CN101358177B - 一种毒死蜱降解菌及其应用 - Google Patents
一种毒死蜱降解菌及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种降解毒死蜱的埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.)CPS,其保藏号为CCTCC M 208094。本发明毒死蜱降解菌可快速、高效地降解水体、土壤和蔬菜中的残留毒死蜱,含有该菌株的菌剂制备工艺简单,生产成本低廉,使用也非常方便,具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种细菌,尤其涉及一种毒死蜱降解菌及其应用。
背景技术
毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos),英文名dursban或lorsban,商品名乐斯本、蚁定清、新农宝,化学名称为O,O-二乙基-O-(3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶基)硫逐磷酸酯,是美国陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical Co.)于1965年开发并研制出来的一种高效、广谱、中等毒性的有机磷杀虫、杀螨剂,并获得专利(US3244586)。它具有触杀、胃毒和熏蒸作用,广泛用于防治水稻、麦类、玉米、棉花、甘蔗、茶叶、果树、花卉和牧畜等方面的螟虫、卷叶虫、粘虫、介壳虫、蚜虫、叶蝉和害螨等百余种害虫。
由于毒死蜱大量频繁使用和它的持久性,在水体、土壤、底泥和植物等环境样品中大量检出毒死蜱残留。美国环保署(USEPA)也报道大范围的生态系统遭受毒死蜱残留污染。毒死蜱属中等毒性杀虫剂,不仅对土壤微生物量、微生物种群、微生物呼吸作用、土壤微生物功能多样性、土壤酶活性、氮循环和固定化等微生物特性有一定的影响,而且能通过食物链的富集对人体产生潜在的威胁,它能抑制人体胆碱酯酶活性,蓄积于神经系统后导致恶心、头晕、甚至神志不清,高浓度暴露可造成呼吸麻痹和死亡。
当前,农产品安全问题日益突出,毒死蜱残留已成为我国粮食、蔬菜和茶叶等主要出口创汇农产品中主要检测项目。许多国家对农产品,特别是蔬菜上的毒死蜱残留量进行了严格的规定,如日本规定大米、麦类等粮食作物上最高残留限量为0.1mg/kg、甘蓝和白菜为1mg/kg、西红柿和甜菜为0.05mg/kg、其它蔬菜上的最高残留限量一般为0.01mg/kg;国际食品法典委员会规定毒死蜱在蔬菜中的最大残留限量为0.05mg/kg;而我国规定毒死蜱在叶菜类蔬菜中最大残留限量为1mg/kg,明显高于国际标准,国外的质量标准对我国出口的农产品构成严重的绿色技术壁垒。因此,如何高效安全的去除环境中毒死蜱残留获得了政府部门和公众的广泛关注也是当前研究的热点。
毒死蜱在水中溶解度低(仅为1.2mg/kg),不易水解,在水体中较稳定。毒死蜱在土壤中也有较长的持久性,其消解半衰期最长可达1百多天。大量研究表明在生态系统中毒死蜱残留的去除主要是由微生物的降解所致。因此,分离筛选毒死蜱降解菌对于治理毒死蜱的环境污染具有重要的现实意义,利用降解菌剂去除环境中毒死蜱残留是一种高效安全的方法,生产和使用成本较低。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种降解效率高、速度快的的毒死蜱降解菌。
一种毒死蜱降解菌,经鉴定命名为埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.)CPS,保藏在位于湖北省武汉市珞珈山武汉大学的中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),保藏日期为2008年6月20日,保藏号为CCTCC M 208094。
该菌株主要生物学特征为:革兰氏染色反应阴性,菌体杆状,无鞭毛,无芽孢,大小约为(0.5μm~1.0μm)×(2.0μm~4.0μm),菌落粗糙,在生理盐水中不易分散,接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,能利用环糊精、糊精、淀粉、吐温40、吐温80、葡萄糖、乙酸盐,不能利用柠檬酸盐。该菌株16S rDNA的Genbank登陆号为EU770569。
一种含有上述毒死蜱降解菌的菌剂,该菌剂可通过将上述毒死蜱降解菌与常规的附加剂混合后制成水剂得到。
上述毒死蜱降解菌剂以适当剂量通过直接投加的方式应用于水体中或通过兑水喷雾的方式应用于土壤和蔬菜上,可安全有效去除水体、土壤和蔬菜中残留的毒死蜱。
本发明毒死蜱降解菌可快速、高效地降解水体、土壤和蔬菜中的残留毒死蜱,含有该菌株的菌剂制备工艺简单,生产成本低廉,使用也非常方便,具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明毒死蜱降解菌的电镜图;
图2为毒死蜱标准样品、空白样品和添加样品的色谱图;
图3为本发明毒死蜱降解菌在纯培养条件下对不同浓度毒死蜱的降解曲线。
具体实施方式
培养基
无机盐培养基:MgSO4·7H2O 0.4g、FeSO4·7H2O 0.02g、K2HPO40.2g、(NH4)2SO40.2g、CaSO40.08g、蒸馏水补足1000mL,混合后搅拌均匀,调节pH值至7.0,高压蒸汽灭菌(121℃,20min)后制得。
肉汤培养基:牛肉膏10g、蛋白胨5.0g、氯化钠5.0g、蒸馏水补足至1000mL,混合后搅拌均匀,调节pH值至7.0,高压蒸汽灭菌(121℃,20min)后制得。
牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基:牛肉膏10g、蛋白胨5.0g、氯化钠5.0g、琼脂20.0g、蒸馏水1000mL,调节pH值至7.0,高压蒸汽灭菌(121℃,20min)后制得。
菌株分离纯化
污染土壤样品采自浙江大学华家池校区农场,取1g土壤置于100mL三角瓶中,加入20mL无机盐培养基,添加毒死蜱浓度至50mg/L,黑暗振荡培养(30℃、160rpm)1周,取上层浊液一环接种于含50mg/L毒死蜱的无机盐培养基中,黑暗振荡培养(30℃、160rpm)1周,重复上述培养过程2次(培养基中毒死蜱的浓度分别为100mg/L和200mg/L),每次培养的接种物均取自上次培养所得的培养液。
蘸取少量最后一次培养获得的培养液,在含100mg/L毒死蜱的牛肉膏蛋白胨平板上进行划线分离,于生化培养箱(30℃)中培养,待平板上出现单菌落后,挑取单菌落转接至牛肉膏蛋白胨试管斜面培养基上,连续接种,传代5次,挑取仍能在含有毒死蜱的培养基上生长的菌株,接种保藏于牛肉膏蛋白胨试管斜面培养基上。
菌株鉴定
将上述挑取的菌株进行形态特征和分子生物学鉴定,该菌株的电镜照片如图1所示。该菌株主要生物学特征为:革兰氏染色反应阴性,菌体杆 状,无鞭毛,无芽胞,大小约为(0.5μm~1.0μm)×(2.0μm~4.0μm),菌落粗糙、在生理盐水中不易分散,接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,能利用环糊精、糊精、淀粉、吐温40、吐温80、葡萄糖、乙酸盐,不能利用柠檬酸盐。该菌最适生长条件为pH值7.0,温度30℃,能以毒死蜱作为唯一碳源和能源生长。该菌株经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为埃希氏菌属的一个未知种,命名为埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.)CPS。
菌剂制备
1.将保藏在试管斜面上的菌种接种于20mL无机盐培养基中活化培养7天。
2.将活化好的菌种接种于200mL含10mg/L毒死蜱的肉汤培养基中,振荡培养至对数生长期。
3.将上述对数生长期的菌种离心(8000×g)10min,倒掉上清液,菌体分别用30mL pH7.0的0.2mol/L磷酸缓冲液洗涤3次。
4.将步骤(3)得到的菌种悬浮于pH7.0的磷酸缓冲液中,制成OD415 为2.0的菌悬液,即为菌剂。
pH7.0的0.2mol/L磷酸缓冲液配方为:取0.2mol/L磷酸氢二钠61mL和0.2mol/L磷酸二氢钠39mL,加蒸馏水定容至1000mL,高压蒸汽灭菌(121℃,20min)后制得。
无机盐培养基中毒死蜱的检测
将20mL含毒死蜱的无机盐培养液转入250mL分液漏斗中,分别用50mL二氯甲烷萃取3次,下层有机相经过无水硫酸钠层合并于250mL平底烧瓶中,在旋转蒸发器上减压浓缩至1mL左右,然后用氮气流吹干,用重蒸石油醚定容至5mL供气相色谱分析。
气相色谱仪:Agilent GC 6890N;检测器:μ-ECD;毛细管柱:DB-1701,30m×0.32mm×0.25μm;进样口温度:230℃;柱温:230℃;检测器温度:280℃;载气(N2):50mL/min。
毒死蜱残留量计算公式如下:
其中:X为待测样品中毒死蜱的浓度(mg/L);Ax为样品中毒死蜱的峰面积;A0为毒死蜱标准样品峰面积;Vx为样品体积(mL);V0为最后定容体积(mL);Cs为毒死蜱标准样品的浓度(mg/L)。
毒死蜱降解率计算公式如下:
其中:P为待测样品中毒死蜱的降解率(%);Cx为样品中毒死蜱残留浓度(mg/L);C0为样品中毒死蜱初始浓度(mg/L)。
毒死蜱回收率试验
在无机盐培养基中分别添加0.1、1、10和100mg/L的毒死蜱,然后根据上述方法对无机培养基中的毒死蜱进行回收,利用气相色谱对毒死蜱含量进行检测,每个浓度重复3次,同时做空白试验。
毒死蜱标准样品、空白样品和添加样品的色谱图如图2所示,无机盐培养基中毒死蜱的添加回收率和变异系数见表1。
表1(无机盐培养基中毒死蜱的回收率和变异系数)
添加浓度(mg/L) | 样品量(mL) | 平均回收率(%) | 变异系数(%) |
0.1 | 20 | 97.0 | 4.9 |
1 | 20 | 100.2 | 3.3 |
10 | 20 | 96.2 | 5.1 |
100 | 20 | 98.6 | 1.5 |
从表1可知,毒死蜱在无机盐培养基中的平均回收率是96.2%~100.2%,变异系数是1.5%~5.1%。这些数据表明上述无机盐培养基中毒死蜱的检测方法符合农药残留分析的要求。
降解毒死蜱试验
在三个100mL灭菌的三角瓶中均加入20mL无机盐培养基,然后分别添加毒死蜱浓度至1、10和100mg/L,将适量的上述制备好的毒死蜱降解菌菌剂接种于无机盐培养基中,使吸光度值(OD415)达到0.2,然后置于摇床(30℃、160rpm)中黑暗振荡培养,相应地配置3个不含该菌剂的空白对照,对照组同样在上述条件下进行培养。
在培养时间为0、1、3、5和7d定时取样,根据上述方法检测无机盐 培养基中毒死蜱残留量。试验组与对照组各为三个重复。本发明菌株在纯培养条件下对不同浓度毒死蜱的降解曲线如图3所示。
观察图3发现,培养7d后,本发明毒死蜱降解菌对1、10和100mg/L毒死蜱的降解速率分别为0.13、1.28和8.25mg/L·d,相应的降解半衰期分别为1.27、1.66和5.29d。该菌剂7d后将1mg/L和10mg/L毒死蜱几乎彻底降解,其降解率分别为97.9%和94.9%,对高浓度毒死蜱(100mg/L)的降解率也达到58.5%,而所有未加菌的对照7d后毒死蜱的水解率均小于5%,结果表明该菌剂对毒死蜱有很强的降解能力。
在本试验中,本发明毒死蜱降解菌能利用毒死蜱作为唯一碳源和能源生长,属矿化作用,是一种较为理想的作用方式。因此,该菌对环境中毒死蜱残留的降解具有积极的意义。
Claims (3)
1. 一种降解毒死蜱的埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.)CPS,其保藏号为CCTCC M 208094。
2. 一种含有权利要求1所述的埃希氏菌CPS的菌剂。
3. 如权利要求1所述的埃希氏菌CPS在去除水体、土壤和蔬菜中残留毒死蜱中的应用。
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