CN101431246A - Apparatus and method for improving output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for improving output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery Download PDF

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CN101431246A
CN101431246A CNA2008101881400A CN200810188140A CN101431246A CN 101431246 A CN101431246 A CN 101431246A CN A2008101881400 A CNA2008101881400 A CN A2008101881400A CN 200810188140 A CN200810188140 A CN 200810188140A CN 101431246 A CN101431246 A CN 101431246A
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photovoltaic cell
ultracapacitor
voltage
output
energy
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CN101431246B (en
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李艳秋
何永泰
刘丽辉
王磊
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

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Abstract

The invention discloses a device for improving output efficiency of a miniwatt photovoltaic cell and a method thereof, belonging to the electrooptical technical field. In the invention, based on the optimum voltage control method, by arranging a supercapacitor and an optimum voltage controller between the photovoltaic cell and an energy accumulator and taking advantage of the characteristic of low essential resistance of the supercapacitor, the terminal voltage Vc of the supercapacitor directly affects the output voltage Vs of the photovoltaic cell; and by controlling the charge-discharge process of the supercapacitor to control the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell can work in a maximum power output area, thus effectively improving the output efficiency of the photovoltaic cell. Compared with the traditional method, the invention has the advantages of simple circuit and low self power consumption, and is suitable for being used in a miniwatt micro photovoltaic system.

Description

A kind of device and method that improves output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of device and method that improves output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery, belong to field of photoelectric technology.
Background technology
The manufacturing technology of photovoltaic cell and photovoltaic power generation technology are quite ripe.But, in the autonomous micro-system of photovoltaic energy, utilize the little energy of photoelectricity to power to system, just obtain research recent years and use.In the autonomous micro-system of photovoltaic energy, the area of photovoltaic cell is usually less than tens square centimeters, output voltage lower (being generally several volts), and power is less than 1 watt.Therefore, need to improve the photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency of micro-system.
The traditional method such as MPPT maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology that are used to improve the photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency comprise " climbing the mountain " method, short circuit current method, open circuit voltage method etc.These methods have a good application prospect in high-power photovoltaic cell capable of generating power system, but are not suitable for the low-power photovoltaic battery system.Its main cause is: the big and BUCK translation circuit transition loss of control system complexity, control circuit oneself power consumption is big etc., when using in the small-power photoelectricity energy, will increase the power consumption of system, and the power output of system is reduced.Therefore, need work out a kind of new method that in the little energy of photoelectricity, improves the photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency.
(application number is: 200710178894), introduced the structure of utilizing ultracapacitor and lithium ion battery to carry out the photovoltaic energy storage in application for a patent for invention " lithium ion battery-super capacitor mixed energy storage optical voltage system ".(number of patent application is: CN200610098495.1), introduced the method that a kind of DC-DC of utilization converter carries out MPPT maximum power point tracking at " maximum power tracking method of solar power system and device ".(solar energy journal, the 28th the 2nd phase of volume have proposed the scheme that ultracapacitor and lead acid accumulator mixed tensor are stored in pp178-183) at document " system research of mixed energy accumulation of super capacitor accumulator independent photovoltaic ".But all do not relate to the optimum voltage control method that improves the photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency in above-mentioned patent and the document.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose a kind of apparatus and method that improve output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery for improving the delivery efficiency of photovoltaic cell in the low-power photovoltaic battery system.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
The present invention adopts optimum voltage control method according to the electrical characteristics of I-V characteristic, P-V characteristic and the ultracapacitor of low-power photovoltaic battery, improves the photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency, and its principle as shown in Figure 3.
Optimum voltage control method at first is described.In the little energy of photoelectricity, photovoltaic cell is an electric energy with solar energy converting, and its power output is relevant with area, incident intensity and the temperature etc. of cell panel.The terminal voltage of photovoltaic cell and the terminal voltage of crystal diode are similar, and output current directly is directly proportional with light intensity.For example, one by 12 monomer photovoltaic cell series connection, area be the photovoltaic cell of 15 * 7cm under etalon optical power (irradiance 1000W/m2, temperature is 25 ℃) I-V, P-V as shown in Figure 2, maximum power point voltage Vpm and electric current I pm are respectively 5.732V and 196.47mA.Variation with environmental conditions such as light intensity and temperature, the output voltage of photovoltaic cell, electric current and maximum power point can change, it is within one day, the variation of maximum power of photovoltaic cell point mainly concentrates on (voltage is at 4.5-5.8V) in the shadow region shown in Figure 1, is referred to as the optimum voltage variation zone.Output voltage by the control photovoltaic cell makes it be operated in the optimum voltage variation zone, thereby improves the delivery efficiency of photovoltaic cell.
A kind of device that improves output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery of the present invention comprises:
Photovoltaic cell, ultracapacitor, optimum voltage controller, energy storage switch, energy accumulator and diode.
Photovoltaic cell is an electric energy with solar energy converting;
Diode plays the reverse biased protective effect, prevents that photovoltaic cell is reversed input.
As energy buffer, the output energy of temporary photovoltaic cell under the control of optimum voltage controller, is the energy accumulator charging with ultracapacitor.This is because ultracapacitor possesses long-life, internal resistance is little, output power density is big characteristic, can avoid because photovoltaic cell output is unstable energy accumulator frequently being discharged and recharged the harmful effect that causes.
The optimum voltage controller produces the optimum voltage control signal by detecting the output voltage of ultracapacitor through computing, the break-make of control energy storage switch, thus reach the effect of controlling charge and discharge process.In order to realize that photovoltaic cell is operated in the optimum voltage variation zone, the optimum voltage controller is made up of the controller with lagging characteristics.
Energy accumulator is used to store the output electric energy of photovoltaic cell.
Wherein, photovoltaic cell links through the positive pole of diode and ultracapacitor.The end of the positive pole of ultracapacitor (output) while with optimum voltage controller and energy storage switch joins.The other end of energy storage switch and the positive pole of energy accumulator join.The negative pole while of photovoltaic cell joins with the negative pole of ultracapacitor, energy accumulator.
A kind of method of using said apparatus to improve output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery of the present invention.
At first, photovoltaic cell stores the energy in the ultracapacitor.Then, under the control of optimum voltage controller, utilize the little characteristics of ultracapacitor internal resistance, make ultracapacitor terminal voltage Vc directly influence the output voltage V s of photovoltaic cell, Vc=Vs.Charge and discharge process by the control ultracapacitor is controlled the output voltage of photovoltaic cell, makes photovoltaic cell be operated in peak power output district (dash area as shown in Figure 2), realizes the maximum delivery efficiency of photovoltaic cell.Wherein, the rated operational voltage V of ultracapacitor requires the optimum output voltage V greater than photovoltaic cell PMBe V〉V PM
For realizing the control of photovoltaic cell output voltage, the optimum voltage controller possesses three operating states, that is: energy buffer status, optimum voltage state of a control I and optimum voltage state of a control II.
When ultracapacitor voltage Vc less than maximum power of photovoltaic cell district lower voltage limit V LThe time, the optimum voltage controller is in the energy buffer status, and its equivalent electric circuit is shown in (a) among Fig. 4.At this moment, only to the ultracapacitor charging, ultracapacitor voltage changes as the formula (1) photovoltaic cell:
V c = V start + C ∫ t 0 t 1 i c dt = V start + C ∫ t 0 t 1 i s dt - - - ( 1 )
Wherein, V StartBe the initial voltage of ultracapacitor 2, i cBe the charging current of ultracapacitor, i sOutput current for photovoltaic cell 1.
When ultracapacitor voltage Vc more than or equal to V LThe time, at this moment, the optimum voltage controller is under the optimum voltage state of a control I.If Vc increases, photovoltaic cell continues to the ultracapacitor charging, and its equivalent-circuit model is shown in (b) among Fig. 4, and ultracapacitor voltage changes as the formula (2):
V c = V start + C ∫ t 1 t 2 i c dt = V start + C ∫ t 1 t 2 i s dt - - - ( 2 )
As ultracapacitor voltage V cReach the upper voltage limit V in maximum power of photovoltaic cell district hThe time, the conducting of energy storage switch, equivalent-circuit model is shown in (c) among Fig. 4.At this moment, the optimum voltage controller is under the optimum voltage state of a control II.Photovoltaic cell to the energy accumulator charging, is realized the energy storage with ultracapacitor.At this moment, the ultracapacitor discharge, its voltage descends, V cShown in (3) formula:
V c = V h + C ∫ t 2 t 3 i c dt = V h - C ∫ t 2 t 3 ( i b - i s ) dt - - - ( 3 )
(3) in the formula, i bCharging current for energy accumulator.Along with the ultracapacitor continuous discharge, photovoltaic cell voltage descends gradually, works as V c=V LThe time, the energy storage switch disconnects, and photovoltaic cell begins again to repeat optimum voltage state of a control I and II for the ultracapacitor charging, and the output voltage of photovoltaic cell is controlled in the peak power output district.So, promptly reach the delivery efficiency that improves low-power photovoltaic battery.
Beneficial effect
The device and method of the raising output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery that the present invention proposes, based on optimum voltage control method, by configuration ultracapacitor and optimum voltage controller between photovoltaic cell and energy accumulator, make the output voltage of photovoltaic cell be in the optimum voltage variation zone, thereby effectively raise the delivery efficiency of photovoltaic cell.With respect to traditional method, have that circuit is simple, oneself power consumption is low, be suitable in small-power low-light volt system, using.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the device block diagram of raising output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the I-V of photovoltaic cell under etalon optical power, P-V characteristic schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 improves the circuit theory diagrams of photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency for adopting the optimum voltage control method;
Equivalent circuit diagram when Fig. 4-a controller energy buffer memory, Fig. 4-b optimum voltage control I and Fig. 4-c optimum voltage are controlled II;
Fig. 5 is the experimental result comparison diagram of optimum voltage control raising photovoltaic cell delivery efficiency,
Wherein, 1-photovoltaic cell, 2-ultracapacitor, 3-optimum voltage controller, 4-energy storage switch, 5-energy accumulator, 6-diode.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the present invention is done progressive a detailed description in detail.
As shown in Figure 1, the device of raising output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery of the present invention comprises:
Photovoltaic cell 1, ultracapacitor 2, optimum voltage controller 3, energy storage switch 4, energy accumulator 5 and diode 6.
Wherein, photovoltaic cell 1 can equivalence be an ideal current source I PhWith the parallel connection of diode D, Rs is its equivalent internal resistance.Its output voltage gives ultracapacitor 2 chargings through diode 6 (D1).Optimum voltage controller 3 is by boost type DC-DC converter, resistance R 1, R2, R3, and integrated operational amplifier is formed.
The positive pole of the output of photovoltaic cell 1 and diode D1 joins, and the positive pole of the negative pole of D1 and ultracapacitor 2 joins.The positive pole of the input of DC-DC converter and ultracapacitor 2 joins, and the output of DC-DC converter and the power end of integrated operational amplifier join.One end of resistance R 1 and the backward end of integrated operational amplifier join, and the positive pole of the other end and ultracapacitor 2 joins.One end of resistance R 2 and the output of DC-DC converter join, and the end in the same way of the other end and integrated operational amplifier joins.One end of resistance R 3 and the output of integrated operational amplifier join, and the end in the same way of the other end and integrated operational amplifier joins.The control end of the output of integrated operational amplifier and energy storage switch 5 joins, and the positive pole of the output of energy storage switch 5 and energy accumulator 4 joins, and the positive pole of the input of energy storage switch 5 and ultracapacitor 2 joins.The negative pole while of photovoltaic cell 1 joins with the negative pole of ultracapacitor 2, energy accumulator 5.
Embodiment
Suppose that certain area is the photovoltaic cell of 150mm * 67mm, is in average solar irradiance E=93mW/cm 2Condition under, shown in c among Fig. 5.In an optimum voltage control cycle, photovoltaic cell output energy is stored in 2 120F serial connected super capacitors.
Shown in a among Fig. 5, when the voltage of ultracapacitor when 4.3V rises to 5.3V, the power output W of photovoltaic cell 1As follows:
W 1 = 1 2 C ( V 2 2 - V 1 2 ) = 30 × ( 5.3 2 - 4.3 2 )
= 288 ( J )
Photovoltaic cell is on average exported efficiency eta 0=9.1%.
As a comparison, if do not adopt optimum voltage control, promptly, not with voltage control in the optimum voltage scope, shown in b among Fig. 5, but the output of photovoltaic cell directly is stored in the ultracapacitor of a 70F, at this moment, voltage is from 0.46V to 1.162V, the output energy W of photovoltaic cell 1 2=79.38 (J).After following formula calculates, the output efficiency eta of photovoltaic cell 0=2.5%.
As seen, after the control of employing optimum voltage, the output transfer ratio of photovoltaic cell has improved nearly 3 times.

Claims (3)

1, a kind of device that improves output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery comprises photovoltaic cell, energy accumulator, ultracapacitor, diode, it is characterized in that: also comprise optimum voltage controller and energy storage switch;
Wherein, photovoltaic cell is an electric energy with solar energy converting;
Diode plays the reverse biased protective effect, prevents that photovoltaic cell is reversed input;
Ultracapacitor is as energy buffer, and the output energy of temporary photovoltaic cell under the control of optimum voltage controller, is the energy accumulator charging;
The optimum voltage controller produces optimum voltage control signal, the break-make of control energy storage switch by detecting the output voltage of ultracapacitor through computing; For realizing that photovoltaic cell is operated in the optimum voltage variation zone, the optimum voltage controller is made up of the controller with lagging characteristics;
Energy accumulator is used to store the output electric energy of photovoltaic cell;
The annexation of above-mentioned element is:
Photovoltaic cell links through the positive pole of diode and ultracapacitor, the anodal while of ultracapacitor joins with an end of optimum voltage controller and energy storage switch, the other end of energy storage switch and the positive pole of energy accumulator join, and the negative pole while of photovoltaic cell joins with the negative pole of ultracapacitor, energy accumulator.
2, a kind of device that improves output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
Optimum voltage controller 3 is by boost type DC-DC converter, resistance R 1, R2, R3, and integrated operational amplifier is formed;
Wherein, the positive pole of the output of photovoltaic cell 1 and diode D1 joins, and the positive pole of the negative pole of D1 and ultracapacitor 2 joins; The positive pole of the input of DC-DC converter and ultracapacitor 2 joins, and the output of DC-DC converter and the power end of integrated operational amplifier join; One end of resistance R 1 and the backward end of integrated operational amplifier join, and the positive pole of the other end and ultracapacitor 2 joins; One end of resistance R 2 and the output of DC-DC converter join, and the end in the same way of the other end and integrated operational amplifier joins; One end of resistance R 3 and the output of integrated operational amplifier join, and the end in the same way of the other end and integrated operational amplifier joins; The control end of the output of integrated operational amplifier and energy storage switch 5 joins, and the positive pole of the output of energy storage switch 5 and energy accumulator 4 joins, and the positive pole of the input of energy storage switch 5 and ultracapacitor 2 joins; The negative pole while of photovoltaic cell 1 joins with the negative pole of ultracapacitor 2, energy accumulator 5.
3, a kind of method of using the raising output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery of the described device of claim 1 is characterized in that:
At first, photovoltaic cell stores the energy in the ultracapacitor, then, under the control of optimum voltage controller, utilizes the little characteristics of ultracapacitor internal resistance, makes ultracapacitor terminal voltage Vc directly influence the output voltage V s of photovoltaic cell, Vc=Vs; Control the output voltage of photovoltaic cell by the charge and discharge process of control ultracapacitor, make photovoltaic cell be operated in the peak power output district, realize the maximum delivery efficiency of photovoltaic cell, wherein, the rated operational voltage V of ultracapacitor requires the optimum output voltage V greater than photovoltaic cell PM, i.e. V〉and V PM
For realizing the control of photovoltaic cell output voltage, the optimum voltage controller possesses three operating states, that is: energy buffer status, optimum voltage state of a control I and optimum voltage state of a control II;
When ultracapacitor voltage Vc less than maximum power of photovoltaic cell district lower voltage limit V LThe time, the optimum voltage controller is in the energy buffer status, and at this moment, only to the ultracapacitor charging, ultracapacitor voltage changes as the formula (1) photovoltaic cell:
V c = V start + C ∫ t 0 t 1 i c dt = V start + C ∫ t 0 t 1 i s dt - - - ( 1 )
Wherein, V StartBe the initial voltage of ultracapacitor 2, i cBe the charging current of ultracapacitor, i sOutput current for photovoltaic cell 1;
When ultracapacitor voltage Vc more than or equal to V LThe time, at this moment, the optimum voltage controller is under the optimum voltage state of a control I; If Vc increases, photovoltaic cell continues to the ultracapacitor charging, and ultracapacitor voltage changes as the formula (2):
V c = V start + C ∫ t 1 t 2 i c dt = V start + C ∫ t 1 t 2 i s dt - - - ( 2 )
As ultracapacitor voltage V cReach the upper voltage limit V in maximum power of photovoltaic cell district hThe time, the conducting of energy storage switch, at this moment, the optimum voltage controller is under the optimum voltage state of a control II, and photovoltaic cell to the energy accumulator charging, is realized the energy storage with ultracapacitor; At this moment, the ultracapacitor discharge, its voltage descends, V cShown in (3) formula:
V c = V h - C ∫ t 2 t 3 i c dt = V h - C ∫ t 2 t 3 ( i b - i s ) dt - - - ( 3 )
(3) in the formula, i bCharging current for energy accumulator; Along with the ultracapacitor continuous discharge, photovoltaic cell voltage descends gradually, works as V c=V LThe time, the energy storage switch disconnects, and photovoltaic cell begins again to repeat optimum voltage state of a control I and II for the ultracapacitor charging, and the output voltage of photovoltaic cell is controlled in the peak power output district.
CN2008101881400A 2008-12-19 2008-12-19 Apparatus and method for improving output efficiency of low-power photovoltaic battery Expired - Fee Related CN101431246B (en)

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CN106939995A (en) * 2016-11-17 2017-07-11 东莞市晧业工业设计有限公司 Photovoltaic intelligent street lamp
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