CN101484773A - 提高纤维结构防弹性的聚合物添加剂 - Google Patents

提高纤维结构防弹性的聚合物添加剂 Download PDF

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CN101484773A
CN101484773A CNA2005800205231A CN200580020523A CN101484773A CN 101484773 A CN101484773 A CN 101484773A CN A2005800205231 A CNA2005800205231 A CN A2005800205231A CN 200580020523 A CN200580020523 A CN 200580020523A CN 101484773 A CN101484773 A CN 101484773A
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polymer
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CN101484773B (zh
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B·B·绍尔
K·R·萨曼特
J·D·特伦塔科斯塔
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Abstract

由纤维和约1～约15重量％玻璃化转变温度约－40℃～约0℃的高粘度聚合物制成并适用于制造防弹制品的纤维结构。

Description

提高纤维结构防弹性的聚合物添加剂
相关申请交互参考文献
本申请要求2004年6月21日提交的临时申请60/581,473的优先权权益。
发明背景
1.发明领域
本发明涉及浸渍了低玻璃化转变温度粘性聚合物粘合剂的纤维结构并涉及由其制成的制品。
2.相关技术描述
虽然许多柔性防弹衣结构足以终止射弹，但与钝伤相关的冲击仍能造成这种制品如防弹背心的穿戴者受重伤甚至死亡。减轻钝伤的严重程度可以通过耗散冲击能来实现。
先前，为减轻钝伤曾把较刚性层放在靠近身体的部分，但已发现这会明显降低抗射弹穿透性并增加防弹衣的重量，同时还会减少舒适性。
国际申请(WO 2004/074761 A1)公开了以溶液浸渍进防弹织物和其它相关的含纤维防弹布的粘弹性聚合物流体。玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的优选范围是-128℃～-40℃。考虑了0.25Pas～2.5×104Pas的低粘度。
Briscoe，B.J.，Motamedi，F.，“Role of interfacial friction andLubrication in yarn and fabric mechanics(界面摩擦和润滑作用在纱和织物力学中的作用)”，Textile Research Journal 19906(12)，697和Briscoe，B.J.，Motamedi，F.“The ballistic impact characteristics ofaramid fabrics：the influence of interface friction(芳族聚芳酰胺织物的射弹冲击特性：界面摩擦的影响)”，Wear 1992 158(1-2)，229都描述了浸进纤维的中等粘度聚合物。添加剂的Tg为-115℃。他们观察到了预期的润滑作用。
授予Rhoades等的US 6,701,529公开了刚度增加正比于受载速率的由聚合物、润滑剂和/或填料组分组成的能量吸收介质。聚硼硅氧烷聚合物流体和其它氢键键合聚合物流体混合物表现出膨胀(剪切增稠)特性。
授予Lee，Y.S等的US专利3,649,426(N.J.Advanced Body Armorutilizing Shear Thickening Fluid(利用剪切增稠流体的先进防弹衣)，23rd Army Science Conference，2002)考虑了颗粒与防弹纤维一起的剪切增稠悬浮体。
WO 00/46303和US 3,649,426描述了在芳族聚芳酰胺板的袋内或背面含有剪切增稠颗粒悬浮体的芳族聚芳酰胺织物。
U.S.专利5,776,839公开了典型组成是炭黑、热解法二氧化硅(纳米二氧化硅)和少量“胶”住防弹纤维和织物的“粘合剂”的膨胀性干粉的应用。
U.S.5,229,199考虑了涂有粘结改性剂并包埋在基体树脂中的织造芳族聚芳酰胺织物的刚性复合材料。减小的摩擦和弱化的界面导致提高的防弹性。如果织物内的摩擦太大，或如果基体太刚，则会严重降低防弹性。
US 5,354,605用低Tg、高分子量弹性体作为纤维层的粘合剂基体。它们在单向防弹层内提供柔软性。
US 5,854,143描述了适用于防弹衣的材料，它包含，不论在单层或多层组件或层压板内，至少一层含有涂布了属于有机膨胀剂的干粉的平面结构。
最理想的目标是提高柔软防弹衣的抗钝伤性，同时保持高的防弹性。此外，防弹背心更舒适和重量更轻也是要达到的理想性能。
发明概述
本发明涉及纤维和约1～约15重量％玻璃化转变温度约-40℃～约0℃的高粘度聚合物的纤维结构以及由这类纤维状纤维制成的防护制品。
发明详述
在本发明中，一种或多种低玻璃化转变温度的高粘度聚合物粘合剂被涂布到或浸渍进纤维结构。高粘度聚合物粘合剂也可以称做聚合物或粘合剂。另外，当用术语浸渍时，应理解它也旨在包括涂层在内。既保持了优良的防弹性同时又提高了耐钝伤性。背面形变是钝伤的指标，也就是说，BFD越低，则防弹衣穿戴者所受的钝伤就越轻。已经发现，与先有技术体系不同，在许多不同类型的纤维结构中，低含量就有效。浸进纤维结构中的少量液态粘合剂主要起磨擦提高剂的作用，机理是改变射弹冲击条件下织物内单丝的滑动磨擦。而且，本发明的材料在防弹衣之类的制品中提供减小的背面形变(BFD)，同时保留或略提高抗射弹穿透性。在通篇本说明书中，BFD的单位是毫米(mm)。
本发明还涉及包含一层或多层已浸渍(或已涂布)约1～15重量％玻璃化转变温度Tg约-40℃～0℃的高粘度树脂的高性能纤维结构。玻璃化转变温度用差示扫描量热法(DSC)以10℃/min的升温速率测定。把转变中点选为Tg。在通篇本说明书中，Tg的单位是℃。
与本发明的粘合剂不同，固体粘合剂基体会降低抗射弹穿透性，正如其它较刚性的添加剂以及因存在约15重量％或更多粘合剂添加剂而太刚或摩擦力太高的体系所表现的那样。如下文讨论，对于浸渍织物内很高的摩擦和刚度，这种行为是意料之中的，正如当多层受到高速射弹冲击时那样。
关于含低Tg粘合剂的织物在冲击期间的响应，考虑这类体系的应变速率依赖性很重要。实验上理解这一点的一种方法是应用频率依赖动态力学法。为进行试验，用聚丙酸乙烯酯(PVP)或聚甲基丙烯酸己酯(PHM)浸渍惰性玻璃载体织物。让PHM从甲苯溶液中沉积出来并除去甲苯。用这些样品进行频率依赖动态力学分析(DMA)。实验和设备都是标准的且已描述在Starkweather，H.W.，Giri，M.R.，J.Appl.Polym.Sci.1982，27，1243题为“Use of a Dynamical MechamicalAnalyzer to Study Supported Polymers(用动态力学分析仪研究带载体聚合物)”一文中。取损耗信号的峰值为频率依赖性玻璃化转变温度。取频率范围两端分别为0.1Hz～30Hz，则PHM的Tg在-18.5℃～-2℃范围内。在同样频率范围内，PVP的Tg范围为3℃～12.5℃。它们对应于PHM和PVP的活化能分别是40kcal/mol和65kcal/mol。射弹事件很高的应变速率产生高当量频率(>>105Hz)形变。如此高的应变速率很容易把PVP和PHM从液态转变为玻璃态固体。例如，在105Hz，根据PHM的活化能，Tg将移到25℃。该值表明，在由射弹冲击引起的高应变速率下，甚至PHM在室温下也已进入了玻璃相。
本发明中所用高粘度粘合剂的Tg落在约-40℃～约0℃范围内，且优选在约-35℃～约-10℃范围内。对于这类材料，来自射弹事件的高应变速率足以把它的频率依赖性Tg移到室温之上，从而把粘性粘合剂转变为刚性玻璃态固体。由于低Tg和“流体”性质，这类粘合剂提供制造在静态条件下很舒服的防弹背心的柔软织物。如果玻璃化转变温度低于约-40℃，则应变速率尚未高到足以把该体系转变为玻璃相。
如上所述，粘合剂应该是高粘度聚合物流体。它们不应该是弹性固体、很高分子量的聚合物、半结晶弹性固体或交联弹性固体。这类聚合物会降低抗射弹穿透性而且更刚，因此会降低舒适性。而且，尤其少量涂布的固体粘合剂，在一旦织物发生大变形时，将不可能自愈并将失去有效性。
这类高粘度粘合剂提供中等至较高的摩擦。对于Tg在约-40℃～约0℃范围内的高粘度树脂，超过干织物对比样品的高摩擦与BFD之间有良好的相关性并提供性能优越性。浸渍添加剂的粘度也与织物刚度相关。
除Tg以外，本发明中所用粘合剂的特征还在于它们的分子量(Mw)和粘度。分子量是重均分子量且一般由凝胶渗透色谱法测定。粘性流体聚合物的分子量可以是，例如，在约20,000～400,000g/mol范围内。粘性流体的理想粘度范围是约2×106～约1013泊。粘度一般在室温下测定，但如本文所提供的粘合剂在室温下的粘度一般都高到无法用标准方法测定。在这种情况下，粘度是从高温熔体粘度、熔体流动指数特性或其它定性流变特性的外推法估算的。对于聚合物流体的零剪切速率粘度，所用的方法是锥-板流变仪或毛细管粘度计。上述范围以外的低粘度一般会降低性能，例如，在低Tg甚至高Mw的硅氧烷流体的情况下。这些材料因润滑作用而减小摩擦。已把这一点与差的防弹性联系起来，如Briscoe，B.J.，Motamedi，F.在“The ballistic impactcharacteristics of aramid fabrics：the influence of interface friction(芳族聚芳酰胺织物的射弹冲击性能：界面摩擦的影响)”，Wear 1992158(1-2)，229中所公开。
具有合适性能的液体粘合剂可以用多种方法形成，包括如悬浮、乳液或熔体聚合和以共混或共聚形式形成。适用于作本文高粘度粘合剂的聚合物的实例包括聚丙酸乙烯酯、聚甲基丙烯酸己酯、聚丙烯酸异丙酯和乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(其中乙烯含量为38重量％和丙烯酸甲酯含量为62重量％)。
纤维结构可以用由下列聚合物制成的纤维来制造：聚烯烃(如聚乙烯或聚丙烯)、聚酰亚胺、聚酯、聚乙烯醇、聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、聚芳酰胺如杜邦de Nemours and Company(DuPont)，Wilmington，DE以注册商标
Figure A200580020523D0007092750QIETU
销售的聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺、聚芳烃吡咯(polyareneazole)和聚哒唑(polypyridazole)，如聚吡啶并双咪唑。聚吡啶并双咪唑可获自Magellan Systems International，Richmond VA，注册商标是
Figure A200580020523D0007092801QIETU
。纤维的韧度，按ASTM D-885测定时，应至少为约900MPa才能提供出色的抗射弹穿透性。优选纤维还有至少约10GPa的模量。
高性能纤维结构可以采取多种形式，如针织物、织造织物、单编结构、单向布、多向布(如纤维交叉角为约20～90°的那些)、非织造层(如毡)、或甚至单纤维。纤维结构可以取10、20、40或60层以上本发明单层纤维结构的形式。
为优化防弹衣的性能，处理层可放在远离冲击点的背面，也可以放在中间，或以其它形式。聚合物浓度可以是各处理层相同，也可以是层与层之间有所不同，以使组合包在厚度方向上的刚度理想地变化。处理层可用在由层与层之间不同的多类织物结构组成的组合包内。
在防弹织物中浸渍流动性和模量明显不同于固体弹性体的高粘度粘合剂。当聚芳酰胺织物中添加剂含量在约1～约15重量％范围内时，取决于有多少层是处理过的，抗射弹穿透性和背面形变(钝伤的量度)都达到理想的高水平。据信，与目前为了使织物背心在使用中达到满意的防钝伤保护作用所需的面密度相比，这类体系能减轻约20～30重量％。如本发明中所用的高粘度粘合剂的玻璃化转变温度能使它们在本发明中具有理想的液体粘合剂性能并通过纤维结构内的粘度和摩擦效应来控制背面形变。
防弹衣是本发明的主要应用。已浸胶的高性能纤维结构可以用标准背心制造工艺如缝编法制成防弹衣。防弹衣由制造厂设计，以满足国家司法机构通过NIJ100-98建立起来的抗穿透、钝伤和其它要求。按照NIJ 100-98，把防弹板组合成单个元件的方式，在制造者之间是不同的。在有些情况下，沿整个板边滚边缝合多层；在另一些情况下，在若干个部位粗衲多层。有些制造厂用多行水平和垂直衲针组合织物；有些甚至可衍缝整个防弹板。没有迹象表明缝编针脚会破坏板的防弹性。相反，针脚倾向于改善全面性能，尤其在钝伤方面，取决于所用织物的类型。
实施例
在实施例中给出了粘性液体聚合物以展示能提高BFD的多种聚合物以及对比实施例。值得指出的是，迄今，已有大量文献提出在聚芳酰胺织物中加进粘合剂基体或弹性体树脂会降低防弹性，如US专利5,229,199所述。例如，如果织物内的摩擦因基体太刚而太高，则由聚芳酰胺织物制成的背心的防弹性明显降低。
PVP、聚甲基丙烯酸己酯、聚丙烯酸异丙酯、聚乙烯基乙基醚、聚丙烯酸异丁酯和聚二甲基硅氧烷都获自Scientific Polymer ProductsInc.of Ontario，NY。聚苯基甲基硅氧烷和联苯基硅氧烷/二甲基硅氧烷共聚物获自Gelest Inc.of Tullytown，PA。乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯(38/62)共聚物和乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯/丙烯酸丁酯三元共聚物获自杜邦公司，但是本文所用的乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物是实验级的。
用熔体传递法或用溶液涂布法使织物浸渍聚合物，以作防弹、拔出和其它试验。为溶液涂布，溶液含约5～20重量％聚合物，其余是溶剂。把聚合物溶液分散在织物上，然后让溶剂挥发掉。浸渍可以用刷、喷、浸等方法进行，以使高粘度粘合剂溶液与高性能纤维结构接触。用所加聚合物溶液的体积来控制如来自杜邦的
Figure A200580020523D0008092856QIETU
牌织物的聚芳酰胺织物内的最终添加剂百分含量。
纤维拔出试验在Instron上进行以探测由润滑剂和粘合剂对织物表面处理所产生的纱线摩擦改进。该试验把摩擦看成是把840旦聚芳酰胺单丝被从100mm宽被夹持单层织物中拔出所受到的阻力，如Bazhenov，S.，Dissipation of Energy by Bulletproof Aramid Fabric(防弹芳族聚芳酰胺织物的能耗)，J.Mat.Sci.，32，1997，4167所述。在Instron或其它测力设备上主要记录拔出单股聚芳酰胺纱所需的最大力。
进行防弹试验是为了发展适用的材料来减少背面形变，以满足国家司法机构对马格南左轮手枪0.357铜套铅弹的II级防护。作背面形变试验的方法一般是冲击背靠在粘土床上的多层聚芳酰胺织物板并测量因约1425英尺/秒标准射击速度的射弹事件所产生的刻痕深度(单位mm)。
样品织物具有用840旦聚芳酰胺纱构成的平纹结构，标准面重为5.8盎司/码2。
把21层15英寸×15英寸见方的这种层，用胶带固定住板边后，用聚芳酰胺缝纫线以“X”花样缝合起来。除非另有说明，21层中有10层已用液体聚合物粘合剂处理过并放在紧挨粘土床的部位。
V50定义为一半射弹被完全终止而另一半射弹穿透板的临界速度，单位是英尺/秒(ft/s)。在以下实施例中，正如可应用的那样，V50是对背靠粘土床的板测定的。
实施例1-2和对比实施例A-B
聚丙酸乙烯酯(PVP)的浓度对纤维拔出的影响在聚芳酰胺织物上测定。PVP获自Scientific Polymer Products Inc.of Ontario，NY。摩擦与拔出力相关且随浓度大幅度增大，即使在表1所示的较低浓度下。表内PVP的重量百分数以添加剂干重与聚芳酰胺织物的重量之比为基准计算。
表1
 
实施例 Wt.％ 最大力(N)
对比A 0 6
对比B 1 6
1 4 30
2 7 55
实施例3-5和对比实施例C
如上表所示，对于基础重量为～0.84磅/英尺2(psf)的聚芳酰胺织物浸渍了最多10重量％PVP液体粘合剂的体系来说，中等程度的摩擦增加对改善背面形变(BFD)有作用。在实现这一点的同时又保留甚至提高了抗射弹穿透性，如表2中V50所测定。
表2
 
实施例 Wt.％ BFD V50
对比C 0 44 1430
3 8 36 1480
4 10 34.6 1480
5 15 失败 1360
如表2所示，当
Figure A200580020523D00101
织物中含有约8～10重量％添加剂(PVP)时，具有良好的抗射弹穿透性和BFD。但是15重量％的浓度却因高摩擦而降低了抗射弹穿透性。
对比实施例D-F
用基础重量为1.26磅/英尺2(psf)的
Figure A200580020523D00102
聚芳酰胺织物浸渍含有乙烯基酯硬树脂基体的固体粘合剂制成对比实施例。
表3
 
实施例 Wt.％ V50
对比D 0 1580
对比E 20 1200
对比F 30 1120
如表3所示，随基体树脂浓度的增加，V50几乎普遍下降。
实施例6-10和对比实施例G-N
用低重量分数下列低玻璃化转变温度聚合物浸渍聚芳酰胺织物：
9重量％和15重量％的PVP(分别是实施例6和7)，10重量％的PHM(实施例8)，8重量％的聚丙烯酸异丙酯(实施例9)；8重量％的乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯(38/62)共聚物(实施例10)。
用未加入任何聚合物的21层聚芳酰胺层作为对比实施例G。
为对比起见，用下列聚合物浸渍聚芳酰胺织物：8重量％的聚丙烯腈-丁二烯液体(对比实施例H)；9重量％的聚丙烯酸异丁酯(对比实施例I)；9重量％的聚乙烯基乙基醚(对比实施例J)和8.8重量％的乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯/丙烯酸丁酯(37/50/13)三元共聚物(对比实施例K)。
还用10重量％下列低和很低玻璃化转变温度的聚硅氧烷浸渍聚芳酰胺织物：聚苯基甲基硅氧烷(对比实施例L)；二苯基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物(对比实施例M)、聚二甲基硅氧烷(对比实施例N)。
即使硅氧烷之一因其高分子量(即对比实施例N，聚二甲基硅氧烷，即硅油，Mw＝94kg/mol)而相当粘，BFD也未见有所改善。
如前面已讨论，大于15重量％的PVP浓度赋予高摩擦，因而导致抗射弹穿透性降低(较低的V50，表2)。
表4
 
实施例 Tg Mw/粘度 V50 BFD
G 1390 42
6 -10 30k/108 1470 35.1
7 -10 30k/108 1340 ＊
8 -20 400k/1010 1440 36.4
9 -8 120k/108 1425 36.5
10 -32 40k/6×106 1440 36
对比H -37 8k/5×103 1370 ＊
对比I -28 50k/105 1340 ＊
对比J -35 100k/106 1385 ＊
对比K -42 40k/106 1375 ＊
对比L -57 5k/10 1420 44
对比M -78 10k/10 1420 44
对比N -120 94k/103 1390 45
＊V50很低，以致得不到定量BFD，因为用1430英尺/秒的冲击速度试验BFD时穿透过多。
粘度(单位泊)从高温值外推估计，如前面解释，并一般用四舍五入法进位。但是，对比实施例L-N的粘度非常低，因此能在约20℃定量测定。制造厂测得对比实施例H在27℃的粘度是5000泊。
对比实施例O-Q
不用添加剂制备840旦的kevlar织物(O)。还用下列固体添加剂制备织物：9重量％的聚氨酯(溶剂涂布)固体、12重量％的交联弹性
Figure A200580020523D00121
(熔体涂布)固体(P)、结晶(Q)。
Figure A200580020523D00122
获自杜邦。
表5
 
实施例 Tg V50 BFD
O 1390 40.6
P -70 1370 31
Q -50 1300 n.d.＊
＊所有射击都穿透了板，所以无法测定BFD。
表5中用固体粘合剂的结果证明在较低质量分数下高刚度导致较差的抗射弹穿透性(较低的V50)。这类体系也比用液态粘合剂处理的那些刚性高得多，因此穿起来更不舒服。

Claims (18)

1.一种纤维结构，包含纤维和约1～约15重量％玻璃化转变温度约-40℃～约0℃的高粘度聚合物。
2.按照权利要求1的纤维结构，其中聚合物的分子量为约20,000～400,000。
3.按照权利要求1的纤维结构，其中聚合物在20℃的粘度为约2×106～约1013泊。
4.按照权利要求1的纤维结构，其中聚合物选自下列一组之一：聚丙酸乙烯酯、聚甲基丙烯酸己酯、聚丙烯酸异丙酯和乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物。
5.按照权利要求1的纤维结构，其中纤维纺自下列聚合物之一：聚烯烃、聚酰亚胺、聚酯、聚乙烯醇、聚苯并咪唑、聚吡啶并双咪唑、聚哒唑(Polypyridazole)、聚芳烃吡咯(polyareneazole)和聚芳酰胺。
6.按照权利要求1的纤维结构，其形式选自针织物、织造织物、单编结构、单向布、多向布、非织造层和单纤维。
7.按照权利要求1的纤维结构，其中所述聚合物是聚丙酸乙烯酯以及所述纤维是聚芳酰胺。
8.包含一层或多层权利要求1的纤维结构的制品。
9.权利要求8的制品，其中聚合物是聚丙酸乙烯酯。
10.权利要求8的制品，其中聚合物是聚甲基丙烯酸己酯。
11.权利要求8的制品，其中聚合物是乙烯/丙烯酸甲酯共聚物。
12.权利要求9，10或11的制品，其中纤维包含聚吡啶并双咪唑。
13.权利要求9，10或11的制品，其中纤维包含聚哒唑。
14.权利要求9，10或11的制品，其中纤维包含聚芳烃吡咯。
15.权利要求9，10或11的制品，其中纤维包含聚苯并咪唑。
16.权利要求9，10或11的制品，其中纤维包含聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺。
17.权利要求8的制品，其中制品是防弹衣。
18.权利要求8的制品，其中制品是包含处理和未处理层组合的防弹衣。
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