CN101455075A - 一种高性能色滤光片马赛克阵列的系统与方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种使用亮度像素实现高性能色滤光片马赛克阵列(CFA)的方法。亮度像素的引进大大提高了对于给定像素和图像传感器尺寸的图像采集过程中的精确度。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般涉及光度学领域,特别涉及一种高性能色滤光片马赛克阵列(CFA)。
背景技术
光度学是处理可见光的测量。人眼仅能看见在可见光谱范围内的光并且对光谱中不同波长的光有不同的敏感度。当适应明亮的环境(白昼视觉)时,眼睛对(波长在)555nm处的绿-黄光最为敏感。
人眼有三种色彩接收细胞(圆锥细胞)以对具有不同光谱响应曲线的入射辐射做出响应。虽然也存在第四种细胞(杆状体),但是它在色彩视觉上不起任何作用。正是这三种色彩接收细胞的存在意味着用三种数值成份去描述一种被感知到的色彩是必要和充分的。
数码影像是由大量的象元或像素组成。彩色图像中的像素值是由三色激励值说明。三色激励值是对指定一种被感知颜色的三原色的总和。红色,绿色和蓝色组成了一组较佳的三原色。
通常来说,像素是固态成像仪,显示屏或在位图中成像的最小可寻址单位。它们由水平和垂直像素的数目额定的,举例来说,1024 x 768意味着每行显示1024个像素,每列有768个像素(列)。许多图像采集和显示系统无法在同一位点显示不同的色道。该方法通常由使用多个各自处理单色信道的子像素来解决。在彩色系统中,每个像素通常包含了至少三种用于子像素的值,例如红色,绿色,蓝色。
较为理想的方法是在不显著降低图像质量情况下减少一个图像感应像素中所包含物理子像素的平均数目,从而减少图像传感器硅的面积。最为普遍运用的方法是在图像传感器顶端应用色滤光片马赛克阵列(CFA),将红色、绿色和蓝色的色彩敏感度设定入传感器。CFA由滤色片的阵列组成。每个滤色片限制了提供到相关图像传感器上光的波长。最通常运用的是红、绿、蓝三种颜色的(RGB)模式。其他的色彩运用也存在类似的三色,例如黄色,品红,青色,互补模式或混合的原色/互补色和四色系统,其中第四色是白色或者随光谱灵敏度变换的颜色。
尽管许多技术和物理应用性质的标准能被应用以选择CFA模式,但最为重要的是消除人为色彩和波纹图形,最小化模式与图像传感器缺陷的相互作用,彩色重建计算的复杂性和避免相邻像素之间光电的干扰。因此较好的候选颜色模式在每个相邻像素中都需要红、绿、蓝全部三种颜色成分,每个像素应有同样数目的给定颜色的临近物,并且对角的像素尽可能排列成行才是所期望的。
图1所表示的是如今最常用的一种CFA模式,即Bayer模式。每个像素被独立的红,绿或蓝色滤色片覆盖。因此每个图像传感器即像素仅捕捉到一种颜色;每个像素的全部色值是由使用周围像素值的插值决定的。像素110(红),120和130(绿),以及140(蓝)形成了最基本的Bayer模式,被重复多次用于例示说明一个实际图像传感器。相比同像素数目和尺寸的单色感应器,CFA方法降低了大约30%~40%的有效空间分辨率,它要求对插值进行计算以重建每个像素的色值。
虽然RGB颜色模型足以对图像进行电脑图形图像描绘,但人们普遍认识到的YUV颜色模型更准确模仿了人类对颜色的感知。YUV色彩模型定义了一个由一个亮度(Y)和两个色度(UV)成分(饱和度和色调)的颜色空间。数码相机中具有代表性的是会用一种使绿色(G)像素与亮度(Y)信道相似的图片重建过程把RGB像素值转换到YUV组件中。通过简单的内插法来近似非G像素的亮度。利用近似亮度值,红色和蓝色像素的色度计算式为Cr=R-Y,Cb=B-Y。Cr,Cb值是由内插法获得的空间滤波和缺损值。此时,所有像素应该有其亮度和色度值而他们的RGB值,通过R=Y+Cr,B=Y+Cb计算并且G从公式Y=(R+G+B)/3或Y=0.2R+0.7G+0.1B或其他一些类似的公式计算得到。综上所述,显然Bayer CFA方法为了简便而对精确度和分辨率进行了折衷。
虽然,上述生成单独像素色彩的方法有许多变化存在,但是都因BayerCFA的基本限制而受到损害,那就是亮度不是直接可得,而是要从分散的绿,红和蓝色色度信息中重新建立。因为人眼对亮度信息最为敏感,用现有技术方法而产生的图像并未达到最佳。
发明内容
按照本发明的一个方面,一个像素包括由多种色彩组成的亮度滤色片,其中亮度滤色片每种颜色的尺寸与来采用多种颜色以计算亮度时所用颜色份额是成比例的。
按照本发明的另一方面,滤色片阵列包括一个亮度像素,由亮度滤色片组成的亮度像素,包括多种颜色,其中亮度滤色片每种颜色的尺寸与来采用多种颜色以计算亮度时所用颜色份额是成比例的。
如此安排,亮度信息可以在每一个像素中直接测得,从而提供了具有高分辨率、高精确度图像的输出。本发明的诸多优点将在下文根据相关附图有更详细的说明。
附图说明
图1所示,是一个运用现有技术的Bayer模式滤色片阵列的图表。
图2所示,是一个说明本发明的亮度(Y)滤色片的几种实施例的图表。
图3所示,是一个说明本发明亮度像素组成部分的高层结构图。
图4所示,是一个使用(图2)亮度滤色片的色滤光片阵列的实施例的图表。
图5所示,是一个表示本发明所使用(图2)亮度滤色片的色滤光片阵列的第二种实施例的图表。
具体实施方式
按照本发明的一个方面,提供一种能够应用色滤光片阵列(CFA)直接获得亮度像素信息的亮度滤色片。亮度像素的引进大大提高了对指定尺寸的像素和图像传感器在图像采集过程中的精确度。使用本发明的亮度滤色片,可以精确地捕获具有高精确度的高分辨率下的亮度。本发明更多的目的和优点将在附图以及随后的说明中体现。
本发明的一方面是对即使人眼对像素亮度信息比对像素色度信息更为敏感,也没被Bayer CFA使用的事实的具体实现。本发明中,一种改进的CFA设计强调了亮度信息的采集超过色度信息的采集----大幅度提高全部感知图像的质量和降低对于指定图像采集分辨率要求的传感器硅的面积的要求。一种亮度(Y)像素掩膜,由若干品种中任一种提供,可以用于直接地获取亮度信息。
亮度像素包含亮度(Y)掩膜,该掩膜被放置在图像传感器之上并使图像传感器能直接从接收到的光线波长中提取亮度数据。因此,该发明消除了在现有技术的内插过程中内在的复杂性和误差,同时提供高分辨率的输出。
如图2A-2C说明Y像素的几种光学滤色器的掩膜图样。尽管在图2A-2C中Y像素掩膜利用了红,绿和蓝色组合,这些成分仅是作为例子而提出的。其他颜色的组合,例如三色,如黄色,品红,青色,互补模式或混合的原色和互补色或四色系统,其中第四色是白色或者随光谱灵敏度变换的颜色或其他可实现的颜色组合,并且本发明不局限于任何特定的颜色组合。
光学滤色片的掩膜是由一层染色玻璃,明胶,塑料或其他材料构成的,用于吸收某些颜色,并能更好地传递给其他的。只要过滤颜色后结果的比例能保持,那么图2A-2C中所示的光学滤色片掩膜的具体形状和模式是不重要的。对于Y像素的定义这里假设Y=0.2R+0.7G+0.1B。因此,滤色片中红色区域是蓝色的两倍大小,并且绿色区域是蓝色的七倍大小。其他比率的颜色组成也可以,根据人类视觉特征而定。
图2A-2C说明像素的形状是任意的。图2A说明一种矩形像素,图2B说明一种正方形像素,图2C说明一种圆形像素,同样其他可能出于特别设计的形状作为等价方案也属于本发明的范围内。
图3是一个说明本发明中Y像素组件的结构图,Y像素40包括了一个Y像素掩膜42和一个图像传感器44。Y像素掩膜是包括一个具有多种颜色的滤色片,并且被选择掩膜的多种颜色中每种颜色的尺寸与在亮度计算范围内各颜色波长的比例相一致。图像传感器由一个CCD(电荷耦合器件)或CMOS(互补型金属氧化物半导体)技术实现。一个较佳的实施例,其图像传感器是一个例如在专利申请号11/533,866中公布的高动态范围灵敏图像传感器,或者在专利申请号11/533,870中公布的具有增益控制的高动态范围传感器,两者都是在2006年9月21日由达维多维奇提出,在此纳入作为参考。如图3所示,当光线射到像素掩膜上,与图像相关的光子会按图像的亮度值的比例提供给图像传感器。
图2A-2C表示的亮度像素、或其相类似的可在色滤光片阵列中用多种其他类型的像素排列成各种模式。图4说明一个建立在CFA模式的基础上的亮度(Y)的较佳实施例。像素210,230,250,270,280,290,310,320,330,340,250和360(Y即亮度像素),220,240(红色像素)和260,300(蓝色像素)形成的基本模式被多次重复例示出一个实际的图像传感器。这种较佳的CFA模式利用了人眼神经性视觉性能和消除有关Bayer CFA模式的缺点。
Y像素的引进也能直接增加图像的分辨率。图4中显而易见,每个色度像素,即红(R)或蓝(B),被亮度(Y)像素包围。在色度像素的区域内,来自各个空间方向的亮度信息,其有效性确保对亮度信息精确复原。举例来说,在色度像素区域内的亮度值可以通过使用众所周知基于内插法或数学技术的方法获得。
图4中显而易见,每个亮度像素不是与两个就是与四个色度像素相邻。色度信息与亮度像素接近,确保在亮度像素区域内对色度信息的精确复原,可以通过使用众所周知的基于内插法或其他数学技术方法获得。亮度像素值中色度信息的存在将进一步帮助在亮度像素区域内对色度信息的准确复原。
图5中说明了另一种较佳的利用所披露的亮度像素的CFA实施例。像素500(红色像素),540(蓝色像素)和520,530(Y像素)形成的基本模式被多次重复例示出一个实际的图像传感器。这个较佳的CFA模式也利用了人眼神经性视觉性能和消除有关Bayer CFA模式的缺点。引入的新的Y像素是由混合了之前介绍的绿,红,蓝信息组合而成的。Y像素直接包含了人眼最为敏感的亮度像素因此增加了图像传感器有效分辨率。
图5中显而易见,每个亮度像素被四个色度像素包围。与色度信息接近,亮度像素确保在亮度想素区域内色度信息准确复原,可通过使用众所周知基于内插法或其他数学技术方法获得。亮度像素值中色度信息的存在将进一步帮助在亮度像素区域内对色度信息的准确复原。
因此,本发明涉及了一种实施CFA滤色片的方法,该方法通过利用亮度像素大大提高了图像分辨率。除了图3,图4之外,其他类似性质的CFA实施例对于本领域的普通技术人员是显而易见的。
如上所述,本发明有各种不同的实施例,前面被提及特定成分和处理步骤的描述仅具是代表性的,其他功能的描述,另外的步骤和成分也被本领域的普通技术人员所添加,因此本发明不能被先前所展示的特定实施例所限定。各种具有代表性的成分可在运用一台电脑的硬件,软件或者两者结合中实现。图例说明中的实施例可在没有偏离所展示的发明概念范围内进行修改和变更。因此,除了所附加权利要求的范围和实质,该发明不应该被视为被局限的。
Claims (9)
1.一种像素包括:
一个亮度滤色片由多种颜色组成,其特征在于亮度滤色片每种颜色的尺寸与来采用多种颜色以计算亮度时所用颜色份额是成比例的。
2.按权利要求1所述的像素,进而包括图像传感器,耦合于接收一个来自亮度滤色片的已过滤亮度的电磁辐射信号,并且提供一个指示电磁辐射输入信号的亮度的输出。
3.按权利要求1所述的像素,其特征在于颜色的多样性,包括红,绿,蓝色,并且其中绿色滤色片占亮度滤色片的70%,红色滤色片占亮度滤色片的20%,蓝色滤色片占亮度滤色片的10%。
4.一种色滤光片阵列包括:
一个亮度像素,该亮度像素由亮度滤色片组成,该亮度滤色片包括多种颜色,其特征在于,亮度滤色片的每种颜色的尺寸与当采用多种颜色以计算亮度时所使用颜色的分额是成比例的。
5.按权利要求4所述的色滤光片阵列,其特征在于亮度像素进而包括图像传感器,耦合于接收一个来自亮度滤色片的已过滤亮度的电磁辐射信号,并且提供一个指示电磁辐射输入信号的亮度的输出。
6.按权利要求4所述的色滤光片阵列,其特征在于颜色的多样性,包括红,绿,蓝色,并且其中绿色滤色片占亮度滤色片的70%,红色滤色片占亮度滤色片的20%,蓝色滤色片占亮度滤色片的10%。
7.按权利要求4所述的色滤光片阵列,还包含了多种亮度像素,和多种色度像素,其特征在于每个色度像素至少与两个亮度像素相邻。
8.按权利要求7所述的色滤光片阵列,其特征在于每个色度像素至少与4个亮度像素相邻。
9.按权利要求8所述的色滤光片阵列,其特征在于诸亮度像素包围着多个色度像素的每一个。
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CN102339839A (zh) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-02-01 | 美商豪威科技股份有限公司 | 具有改良的光电二极管区域分配的cmos图像传感器 |
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CN102158632B (zh) * | 2011-04-08 | 2013-07-10 | 北京大学 | 一种cfa的获取方法及装置 |
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CN103108140B (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2018-06-05 | 上海集成电路研发中心有限公司 | 水平排布的像素阵列 |
CN105516697A (zh) * | 2015-12-18 | 2016-04-20 | 广东欧珀移动通信有限公司 | 图像传感器、成像装置、移动终端及成像方法 |
CN108737747B (zh) * | 2017-04-18 | 2021-06-11 | 上海富瀚微电子股份有限公司 | 一种去马赛克方法及装置 |
CN108171668A (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-06-15 | 南京邮电大学盐城大数据研究院有限公司 | 一种基于定向加权插值的cfa图像去马赛克方法 |
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US20070127040A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
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JP5118047B2 (ja) | 2013-01-16 |
EP1961214A4 (en) | 2011-11-16 |
WO2007044953A2 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
KR20080048549A (ko) | 2008-06-02 |
WO2007044953A3 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
US8860857B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 |
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