CN101617104A - 用于在机动车的内燃机中产生废气处理用氨的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于在机动车的内燃机中产生废气处理用氨的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101617104A
CN101617104A CN200780049113A CN200780049113A CN101617104A CN 101617104 A CN101617104 A CN 101617104A CN 200780049113 A CN200780049113 A CN 200780049113A CN 200780049113 A CN200780049113 A CN 200780049113A CN 101617104 A CN101617104 A CN 101617104A
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A·科普
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Abstract

在一种用于在机动车(1)的内燃机(2)中产生废气处理用氨的方法中建议，内燃机(2)以λ＜1.0的空燃比运行，给供应至内燃机(2)的空气/燃料混合物添加水，以便在机动车(1)上随车产生对于废气处理必需的氨。并且在一种用于执行所述方法的设备中，该设备具有用于确定供应给内燃机(2)的空气/燃料混合物的空燃比λ的装置(5)，其中建议，设有用于向空气/燃料混合物添加水的添加装置(6)，以便在机动车上随车产生对于废气处理必需的氨，其中添加装置(6)能根据所确定的空燃比λ来控制。按照建议，在所述方法和所述设备中能取消用于氨或氨前体的储存容器并且也能省去用于合成氨的复杂的发生器。

Description

用于在机动车的内燃机中产生废气处理用氨的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在机动车的内燃机中产生废气处理用氨的方法以及用于执行该方法的设备。
背景技术
此外，对于内燃机废气中的氮氧化物的许可限值由于法律规定而越来越低。为了满足这些要求，已知给废气添加氨(NH3)，以将包含在废气中的氮氧化物(NO和NO2)转变成对环境友好的化合物氮气(N2)和水(H2O)。
原则上，用于机动车废气处理的氨或氨前体如尿素或氨基甲酸铵可以借助于专门的容器提供。为了提供对于机动车的整个使用寿命足够量的氨，该容器必须很大。但通常不能为此提供足够的位置。在使用较小的容器时，必需在其间重新填充这些较小的容器。在填充容器时要注意，该工作必须由专业车间进行，以便排除中毒或气味危害。
此外，氨也可以直接在机动车上随车产生。例如，由文献DE 103 37901 A1和DE 199 03 533 A1说明了用于借助于设置在内燃机排气管路中的等离子体催化反应器合成氨的方法。但这些合成方法比较复杂、易受干扰并且昂贵。
最后，由文献DE 196 54 977 C2已知一种用于还原氮氧化物和黑烟的方法。为此，在贫油地运行的柴油机中将水喷入燃烧室中。注入的水的蒸发使燃烧温度降低，从而产生较少的氮氧化物。要喷入的水在那里从柴油机废气中获得。
此外，由文献DE 196 48 219 C1也已知一种用于从燃烧废气中分离水的装置。所获得的水能以各种方式应用，由此在机动车中能省去携带单独的水箱。
发明内容
在此背景下，本发明的目的在于，提供一种改进的用于在机动车的内燃机中产生废气处理用氨的方法。此外，本发明的目的还在于，创造一种用于执行所述方法的设备。
按照该方法，所述目的这样来实现，即内燃机以λ＜1.0的空燃比(即富油)运行，给引导至内燃机的空气/燃料混合物添加水，以便在机动车上产生对于废气处理必需的氨。在空气不足时保证，在燃烧室内产生足够量的氢气，该氢气特别是在内燃机的富油运行时与存在于废气流中的或储存的氮氧化物转变成氨。因此，通过该特征组合以简单但非常有效的方式通过混合物或废气的不同的依次进行的反应最后形成氨，该氨能用于降低有害物质。
有利地，添加的水的量根据供应给内燃机的空燃比λ确定。因为空燃比影响在废气中产生的、要转化的氮氧化物的量。
可替代地或者补充地，添加的水的量也根据设置在排气管路中的氮氧化物传感器的信号来确定。
优选地，在以氨完成废气处理后，使水从废气中返回，其中添加到空气/燃料混合物中的水通过从废气中返回的水来供给。以这种方式形成闭合的回路，从而确保了在每个时刻供给水。
特别优选地，从废气中返回的水通过冷凝过程获得。为此将废气通过热交换器一直冷却到露点之下，并收集和储存或继续引导分离出的水。
合理地，从废气中返回的水的量大于或等于要添加的水的量。由此保证，始终为将水添加到空气/燃料混合物中提供足够的量。
按照该设备，所述目的这样来实现，即在装备有用于确定供应给内燃机的空气/燃料混合物的空燃比λ的装置的设备中设有用于向空气/燃料混合物添加水的添加装置，以便在机动车上随车产生对于废气处理必需的氨，其中添加装置根据所确定的空燃比λ工作。借助于该特征能省去用于氨或氨前体的单独的储存装置以及省去用于产生氨的昂贵的发生器。此外，该控制还允许对水最佳地定量，从而一方面形成足够量的氨，另一方面尽可能少地影响内燃机内的燃烧过程。
此外，添加装置能根据设置在排气管路内的氮氧化物传感器的信号来控制，以便也考虑NOx存储催化器的动态性能并由此更精确地对添加的水定量。
添加装置在内燃机上游联接在负压区域中，以便易于将水添加到空气/燃料混合物中以及实现水和空气/燃料混合物的尽可能均匀的混合，由此有效地支持氨的形成。
掺加有氨的废气的废气处理合理地通过依次设置在内燃机排气管路中的炭烟滤清器、NOx储存催化器和SCR催化器进行。
如果还设有返回装置，以便在用氨的废气处理的下游使水从内燃机废气中返回，则添加装置可以由该返回装置来供给。由此取消了用于水的单独的储存容器的必要性。在此，水的返回可以不仅在内燃机的富油运行期间而且在内燃机的贫油运行期间进行。
按照改进方案，该返回装置与内燃机排气管路联接并构成为冷凝装置。这样的冷凝装置包括热交换器，该热交换器也在后置于废气处理装置的区域内仍无问题地工作。
特别有利的是，返回装置能根据添加装置来控制。因为添加装置指明添加多少水，从而由此得到需要多少水来供给添加装置。通过使热交换器在其功率方面节流或断开，能直接地避免多余的水。但可替代地也可简单地将多余的水排出到环境中，因为这不破坏环境。
但补充地或者可替代地，返回装置也可具有带有物位装置的储备容器并能根据该物位装置来控制。这样的带有物位装置的储备容器对于水供给表现为一定的缓冲器并且还能经济地实现。
附图说明
参照两个附图更详细地阐述本发明。其中：
图1示出用于产生废气处理用氨的方法的简化流程图；以及
图2示出带有用于执行图1中的方法的设备的机动车的示意图。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出的方法规定，内燃机2以空气不足的方式运行，并给供应的空气/燃料混合物添加水H2O，以产生对于废气处理必需的氨NH3。
对此，在方法的第一步骤I中检查空燃比λ是否小于1.0。如果是这样的情况，则在第二步骤II中根据实际的空燃比λ给空气/燃料混合物添加水，从而依据下面的化学反应：
H2O+CO-＞H2+CO2
4xH2O+HyCx-＞4x+yH2+2xCO2
首先提供增大的量的氢气H2。然后在内燃机2的排气管路内通过氢气H2与包含在废气中的氮氧化物NOx的反应依据后续反应：
H2+NO+NO2--＞H2O+NH3
产生氨NH3。这在流程图中通过步骤III来表示。最后，借助这样产生的氨NH3转化剩下的氮氧化物NOx，其中按照反应：
NH3+NO+NO2-＞H2O+N2
产生水H2O和氮气N2，这在图1中对应于步骤IV。在废气处理后，例如借助于热交换装置将净化的热的废气冷却到露点之下并由此从废气中分离出水H2O。水H2O的返回对应于所示方法的步骤V，该再返回理想地根据供应的空燃比λ或设置在排气管路4中的氮氧化物传感器的信号来进行。最后，根据步骤VI，将返回的水H2O用于添加到水H2O的供给中。
图2示出具有内燃机2的机动车1，该内燃机带有进气管路3和排气管路4。
在内燃机2的进气管路3中设有用于确定或调节供应给内燃机2的空气/燃料混合物的空燃比λ的装置5。该装置5与机动车1的控制器以及可能与设置在排气管路4中的λ传感器联接，并控制用于新鲜空气的节气门、用于燃料的喷射装置以及可能也控制废气再循环装置。
用于水的添加装置6与进气管路3或直接与内燃机2的燃烧室联接，以便将水在负压区域内、亦即例如在未示出的节气门下游导入到空气/燃料混合物中。添加装置6具有一控制装置，以便根据由装置5确定的空燃比λ控制添加的水的量，以最终提供对于废气处理优化的量的氨。
在内燃机2的排气管路4中，依次设有炭烟滤清器7、NOx储存催化器8和SCR(选择性催化还原，缩写为SCR)催化器9。借助于该用于废气处理的结构过滤出炭烟并储存或释放以及转化氮氧化物。
对于供给添加装置6，在内燃机2下游还设有返回装置10，该返回装置在以氨完成废气处理之后将水从废气中返回。这样获得的水被导向添加装置6，其中要注意，回收的水的量大致等于添加的水的量。为了使该回收的水的量不或者仅略微超过添加的水的量，可将例如构成为热交换器的返回装置10在其功率方面节流或断开。
为了能使用从返回装置10输送至添加装置6的水，还设有泵装置11。
在图2中还示出一用作缓冲器的储备容器12。该储备容器12也可具有物位装置13，从而简单地根据物位装置13来控制返回装置10。
附图标记列表
1    机动车
2    内燃机
3    进气管路
4    排气管路
5    用于确定或调节λ的装置
6    添加装置
7    炭烟滤清器
8    NOx储存催化器
9    SCR催化器
10   返回装置
11   泵装置
12   储备容器
13   物位装置

Claims (15)

1.用于在机动车的内燃机中产生废气处理用氨的方法，其特征在于：内燃机(2)以λ＜1.0的空燃比运行，给供应至内燃机(2)的空气/燃料混合物添加水，以便在机动车(1)上随车产生对于废气处理必需的氨。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：添加的水的量根据供应给内燃机(2)的空燃比λ来确定。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于：添加的水的量根据设置在排气管路(4)中的氮氧化物传感器的信号来确定。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：在以氨完成废气处理后，从废气中返回水，并将该水用于供给添加到空气/燃料混合物中的水。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：从废气中返回的水通过冷凝过程获得。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于：返回的水的量大于或等于添加的水的量。
7.用于在机动车(1)的内燃机(2)中产生废气处理用氨的设备，用于执行根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，该设备具有用于确定供应给内燃机(2)的空气/燃料混合物的空燃比λ的装置(5)，其特征在于：设有用于向空气/燃料混合物添加水的添加装置(6)，以便在机动车(1)上随车产生对于废气处理必需的氨，其中添加装置(6)能根据所确定的空燃比λ来控制。
8.根据权利要求7所述的设备，其特征在于：添加装置(6)还能根据设置在排气管路(4)中的氮氧化物传感器的信号来控制。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的设备，其特征在于：添加装置(6)在内燃机(2)上游联接在负压区域中。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于：掺加有氨的废气的废气处理适宜地通过依次设置在内燃机(2)的排气管路(4)中的炭烟滤清器(7)、NOx储存催化器(8)和SCR催化器(9)进行。
11.根据权利要求7至10中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于：设有返回装置(10)，以便在用氨的废气处理的下游将水从内燃机(2)的废气中返回，其中添加装置(6)由该返回装置(10)供给。
12.根据权利要求11所述的设备，其特征在于：返回装置(10)与内燃机(2)的排气管路(4)联接。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的设备，其特征在于：返回装置(10)构成为冷凝装置。
14.根据权利要求11至13中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于：返回装置(10)能根据添加装置(6)来控制。
15.根据权利要求10至14中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于：返回装置(10)具有带有物位装置(13)的储备容器(12)并能根据该物位装置(13)来控制。
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