CN101632416A - Compound feed for snakehead fish - Google Patents
Compound feed for snakehead fish Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101632416A CN101632416A CN200910040782A CN200910040782A CN101632416A CN 101632416 A CN101632416 A CN 101632416A CN 200910040782 A CN200910040782 A CN 200910040782A CN 200910040782 A CN200910040782 A CN 200910040782A CN 101632416 A CN101632416 A CN 101632416A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fish
- content
- vitamin
- compound feed
- snakehead
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 241001597062 Channa argus Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000004467 fishmeal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000001763 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 235000019743 Choline chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M choline chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229960003178 choline chloride Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 108010068370 Glutens Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000021312 gluten Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940062672 calcium dihydrogen phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- OXWRXONHMTWKHV-WCCKRBBISA-N (2s)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoic acid;cobalt Chemical compound [Co].CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O OXWRXONHMTWKHV-WCCKRBBISA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- BZVFZBYIWNIHHL-WCCKRBBISA-N (2s)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoic acid;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O BZVFZBYIWNIHHL-WCCKRBBISA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004151 Calcium iodate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexa-Ac-myo-Inositol Natural products CC(=O)OC1C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C1OC(C)=O SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pteroyl-L-glutaminsaeure Natural products C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nicotinamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930003451 Vitamin B1 Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930003471 Vitamin B2 Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- FAPWYRCQGJNNSJ-UBKPKTQASA-L calcium D-pantothenic acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC([O-])=O.OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC([O-])=O FAPWYRCQGJNNSJ-UBKPKTQASA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- UHWJJLGTKIWIJO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium iodate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]I(=O)=O.[O-]I(=O)=O UHWJJLGTKIWIJO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019390 calcium iodate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ASARMUCNOOHMLO-WLORSUFZSA-L cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2s)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@H](C)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O ASARMUCNOOHMLO-WLORSUFZSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- VVYPIVJZLVJPGU-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;2-aminoacetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].NCC([O-])=O.NCC([O-])=O VVYPIVJZLVJPGU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940011405 cupric glycinate Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- BVTBRVFYZUCAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium selenite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Se]([O-])=O BVTBRVFYZUCAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960000304 folic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019152 folic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011724 folic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960000367 inositol Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XBDUTCVQJHJTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O XBDUTCVQJHJTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940076230 magnesium sulfate monohydrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- LFCFXZHKDRJMNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;sulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LFCFXZHKDRJMNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960003966 nicotinamide Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000005152 nicotinamide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011570 nicotinamide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011781 sodium selenite Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000015921 sodium selenite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960001471 sodium selenite Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M thiamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.[Cl-].CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000010374 vitamin B1 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011691 vitamin B1 Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019164 vitamin B2 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011716 vitamin B2 Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N vitamin D3 Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000005282 vitamin D3 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011647 vitamin D3 Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940021056 vitamin d3 Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940023062 d-biotin 0.3 mg Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940087417 methionine 150 mg Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RADKZDMFGJYCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxal hydrochloride Natural products CC1=NC=C(CO)C(C=O)=C1O RADKZDMFGJYCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011726 vitamin B6 Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019158 vitamin B6 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940023308 vitamin b6 20 mg Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011665 D-biotin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000000638 D-biotin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000019764 Soybean Meal Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000150 monocalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 46
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000005667 attractant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000031902 chemoattractant activity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019784 crude fat Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000489963 Anabantoidei Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000251464 Coelacanthiformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010010256 Dietary Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015781 Dietary Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000035240 Disease Resistance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010028690 Fish Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001405332 Ophiocephalus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000276618 Perciformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940099112 cornstarch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021245 dietary protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003031 feeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032696 parturition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035479 physiological effects, processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003911 water pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
Abstract
The invention discloses compound feed for snakehead fishes, aiming at providing compound feed for snakehead fishes having the advantages of low feed coefficient, balanced and comprehensive nutrition, strong palatability and high subaqueous stability. The invention is prepared from the following ingredients by weight percent: 20-29% of steam fish meal, 17-19% of direct firing fish meal, 21-26% of flour, 10.5-21% of soybean meal, 6-8% of peanut bran, 1-2% of imported liver powder, 0-1% of wheat gluten meal, 0.75-1% of soybean oil, 0.75-1% of phospholipid oil, 1.5-3% of fish oil, 0.8-1.2% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.8-1.2% of powdered zeolite and the balance of additives; and the additives contain complex vitamin, compound minerals, Vc organic phosphate, choline chloride, salt, mildew preventive and oxidation preventive. The compound feed for snakehead fishes can be widely applied to the field of snakehead fish aquaculture.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of mixed feed, relate in particular to a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish.
Background technology
Living fish belongs to Osteichthyes, Perciformes, Anabantoidei, murrel section, Ophiocephalus.At present China's principal item of culturing has snakehead, snakehead and cenospecies thereof, and living fish is being commonly called as of their threes.The local name of living fish has: snakeheaded fish, wealth fish, crow rod, spot fish, snakehead fish, filial piety fish, a silent fish etc.It is few to give birth to fish bony spur, edible rate 63%.At China's southern area, especially in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and Hong Kong and Macao, living fish one is to the nourishing treasure that is regarded as rehabilitation after being ill and body void person.In recent years along with the needs of the development and the external trade of domestic aquaculture, have that adaptive capacity is strong, growth rapidly, the living fish of advantages such as convenient transportation becomes the special cultivation kind that both production and marketing thrive gradually, is subjected to extensive concern and attention.Living fish industry is in the South China, and particularly the area, Guangdong Province has formed very huge industry, and from seed, breed, feed, be processed to form an integrated industrial chain, supporting one of this industrial chain most critical is exactly compound feed for snakehead fish.Traditional living fish culture mode uses the ice iced trash fish to feed, this feeding patterns cost height, and the destruction to resource environment is more serious, easily cause water quality to degenerate, simultaneously because weather problems can't guarantee to have every day enough bright supplies of ice, therefore be difficult to ensure the normal operation of living fish culture, and adopt the ice iced trash fish to feed and bring out the disease generation easily; At present increasing raiser adopts the mode of forage feed to culture living fish, yet present employed living fish meal is because technical imperfection, problem such as the ubiquity attractant is not good, water stability is relatively poor and nutrition is unbalanced, cause living sashimi (raw fish) long slowly, tell material, premunition is weak, survival rate is low, so can not satisfy the needs of living fish culture.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, and the compound feed for snakehead fish that a kind of feed coefficient is low, balanced in nutrition, attractant is strong, water stability good and cost is low is provided.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is that by weight percentage, the present invention is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 20～29%, straight fiery fish meal 17～19%,
Flour 21～26%, dregs of beans 10.5～21%,
Peanut press pulp 6～8%, import liver powder 1～2%,
Gluten 0～1%, soya-bean oil 0.75～1%,
Phosphatide oil 0.75～1%, fish oil 1.5～3%,
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 0.8～1.2%, zeolite powder 0.8～1.2%;
Surplus is the additive that contains B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt, mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
The addition of additive is described in every kilogram of described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish:
B B-complex: vitamin A 9000-12000IU, cholecalciferol 3500-4500IU, vitamin E 80-120IU, prokeyvit 8-10mg, vitamin B1 8-12mg, vitamin B2 12-15mg, vitamin B6 1 5-20mg, cobalamin 0.04-0.05mg, D-biotin 0.2-0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 30-45mg, folic acid 2-3mg, niacinamide 60-80mg, inositol 150-250mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 20-30mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 400-600mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 200-350mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 120-180mg, potassium chloride 800-1200mg, sodium sulphate 200-350mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 40-50mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 20-30mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 50-70mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 500-700mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 300-500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 2500-3000mg, salt 2000-3000mg, mould inhibitor 300-500mg, antioxidant 150-200mg.
Optimally, described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 25%, straight fiery fish meal 19%,
Flour 21%, dregs of beans 19%,
Peanut press pulp 6%, Gluten 0.5%,
Import liver powder 1.5%, soya-bean oil 0.75%,
Phosphatide oil 0.75%, fish oil 2.5%,
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1%, zeolite powder 1%;
Surplus is the additive that contains B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt, mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
Optimally, the addition of additive described in every kilogram of described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is:
B B-complex: vitamin A 12000IU, cholecalciferol 4500IU, vitamin e1 20IU, prokeyvit 10mg, vitamin B1 10mg, vitamin B2 15mg, vitamin B6 20mg, cobalamin 0.05mg, D-biotin 0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 40mg, folic acid 3mg, niacinamide 80mg, inositol 200mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 25mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 500mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 250mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 150mg, potassium chloride 1200mg, sodium sulphate 300mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 50mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 30mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 70mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 650mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 2500mg, salt 3000mg, mould inhibitor 300mg, antioxidant 200mg.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the growth and the physiology digestion characteristics that the present invention is directed to living fish, select the high feedstuff of utilization rate, give that living fish provides comprehensively, prescribing adequate nutrition, its attractant is good, help fast the ingesting fast and digest effectively, absorb and utilize of living fish, thereby balanced, comprehensive nutritive materials are provided for living fish, effectively promote quick healthy growth of living fish and survival rate height; The good stability of this mixed feed in water keeps the enough time to ingest for living fish, reduces scattering and disappearing of nutriment, effectively alleviates the breeding water body eutrophication pollution, promotes to give birth to the sustainable development of fish culture industry.
The specific embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated below to provide specific embodiment and test data.
Embodiment 1:
By weight percentage, described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 25%, straight fiery fish meal 19%,
Flour 21%, dregs of beans 19%,
Peanut press pulp 6%, Gluten 0.5%,
Import liver powder 1.5%, soya-bean oil 0.75%,
Phosphatide oil 0.75%, fish oil 2.5%,
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1%, zeolite powder 1%;
Surplus is the additive that contains B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt, mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
The addition of additive is described in every kilogram of above-mentioned a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish:
B B-complex: vitamin A 12000IU, cholecalciferol 4500IU, vitamin e1 20IU, prokeyvit 10mg, vitamin B1 10mg, vitamin B2 15mg, vitamin B6 20mg, cobalamin 0.05mg, D-biotin 0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 40mg, folic acid 3mg, niacinamide 80mg, inositol 200mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 25mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 500mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 250mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 150mg, potassium chloride 1200mg, sodium sulphate 300mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 50mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 30mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 70mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 650mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 2500mg, salt 3000mg, mould inhibitor 300mg, antioxidant 200mg.
Embodiment 2:
By weight percentage, described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 22%, straight fiery fish meal 19%,
Flour 25%, dregs of beans 18%,
Peanut press pulp 7%, import liver powder 1.5%,
Soya-bean oil 0.75%, phosphatide oil 0.75%,
Fish oil 2%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1%,
Zeolite powder 1%;
Surplus is the additive that contains B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt, mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
The addition of additive is described in every kilogram of above-mentioned a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish:
B B-complex: vitamin A 10000IU, cholecalciferol 4000IU, vitamin e1 00IU, prokeyvit 8mg, vitamin B1 8mg, vitamin B2 12mg, vitamin B6 15mg, cobalamin 0.04mg, D-biotin 0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 40mg, folic acid 3mg, niacinamide 65mg, inositol 160mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 25mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 400mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 200mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 150mg, potassium chloride 1000mg, sodium sulphate 250mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 40mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 25mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 55mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 500mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 3000mg, salt 3000mg, mould inhibitor 500mg, antioxidant 200mg.
Embodiment 3:
By weight percentage, described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 22%, straight fiery fish meal 17%,
Flour 23.5%, dregs of beans 20%,
Peanut press pulp 8%, import liver powder 1.5%,
Soya-bean oil 0.75%, phosphatide oil 0.75%,
Fish oil 2.5%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1.2%,
Zeolite powder 0.8%;
Surplus for contain B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt,
The additive of mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
The addition of additive is described in every kilogram of above-mentioned a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish:
B B-complex: vitamin A 10000IU, cholecalciferol 4000IU, vitamin e1 00IU, prokeyvit 8mg, vitamin B1 8mg, vitamin B2 12mg, vitamin B6 15mg, cobalamin 0.04mg, D-biotin 0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 40mg, folic acid 3mg, niacinamide 65mg, inositol 160mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 25mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 400mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 200mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 150mg, potassium chloride 1000mg, sodium sulphate 250mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 40mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 25mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 55mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 500mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 3000mg, salt 3000mg, mould inhibitor 500mg, antioxidant 200mg.
The raw material of the foregoing description 1-3 by cleaning, metering, pulverize, add additive, add oil, processing steps such as mixing, modified, expanded, granulation, oven dry, cooling make expanded pellet feed, its concrete processing technology does not repeat them here for existing known technology.
Below, the science and the reasonability of giving birth to main nutrient composition in the fish feed formula are analyzed by test.Test 1: living fish sees Table 1 to the demand of protein.
Table 1 is given birth to fish protein test growth indexes (means standard deviation)
| Protein level | ??35％ | ??40％ | ??45％ | ??50％ |
| 8 weekends heavy (g) | ??61.32±0.47 a | ??70.68±0.82 b | ??76.59±0.41 c | ??78.24±0.77 c |
| Rate of body weight gain (%) | ??871.63± ??36.30 a | ??943.58± ??23.34 b | ??962.48± ??34.32 b | ??981.82± ??36.29 b |
| Survival rate (%) | ??93.33±6.67 | ??100.00±0.00 | ??100.00±0.00 | ??96.67±3.34 |
| Feed coefficient | ??1.51±0.18 a | ??1.34±0.09 b | ??1.30±0.07 c | ??1.29±0.09 c |
Annotate: same rower has different alphabets to be shown with significant difference (P＜0.05).
Result of the test shows: in the scope of the horizontal 35-50% of forage protein, rate of body weight gain of living fish and survival rate raise with dietary protein level.When the forage protein level was 40%-50%, the rate of body weight gain of living fish was significantly higher than forage protein level 35% group (P＜0.05).The forage protein level is 45% and 50% each index difference not remarkable (P＞0.05).It is better that protein level reaches 40% effect when above in the compound feed for snakehead fish.
Test 2: living fish sees Table 2 to the demand of fat.
Table 2 is given birth to fish fats gradient test growth indexes (means standard deviation)
| Fat level | ??5.5％ | ??6.1％ | ??7.5％ | ??8.0％ | ??9.6％ |
| 8 weekends heavy (g) | ??58.23± ??0.41 a | ??68.42± ??0.32 b | ??75.34± ??0.37 c | ??77.26± ??0.33 c | ??77.89± ??0.72 c |
| Rate of body weight gain (%) | ??762.86± ??38.74 a | ??813.48± ??28.97 b | ??989.65± ??30.78 c | ??976.89± ??35.61 c | ??1083.77± ??37.76 c |
| Survival rate (%) | ??93.33±6.67 | ??93.33±6.67 | ??100.00±0.0 | ??100.00±0.0 | ??100.00±0.0 |
| Feed coefficient | ??1.62±0.08 a | ??1.48±0.06 b | ??1.39±0.07 b | ??1.33±0.02 b | ??1.34±0.05 b |
Annotate: same rower has different alphabets to be shown with significant difference (P＜0.05).
Result of the test shows: the living fish crude fat amount of throwing something and feeding is 7.5%, 8.0% and 9.6% test group, show preferable growing state, 8 weekends, heavy and rate of body weight gain was significantly higher than 5.5% and 6.1% two test group (P＜0.05), and feed coefficient significantly is lower than 5.5% and 6.1% two test group (P＜0.05).The survival rate aspect contains 5.5% and 6.1% crude fat in the basal feed, living fish shows minimum survival rate (93.33% ± 6.67).7.5%, 8.0% and 9.6% 3 test group obtains the highest survival rate equally.
To the best requirement of fat and protein, designed embodiment 1-3 prescription according to living fish in test 1 and the test 2, each formula material is formed and nutritional labeling such as following table 3:
Table 3 embodiment 1-3 feed formula and constituent analysis
Adopt above-mentioned mixed feed and normal experiment feed (control group) to raise livings fish contrast, the control group feed can satisfy the basic nutritional need of living fish, fills a prescription and feeding effect sees the following form 3 and table 4 respectively.
Table 3 control group feed formula and constituent analysis
| Raw material proportioning (%) | |
| The steam fish meal | ??25 |
| Casein | ??20 |
| Gelatin | ??8 |
| Cornstarch | ??34 |
| Fish oil | ??2.5 |
| Soya-bean oil | ??2.5 |
| Multidimensional | ??1 |
| Many ore deposits | ??2 |
| Choline Chloride | ??0.5 |
| Calcium dihydrogen phosphate | ??1.2 |
| The Vc phosphate | ??0.05 |
| Alpha-cellulose | ??3.25 |
| Nutritional labeling | |
| Dry (%) | ??91.12 |
| Crude fat content (%) | ??8.87 |
| Crude protein content (%) | ??43.50 |
| Ash content (%) | ??7.86 |
Annotate: multidimensional and many ore deposits are commercial product.
Mixed feed is raised living fish effect (average data of embodiment 1-3) in table 4 Glass fibre reinforced plastic tub
| Embodiment 1-3 | The control group feed | |
| Test period | 8 weeks | 8 weeks |
| Initial weight (g) | ??6.87±0.33 | ??6.72±0.25 |
| Rate of body weight gain (%) | ??945.15±46.08 a | ??860.63±73.13 b |
| Survival rate (%) | ??93.33±6.67 | ??93.33±6.67 |
| Protein efficiency ratio, PER (%) | ??1.70±0.14 | ??1.65±0.05 |
| Feed coefficient | ??1.42±0.12 | ??1.52±0.16 |
| The average ingest time of every meal (min) | ??18 | ??22 |
Annotate: same rower has different alphabets to be shown with significant difference (P＜0.05).
Result of the test shows: living fish is fed through 8 all feeds, and embodiment 1-3 group rate of body weight gain is significantly higher than control group (P＜0.05), and protein efficiency ratio, PER is than the control group height, and feed coefficient is lower than control group.Embodiment 1-3 feed has good palatability, promotes that living fish ingests fast, helps to reduce feed waste simultaneously and alleviates water pollution.This product is according to the demand of the different growth and development stages of living fish to nutriment, calculate by science, with the various nutritions in multiple feedstuff and the essential nourishing additive agent, be hybridly prepared into living fish perfect compound feed in certain quantity and ratio, digested and assimilated effectively and utilize by living fish easily, promote that living fish grows fast, and can improve the disease resistance ability of living fish.
The present invention can be widely used in the raising field of living fish.
Claims (4)
1, a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is characterized in that: by weight percentage, described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 20～29%, straight fiery fish meal 17～19%,
Flour 21～26%, dregs of beans 10.5～21%,
Peanut press pulp 6～8%, import liver powder 1～2%,
Gluten 0～1%, soya-bean oil 0.75～1%,
Phosphatide oil 0.75～1%, fish oil 1.5～3%,
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 0.8～1.2%, zeolite powder 0.8～1.2%;
Surplus is the additive that contains B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt, mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
2, a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the addition of additive is described in every kilogram of described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish:
B B-complex: vitamin A 9000-12000 IU, cholecalciferol 3500-4500IU, vitamin E 80-120 IU, prokeyvit 8-10mg, vitamin B1 8-12mg, vitamin B2 12-15mg, vitamin B6 15-20mg, cobalamin 0.04-0.05mg, D-biotin 0.2-0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 30-45mg, folic acid 2-3mg, niacinamide 60-80mg, inositol 150-250mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 20-30mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 400-600mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 200-350mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 120-180mg, potassium chloride 800-1200mg, sodium sulphate 200-350mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 40-50mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 20-30mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 50-70mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 500-700mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 300-500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 2500-3000mg, salt 2000-3000mg, mould inhibitor 300-500mg, antioxidant 150-200mg.
3, a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: by weight percentage, described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish is composed of the following components:
Steam fish meal 25%, straight fiery fish meal 19%,
Flour 21%, dregs of beans 19%,
Peanut press pulp 6%, Gluten 0.5%,
Import liver powder 1.5%, soya-bean oil 0.75%,
Phosphatide oil 0.75%, fish oil 2.5%,
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 1%, zeolite powder 1%;
Surplus is the additive that contains B B-complex, composite mineral matter, Vc phosphate, Choline Chloride, salt, mould inhibitor and antioxidant.
4, a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: the addition of additive is described in every kilogram of described a kind of compound feed for snakehead fish:
B B-complex: vitamin A 1 2000 IU, cholecalciferol 4500 IU, vitamin e1 20 IU, prokeyvit 10mg, vitamin B1 10mg, vitamin B2 15mg, vitamin B6 20mg, cobalamin 0.05mg, D-biotin 0.3mg, D-calcium pantothenate 40mg, folic acid 3mg, niacinamide 80mg, inositol 200mg;
Composite mineral matter: copper content is 21% cupric glycinate 25mg, ferrous sulfate monohydrate 500mg, zinc content is 22% glycine zine 250mg, manganese content is 15% manganese methionine 150mg, potassium chloride 1200mg, sodium sulphate 300mg, cobalt content is 5% cobalt methionine 50mg, content of iodine is 5% calcium iodate 30mg, and Se content is 1% sodium selenite 70mg, magnesium sulfate monohydrate 650mg;
Vc content is that 35% Vc phosphate 500mg, concentration are 50% Choline Chloride 2500mg, salt 3000mg, mould inhibitor 300mg, antioxidant 200mg.
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