材料置于H2S气氛中,经气固相反应合成纳米金属硫化物复合半导体材料。本发明的优点在于:所制备的纳米复合半导体材料粒子分散均匀、粒径可调,实现了半导体纳米粒子在分子水平的分散;通过调变层板金属元素的摩尔比,可制备得到组成可调的纳米复合半导体光催化材料。

Description

一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于复合半导体材料技术领域,具体涉及一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法。 
背景技术
金属硫化物半导体纳米材料(ZnS、CdS)具有优良的光电性质,在太阳能电池、光催化以及传感器件等领域具有潜在的应用优势,因而受到广泛关注。近年来的研究表明,复合半导体(主要是二元半导体)表现出高于单一半导体的光电性质,有些还可使激发光波长扩展到可见光范围,因而纳米复合半导体材料的合成方法、性能协同优化成为当前半导体材料研究的热点。 
目前可以制备ZnS/CdS复合半导体纳米材料的方法很多,如水热法、微乳液法、原位法等,每种制备方法都有各自的优缺点。水热法(Tong Ren,Zhibin Lei,Guoyou Luan,Guoqing Jia,Jing Zhang,Rui Yu,Can Li,Thin Solid Films.2006,513,99-102)可制得晶粒尺寸可调的复合硫化物,但是无法实现粒子的均匀分散。微乳液法(Alexandre R.Loukanov,Ceco D.Dushkin,Karolina I.Papazova,Andrey V.Kirov,Miroslav V.Abrashev,Eiki Adachi,Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects.2004,245,9-14)可制备粒径小且分布窄的纳米复合半导体材料,但所制备的纳米粒子在油相体系中易发生团聚。原位法(Aparna Deshpande,PallaviShah,R.S.Gholap,Narendra M.Gupta,Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience.2009,333,263-268)可得到组成可调的纳米复合材料,但所用的基底多为有机聚合物,分散的均匀性受到限制。因此如何获得性能稳定、均匀分散、粒径分布窄、组成可控的复合半导体纳米材料成为复合半导体光催化材料的一个重要研究方向。 
水滑石(层状双金属复合氢氧化物Layered Double Hydroxides,简写为LDHs)是一种新型多功能层状材料,具有良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性,且LDHs层板金属离子的组成及摩尔比可调变,层间阴离子具有可交换性。因此将其作为前体制备纳米复合半导体材料,可实现粒子的均匀分散。通过调控层板元素和层间阴离子,可实现调变层板化学组成及反应环境的目的,为制备高效、组成可调的纳米复合半导体光催化材料提供了可行途径。 
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法,利用水滑石(LDHs)的层板金属离子可调变性和层间阴离子可交换性,将半导体先驱金属元素以氢氧化物的形式引入LDHs层板,根据该金属元素更易形成稳定的硫化物的性质采用气固相反应在LDHs层板上原位合成金属硫化物半导体纳米粒子,进而实现半导体在LDHs层板上的均匀分散;通过调变层板金属的配比,制备得到粒径、组成、带隙均 可调控的复合半导体纳米光催化材料。 
本发明的金属硫化物复合半导体纳米光催化材料的组成为:以层板中含Zn、Cd元素的LDHs为前体,向水滑石粉体中通入足量H2S气体,经气固反应得到均匀分散的纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料。 
本发明的纳米复合半导体光催化材料的制备步骤如下: 
a配置可溶性二价金属硝酸盐、三价金属硝酸盐、以及磺酸盐的混合溶液,其中二价、三价金属阳离子摩尔比为M2+/M3+=2~4,配制浓度为0.5~4.0mol/L的NaOH或KOH碱溶液; 
b将步骤a配制的碱溶液滴加到步骤a配制的混合盐溶液中,至pH为6~10,在室温条件下晶化2~24h,产物用去CO2水充分洗涤、离心,真空室温干燥,得到磺酸盐插层的LDHs; 
c将步骤b制得的磺酸盐插层的LDHs置于反应装置中,在60℃~150℃下,通入H2S气体10~200min,产物在N2气氛中保留1~12h,得到纳米金属硫化物复合半导体材料。 
本发明所述的LDHs主体层板选择二价金属阳离子Zn2+、Cd2+、Ni2+中的任何两种与三价金属阳离子Al3+、Cr3+中的任何一种组合;且二价金属阳离子摩尔比为M1/M2=0.1~10。 
所述的磺酸盐为烷基磺酸盐、芳基磺酸盐、烷基芳基磺酸盐、环烷基磺酸盐或烷基环烷基磺酸盐。 
H2S气体的流速为10~100ml/min。 
将上述材料进行XRD、TEM、元素分析等表征,证明该方法成功制备镶嵌于LDHs层板的ZnS/CdS纳米复合半导体光催化材料。XRD谱图基线低平且各衍射峰尖耸,显示ZnCdAl-LDHs具有完整的LDHs结构,其特征衍射峰(003),(006),(009)较NO3 -型LDHs而言,均向小角度方向移动,表示层间距增大,磺酸盐进入层间。通入H2S气体后,XRD结构参数显示硫化后均出现了新的谱峰,这些衍射峰的强度较弱,半峰宽较宽,这说明生成的ZnS/CdS粒径较小,在28°附近出现了ZnS/CdS混合晶体的(002)晶体衍射峰,46°及53°分别出现了明显的(110)与(112)的晶体衍射峰。通过元素分析表征得到S/ZnCd近似等于1,证实LDHs层板中的Cd和Zn元素已经完全硫化。TEM照片显示硫化后生成了粒径约为4nm的晶体颗粒,两组不同的晶面间距同(101),(103)晶面相对应,证明所得到的ZnS/CdS纳米晶为纤锌矿六方晶系,且均匀分布在LDHs层板上。通过调变样品中的Cd元素含量,可以实现对纳米复合半导体材料组成的调控。 
将上述水滑石基ZnS/CdS复合半导体用于可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝溶液,表现出很高的光降解效率,且可以通过改变Zn/Cd实现光催化降解效率的调控。具体操作如下:将30mg粉末催化剂分散到1×10-5mol/L亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液(100mL)中,然后在暗处搅拌30min,充分混合均匀以建立吸附/脱附平衡。待吸附完全后,开启光源(氙灯 /UVcut),每隔一段时间取出4ml液体,用高速离心机离心分离,取上清液分析。如附图3所示,较块体ZnS/CdS而言,以LDHs为前体制备的复合半导体光催化材料由于其粒径小且分布均匀,因而具有更高的催化活性;对比Cd2Al1-DS-LDHs硫化物可证实复合半导体光催化材料能有效分离光生电子-空穴对,进而显著提高材料的光催化性能;通过改变LDHs层板Zn/Cd,对复合硫化物半导体的组成及带隙进行调变,进而调控其光催化活性。 
本发明的优点:利用LDHs的层板金属离子可调变性和层间阴离子可交换性,将半导体先驱金属元素以氢氧化物的形式引入层板,采用气固相反应在LDHs层板上原位合成金属硫化物半导体纳米粒子,进而实现半导体在LDHs层板上的均匀分散;通过调变层板金属的配比,制备得到粒径、组成、带隙均可调控的复合半导体纳米光催化材料。 
附图说明:
图1为实施例1制备的水滑石前体及其硫化产物的X-射线衍射谱图(曲线a为LDHs前体样品,曲线b为LDHs硫化产物)。 
图2为实施例1制备的LDHs硫化产物的透射电子显微镜照片(a)及选区电子衍射谱图(b)。 
图3为实施例1中以不同Zn/Cd值的水滑石基ZnS/CdS复合半导体作为光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝溶液(曲线a为Cd1Zn2Al1-DS-LDHs硫化物,曲线b为Cd2Zn1Al1-DS-LDHs硫化物,曲线c为Cd2Al1-DS-LDHs硫化物,曲线d为块体CdS/ZnS,曲线e为空白实验)。 
具体实施方式
实施例1 
步骤A:将0.01mol硝酸锌(Zn(NO3)2·6H2O),0.02mol硝酸镉(Cd(NO3)2·4H2O)与0.01mol硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3·9H2O)溶于16ml去CO2中。另取0.02mol十二烷基硫酸钠(C12H25SO4Na)溶于85ml去CO2水中,搅拌溶解均匀后加入到金属离子混合溶液中。再用去CO2水配制2mol/L的NaOH溶液,备用。 
步骤B:将步骤A配置的NaOH溶液以2-3滴/秒的速度滴加到步骤A配制的混合盐溶液中,直至反应体系的pH值达到8.0,之后在室温条件下晶化6h。产物用去CO2水和乙醇各离心洗涤3次,除去表面吸附的金属离子及十二烷基硫酸钠。离心完成后,将样品在室温下真空干燥,制得Zn1Cd2Al1-DS-LDHs粉体。 
步骤C:将干燥好的LDHs粉末置于反应装置中,在80℃下通入H2S气体,反应30min,所得产物在N2气氛中保留6小时。制得Zn/Cd=1/2的水滑石基ZnS/CdS复合半导体材料。 
实施例2 
步骤A:将0.02mol硝酸锌(Zn(NO3)2·6H2O),0.01mol硝酸镉(Cd(NO3)2·4H2O)与0.01mol硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3·9H2O)溶于16ml去CO2水中。另取0.02mol十二烷基硫酸钠(C12H25SO4Na)溶于85ml去CO2水中,搅拌溶解均匀后加入到金属离子混合溶液中。再用去CO2水配制2mol/L的NaOH溶液,备用。 
步骤B:将步骤A配置的NaOH溶液以2-3滴/秒的速度滴加到步骤A配制的混合盐 溶液中,直至反应体系的pH值达到8.0,之后在室温条件下晶化12h。产物用去CO2水和乙醇各离心洗涤3次,除去表面吸附的金属离子及十二烷基硫酸钠。离心完成后,将样品在室温下真空干燥,制得Zn1Cd2Al1-DS-LDHs粉体。 
步骤C:将干燥好的LDHs粉末置于反应装置中,在120℃下通入H2S气体,反应60min,所得产物在N2气氛中保留8小时。制得Zn/Cd=2/1的水滑石基ZnS/CdS复合半导体材料。 
实施例3 
步骤A:将0.006mol硝酸锌(Zn(NO3)2·6H2O),0.024mol硝酸镉(Cd(NO3)2·4H2O)与0.01mol硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3·9H2O)溶于16ml去CO2水中。另取0.02mol十二烷基硫酸钠(C12H25SO4Na)溶于85ml去CO2水中,搅拌溶解均匀后加入到金属离子混合溶液中。再用去CO2水配制2mol/L的NaOH溶液,备用。 
步骤B:将步骤A配置的NaOH溶液以2-3滴/秒的速度滴加到步骤A配制的混合盐溶液中,直至反应体系的pH值达到8.0,之后在室温条件下晶化2h。产物用去CO2水和乙醇各离心洗涤3次,除去表面吸附的金属离子及十二烷基硫酸钠。离心完成后,将样品在室温下真空干燥,制得Zn1Cd2Al1-DS-LDHs粉体。 
步骤C:将干燥好的LDHs粉末置于置于反应装置中,在100℃下通入H2S气体,反应120min,所得产物在N2气氛中保留12小时。即可制得Zn/Cd=1/4的水滑石基ZnS/CdS复合半导体材料。 

Claims (3)

1.一种纳米金属硫化物复合半导体光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于:制备步骤为:
a配置可溶性二价金属硝酸盐、三价金属硝酸盐、以及磺酸盐的混合溶液,其中二价、三价金属阳离子摩尔比为M2+/M3+=2~4,配制浓度为0.5~4.0mol/L的NaOH或KOH碱溶液;所述的二价金属阳离子为Zn2+或Cd2+,三价金属阳离子Al3+
b将步骤a配制的碱溶液滴加到步骤a配制的混合盐溶液中,至pH为6~10,在室温条件下晶化2~24h,产物用去CO2水充分洗涤、离心,真空室温干燥,得到磺酸盐插层的LDHs;
c将步骤b制得的磺酸盐插层的LDHs置于反应装置中,在60℃~150℃下,通入H2S气体10~200min,产物在N2气氛中保留1~12h,得到纳米金属硫化物复合半导体材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述的磺酸盐为烷基磺酸盐、芳基磺酸盐、烷基芳基磺酸盐、环烷基磺酸盐或烷基环烷基磺酸盐。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:H2S气体的流速为10~100ml/min。 
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