CN101354008A - 具有拱形襟翼的风轮机叶片 - Google Patents

具有拱形襟翼的风轮机叶片 Download PDF

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CN101354008A
CN101354008A CNA2008101344612A CN200810134461A CN101354008A CN 101354008 A CN101354008 A CN 101354008A CN A2008101344612 A CNA2008101344612 A CN A2008101344612A CN 200810134461 A CN200810134461 A CN 200810134461A CN 101354008 A CN101354008 A CN 101354008A
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wind turbine
blade
parts
wing flap
rigid plate
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A·雷布施多夫
M·弗里德里克
C·梅尔戈德
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Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy Innovation and Technology SL
Gamesa Eolica SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
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    • F03D1/0608—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
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    • F05B2240/00—Components
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    • F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
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Abstract

至少具有叶片的风轮机，所述叶片包括：空气动力外形的第一部件(11)，其具有前缘(5)、后缘(7)以及前缘(5)和后缘(7)之间的吸力和压力侧面；作为叶片的至少一部分安装到第一部件(11)的后缘(7)和/或前缘(5)的第二部件(13)，其中第二部件(13)包括使能改变叶片上的气流的可向上和/或向下偏转的襟翼(15)，并且用于使襟翼(15)偏转的装置包括插入在第一部件(11)和襟翼(15)之间的刚性板(31)以及刚性板驱动装置(33、43)。

Description

具有拱形襟翼的风轮机叶片
技术领域
本发明涉及具有附带拱形/可偏转襟翼的转子叶片的风轮机，尤其涉及具有用于优化叶片负荷的可偏转襟翼的转子叶片。
背景技术
风轮机是用于将机械能转换为电能的装置。典型的风轮机包括安装在塔上的机舱，其容纳用于将转子的转动传送给发电机的传动系统。
风轮机的效率取决于许多因素。其中之一是转子叶片关于气流方向的方位，该方位通常由桨距系统来控制，桨距系统可以调节转子叶片的桨距角，以将转子速度保持在固定值或者给定的范围内。否则，特别在高风速时，转子的负荷将超过由风轮机的结构强度设定的极限。
有两种基本方法用于改变转子叶片的桨距角以控制风轮机的功率：“桨距”控制方法和“失速”控制方法。
在“桨距”控制方法中，为了减小功率捕获，将转子叶片的桨距角改变为较小的迎角，而为了增加功率捕获，则改变为较大的迎角。该方法可以灵敏且稳定地控制气动功率捕获和转子速度。
在“失速”控制方法中，将转子叶片的桨距角改变到气流在转子叶片的表面分离的较大迎角，从而限制气动功率捕获。
桨距调节的风轮机还可以使用桨距系统通过周期桨距或单独叶片桨距来减小动态负荷。然而，对于大的风轮机叶片，可能难以控制叶片负荷，因为叶片负荷可能在叶片长度上变化。当转子尺寸增加时，叶片的桨距调节不一定沿着整个叶片提供优化负荷，因为不仅风切变、偏航误差和阵风会影响叶片上的气流，而且不同的阵风可能同时冲击叶片，或者可能出现具有负风切变的复杂风切变分布。
除了使用桨距系统以外，在现有技术中还已知一些用于优化叶片负荷的现有技术提案。
一个已知的提案是使用小的控制表面，如安装到叶片后缘的Gurney襟翼，以优化叶片负荷。Gurney襟翼的一个缺点是来自Gurney襟翼的自由端和来自Gurney襟翼所在叶片中的间隙的气动噪声增加。
其它已知提案致力于通过沿部分或整个叶片跨度连续改变前缘区域和后缘区域的翼面几何形状来控制沿转子叶片的气动力。
WO 2004/088130公开的这些提案之一涉及一种设计概念，其使用主动几何形状控制(例如，智能材料或者通过嵌入式机械驱动器)或者使用被动几何形状控制(例如，由负荷引起的变化和/或叶片变形)或者通过这两种方法的组合，通过快速改变叶片的几何形状来控制风轮机的功率、负荷和/或稳定性。在一个优选实施例中，在部分叶片上的后缘内置压电板，用于修改叶片几何形状以减小叶片负荷。压电板的一个缺点是需要电缆以向它们提供功率。这些电缆容易受到雷电的损伤并且在雷击的情况下可能容易损坏。
US 6,769,873公开的另一个提案涉及一种可动态重构的风轮机叶片组件，其包括安装到毂上的多个可重构叶片、固定到每个所述叶片并且适于影响其重构的驱动器以及用于调节提供给所述驱动器的电功率的驱动器功率调节器。
这些提案中没有一个能取得完全满意的结果，因此对具有附带用于减小叶片负荷的装置的转子叶片的风轮机的需求仍然存在。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种风轮机，该风轮机除了具有桨距系统以外还具有用于实现叶片负荷的准确控制的特殊装置。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种风轮机，该风轮机具有用于控制气流变化从而优化整个转子性能并将叶片的桨距活动减到最小的装置。
本发明的上述及其它目的是通过提供一种风轮机来达到的，该风轮机具有转子叶片，所述转子叶片包括：空气动力外形的第一部件，其具有前缘、后缘以及前缘和后缘之间的吸力和压力侧面；作为叶片的至少一部分安装到第一部件的后缘和/或前缘的第二部件，其包括使能改变叶片上的气流的可向上和/或向下偏转的襟翼；以及用于偏转所述襟翼的装置，其包括插入在所述第一部件和所述襟翼之间的刚性板以及刚性板驱动装置。
在优选实施例中，所述刚性板驱动装置是位于第一部件中的真空和/或压力操作的腔体/管道。通过叶片上的负荷测量、叶片上的空气速度或压力测量或者叶片前方气流的激光雷达测量来控制襟翼偏转。利用负荷反馈和适当的控制算法，该襟翼可被用于比现有技术更准确地控制叶片负荷。从而可以实现“主动”控制的可偏转襟翼。
从以下结合附图的详细说明可以理解本发明的其它特征和优点。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的风轮机叶片的示意性截面图，其示出安装到第一部件后缘的第二部件。
图2是根据本发明第一实施例的风轮机叶片的示意性局部截面图，其示出安装到第一部件后缘的第二部件。
图3是根据本发明第二实施例的风轮机叶片的示意性局部截面图，其示出安装到第一部件后缘的第二部件。
图4是根据本发明第三实施例的风轮机叶片的示意性局部截面图，其示出安装到第一部件后缘的第二部件。
图5是根据本发明的包含可偏转襟翼的风轮机叶片的示意性截面图。
图6是根据本发明的包含两个可偏转襟翼的风轮机叶片的示意性截面图。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据本发明安装到风轮机叶片的第一部件11的第二部件13。
第一部件11具有典型的空气动力外形，包括前缘5、后缘7以及前缘5和后缘7之间的吸力和压力侧面。
下面的详细说明将涉及本发明的实施例，其中第二部件13安装到第一部件11的后缘7。本发明还包括第二部件13类似地安装到第一部件11的前缘5的实施例。
第二部件13包括可借助于插入在第一部件11和襟翼15之间的刚性板31的移位进行偏转的襟翼15，其可以用不同的方式驱动，如现在要解释的。
图2中示出本发明的第一实施例。第二部件13是可借助于插入在第一部件11和襟翼15之间的刚性板31进行偏转的襟翼15，其由位于第一部件11的真空操作的内腔体33来驱动。
在本发明中，术语“腔体”应该被广义地理解为在压力或真空下容积可变的体，用于刚性板31位于叶片的第一部件11内的一侧的向上或向下移位。
图3中示出本发明的第二实施例。第二部件13是可借助于插入在第一部件11和襟翼15之间的刚性板31偏转的襟翼15，其通过位于第一部件11的压力操作的内腔体43来驱动。
图4中示出本发明的第三实施例。第二部件13是可借助于在第一部件11和襟翼15之间插入的刚性板31偏转的襟翼15，其通过位于第一部件11的真空操作的内腔体33和压力操作的腔体43来驱动。
将上述腔体33、34内的流体或气体介质施加的压力/真空定标，以在刚性板31上提供导致襟翼15关于第一部件11的相对位置改变的规定的力。
该风轮机还包括计算机装置，其考虑叶片上的负荷测量和由相关传感器提供的相关气流参数以完全主动负荷控制模式或者考虑整体涡轮条件(没有特殊的传感器信息)以半主动负荷控制模式控制使襟翼15偏转的驱动装置33、34。
襟翼15由一整块柔性材料制成，例如橡胶，并且利用如上所述的允许其偏转的装置安装到第一部件11。襟翼15还可以例如用玻璃纤维加强的复合材料制成为拉挤外形。
所述叶片可以包括如图5中所示的一个单独襟翼15或者如图6中所示的几个襟翼15、15’。在后者情况下，每个襟翼15、15’具有其自己的驱动装置。
在优选实施例中，襟翼15、15’的宽度W为在襟翼的中心处翼弦长度C的1-20％之间。
襟翼15、15’的宽度W可以是固定的也可以是可变的。在前者情况下，该宽度通常在靠近尖端区域较小而朝向叶片根部较大。在后者情况下，如图6中所示，襟翼15’的宽度W朝向叶片尖端减小。
在另一优选实施例中，襟翼15、15’在小于叶片长度L的1/3的部分安装到叶片前缘5和/或叶片后缘7。
尽管已经结合优选实施例充分说明了本发明，但是显然可以将修改列入本发明的范围内，应该理解，本发明的范围不受这些实施例的限制，而是由所附权利要求的内容限制。

Claims (13)

1.至少具有叶片的风轮机，所述叶片包括：空气动力外形的第一部件(11)，其具有前缘(5)、后缘(7)以及所述前缘(5)和所述后缘(7)之间的吸力和压力侧面；作为所述叶片的至少一部分安装到所述第一部件(11)的所述后缘(7)和/或所述前缘(5)的第二部件(13)，其特征在于：
所述第二部件(13)包括使能改变所述叶片上的气流的可向上和/或向下偏转的襟翼(15)；
用于偏转所述襟翼(15)的装置，包括插入在所述第一部件(11)和所述襟翼(15)之间的刚性板(31)以及刚性板驱动装置(33、43)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述刚性板驱动装置是位于所述第一部件(11)中的靠近所述刚性板(31)的真空操作的内腔体(33)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述刚性板驱动装置是位于所述第一部件(11)中的靠近所述刚性板(31)的压力操作的内腔体(43)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述刚性板驱动装置是位于所述第一部件(11)中的靠近所述刚性板(31)的真空和压力操作的内腔体(33、43)。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任何一项所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述风轮机还包括用于根据风况和/或所述叶片上的负荷控制所述驱动装置(33、43)的装置。
6.根据权利要求5所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15)由一整块柔性材料制成。
7.根据权利要求6所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15)由橡胶制成。
8.根据权利要求6所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15)由拉挤的玻璃纤维加强复合材料制成。
9.根据权利要求6所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15)的宽度W在所述襟翼(15)的中心处的翼弦长度C的1-20％之间。
10.根据权利要求9所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15)的宽度W沿所述叶片恒定不变。
11.根据权利要求9所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15’)的宽度W沿所述叶片可变。
12.根据权利要求9所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述襟翼(15)在小于所述叶片长度L的1/3的部分安装到所述叶片前缘(5)和/或所述叶片后缘(7)。
13.根据权利要求12所述的风轮机，其特征在于：所述叶片包括一个或多个第二部件(13)，所述第二部件(13)的每一个具有附带单独刚性板驱动装置(33、43)的单独襟翼(15、15’)。
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