CN101299584A - 判定电机的转动位置的方法和装置 - Google Patents

判定电机的转动位置的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101299584A
CN101299584A CNA2008100928289A CN200810092828A CN101299584A CN 101299584 A CN101299584 A CN 101299584A CN A2008100928289 A CNA2008100928289 A CN A2008100928289A CN 200810092828 A CN200810092828 A CN 200810092828A CN 101299584 A CN101299584 A CN 101299584A
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rotor
motor
stator
controller
control system
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CN101299584B (zh
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S·E·格利森
S·E·舒尔茨
P·M·普里霍达
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B60W20/00Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/15Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/445Differential gearing distribution type
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/10Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/102Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts the input or output shaft of the transmission is connected or connectable to two or more differentials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/10Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/104Power split variators with one end of the CVT connected or connectable to two or more differentials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/10Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/105Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing
    • F16H2037/106Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing with switching means to provide two variator modes or ranges
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Abstract

本发明涉及判定电机的转动位置的方法和装置。本发明公开了一种用于为同步多极电机判定转子相对于定子的位置的控制系统和方法,所述控制系统和方法包括应用在用于车辆的燃料/电混合动力系统上的控制系统和方法。所述电机包括定子、转子和转子位置检测机构。所述控制系统使用算法和标定控制与电能存储装置和逆变器连接的电机,所述算法和标定基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置,并且从检测到的转子位置判定偏移量。基于存储在非易失性存储器中的偏移量控制从逆变器到电机的电输出。在电机起动后在初始电机操作期间基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置,并且包括在产生转矩模式下和在发电模式下的操作。

Description

判定电机的转动位置的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及电机的控制,并且更具体地涉及电机的控制系统,用于判定转动位置,以优化在车辆驱动系统中供给驱动转矩的能量利用率。
背景技术
用于电机的控制系统典型地包括诸如位置传感器的反馈器件,以提供数据,从而策略电机的位置和转速。在三相多极同步电机上,转子相对于定子的每个极的位置的精确并且准确的测量对于实现电能的高效传输是重要的。典型地使用用于判定解析器(resolver)的位置的位置传感器测量转子位置。解析器相对于电机转子的位置由于包括制造偏差和公差的因素而具有误差。电机制造商试图使用调节和组装后的标定来校正解析器位置测量中的误差。制造商也试图通过引入无传感器技术校正与传感器相关的误差,所述无传感器技术用于通过监测并分析电机的电磁特征判定转子位置。
已知包括混合动力系统的车辆驱动系统,其用于管理各种转矩产生装置的输入和输出转矩,所述转矩产生装置最普通地是内燃机和电机。一种混合动力系统结构包括一双模、复合-分配式机电变速器,该变速器利用输入件和输出件,所述输入件用于从例如内燃机的转矩产生源接收转矩,所述输出件用于将驱动转矩从变速器输送至车辆传动系。驱动转矩从第一和第二电机传递至变速器,所述第一和第二电机操作地连接至一能量存储装置,用于在它们之间交换电力。设有一控制器,用于管理能量存储装置与电机之间的电力交换。
电机优选地包括每个都由多极定子和转子装置构成的已知的永磁同步电动/发电机。这种电机对于动力系统和车辆应用是优选的,因为它们表现出高转矩对惯量比率、高效率和高功率密度。在这种电机中,控制器需要关于转子装置相对于定子的位置的准确并且精确的信息,以便优化电能效率,从而带来改善的燃料经济性。
现有技术的系统利用诸如严格要求电机公差和组装方法的技术,结合多个位置检测器件,以保证相对于定子的转子位置的准确测量。
当使用PM同步电机时,要求(在一个极对节距内的)绝对位置。而且,该位置测量的精度是至关重要的,因为其主要在转矩产生和线性度方面影响电机控制的性能。使用解析器可提供精确的位置测量。然而,测量的准确度直接受到安装期间解析器的初始对准的影响。解析器的安装和初始对准在生产中是难以控制的。
因此希望在电机控制中使用自对准起动算法。
需要提供一种改进的方法和系统,以精确地并且准确地为电机判定定子中的转子装置的位置,所述电机尤其是在车辆燃料/电混合动力系统上应用的电机。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是提供一种用于电机的控制系统,该控制系统为电机精确地并且准确地判定转子装置相对于定子的位置,并且所述电机尤其包括同步多极电机,包括用于在车辆用燃料/电混合动力系统上应用的电机。
根据本发明,一种无传感器电机控制系统用于在动力系统起动期间估计转子位置。所估计的角度与所测量的解析器角度相对比。将校正偏移量与解析器信号相加。在起动后,控制系统使用校正了的解析器信号用于位置反馈和控制。这样,用于解析器的安装对准要求大大降低。
因而,根据本发明,提供一种用于控制电机的控制系统和方法,所述电机包括具有定子、转子和转子位置检测机构的多相多极电机。该控制系统包括一逆变器和一控制器,该逆变器可操作以在电机的定子与电能存储装置之间传递电能。所述控制器包括可执行的算法和预定的标定,所述算法和标定基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置,并且确定在得到的转子位置和检测到的转子位置之间的偏移参数。基于检测到的转子位置和偏移参数控制逆变器。偏移参数存储在控制系统的非易失性存储器装置中,用于将来参考。
当阅读并理解对实施例的以下详细说明时,本发明的技术人员将了解本发明的这些和其它方面。
附图说明
本发明将在某些部件和部件的布置上采用物理形式,将参照形成本发明一部分的附图详细说明并示出其优选实施例,在附图中:
图1和图2是根据本发明的示例性动力系统和控制结构的示意图;
图3、4和5是根据本发明的控制方案的示意图;
图6是根据本发明的算法流程图;
图7是根据本发明的数据图;以及
图8是根据本发明的部件的零件的示意图。
具体实施方式
现在参照附图,其中附图的目的仅是示出本发明,而不是意在限制本发明,图1和图2示出根据本发明的一个实施例构造的系统,该系统包括发动机14、变速器10、控制系统和传动系。
示例性变速器10的机械方面在共同转让的美国专利No.6,953,409中详细公开,该专利名为“具有四个固定传动比的双模、复合-分配式混合动力机电变速器”,该专利通过参考包含于此。体现本发明的概念的示例性双模、复合-分配式机电变速器示于图1,并且总体上由附图标记10表示。变速器10具有优选地直接由发动机14驱动的输入轴12。在发动机14的输出轴18与变速器10的输入轴12之间包括瞬时转矩阻尼器20。瞬时转矩阻尼器20优选地包括具有阻尼机构和弹簧的特征的转矩传递装置77。瞬时转矩阻尼器20允许发动机14与变速器10选择性地接合。转矩传递装置77不用于改变或控制变速器10操作的模式。转矩传递装置77优选地包括液压地操作的摩擦离合器,称为离合器C5。
发动机14可以是诸如火花点火发动机或压缩点火发动机的许多形式的内燃机中的任意一种,该发动机可在从每分钟600转(RPM)或其附近的怠速到超过6000RPM的工作速度范围内提供输出至变速器10的转矩。不考虑发动机14通过何种装置连接至变速器10的输入件12,输入件12都连接至变速器10中的行星齿轮组24。
现在具体参照图1,变速器10使用三个行星齿轮组24、26和28。第一行星齿轮组24具有围绕内齿轮或太阳轮部件32的外齿圈部件30。多个行星齿轮部件34可转动地安装在行星架36上,以便使每个行星齿轮部件34啮合地接合外齿圈部件30和内齿轮部件32。
第二行星齿轮组26具有围绕内太阳轮部件40的外齿圈部件38。多个行星齿轮部件42可转动地安装在行星架44上,以便使每个行星齿轮部件42啮合地接合外齿圈部件38和内齿轮部件40。
第三行星齿轮组28具有围绕内太阳轮部件48的外齿圈部件46。多个行星齿轮部件50可转动地安装在行星架52上,以便使每个行星齿轮部件50啮合地接合外齿圈部件46和内齿轮部件48。
三个行星齿轮组24、26和28每个都包括简单行星齿轮组。而且,第一和第二行星齿轮组24和26以如下的方式复合,即,第一行星齿轮组24的内齿轮部件32通过毂板齿轮54连接至第二行星齿轮组26的外齿轮部件38。相互连接的第一行星齿轮组24的内齿轮部件32和第二行星齿轮组26的外齿轮部件38连续地连接至第一电机,该第一电机包括电动/发电机56,称为电机A或“MA”。
行星齿轮组24和26还以如下的方式复合,即,第一行星齿轮组24的行星架36通过轴60连接至第二行星齿轮组26的行星架44。这样,第一和第二行星齿轮组24和26的行星架36和44相应地相互连接。轴60还通过转矩传递装置62选择性地连接至第三行星齿轮组28的行星架52,所述转矩传递装置62用于辅助变速器10的操作模式的选择,这将在下文较详细地解释。第三行星齿轮组28的行星架52直接连接至变速器输出件64。
在这里所述的实施例中,变速器10使用在陆地车辆中,输出件64可操作地连接至传动系,该传动系包括齿轮箱90或提供转矩输出至一个或多个车轴92或半轴(未示出)的转矩的其它转矩传递装置。轴92继而终止于驱动部件96。驱动部件96可以是使用该驱动部件的车辆的前轮或后轮,或者驱动部件96可以是履带式车辆的驱动齿轮。驱动部件96可以具有与其相联的某些形式的车轮制动器94。驱动部件每个都具有速度参数NWHL,该速度参数包括典型地可用轮速传感器测量的每个车轮96的转速。
第二行星齿轮组26的内齿轮部件40通过围绕轴60的套筒轴66连接至第三行星齿轮组28的内齿轮部件48。第三行星齿轮组28的外齿轮部件46通过转矩传递装置70选择性地连接至由变速器外壳68代表的地。下文也将说明的转矩传递装置70还用于辅助选择变速器10的操作模式。套筒轴66还连续地连接至包括电动/发电机72的第二电机,该第二电机称为MB。
所有行星齿轮组24、26和28以及两个电机56和72都绕轴向地布置的轴60同轴地定向。电机56和72都是环状构造,这允许它们环绕三个行星齿轮组24、26和28,以便使行星齿轮组24、26和28布置在电机56和72的径向内部。该构造保证了变速器10的整个封装,即圆周尺寸,最小。
转矩传递装置73选择性地将太阳轮40与地,即变速器外壳68,连接。转矩传递装置75可作为锁止离合器操作,通过选择性地将太阳轮40与行星架44连接,锁定行星齿轮组24、46、电机56、72和输入件,以使它们作为整体转动。转矩传递装置62、70、73、75都是摩擦离合器,分别被称为离合器C170、离合器C262、离合器C373和离合器C475。每个离合器都优选地被液压地致动,当对应的离合器控制螺线管被致动时,该离合器接收来自泵的加压液压流体。每个离合器的液压致动都是使用已知的液压流体回路实现的,所述液压流体回路具有在此不详细说明的多个离合器控制螺线管。
作为从燃料或存储在电能存储装置(ESD)74中的电势的能量转换的结果,变速器10接收来自转矩产生装置的输入驱动转矩,所述转矩产生装置包括发动机14和电机56和72。ESD 74典型地包括一个或多个蓄电池。可使用能够存储电力并释放电力的其它电能或电化学能存储装置代替蓄电池,而不改变本发明的概念。ESD 74的尺寸优选地根据以下因素设计,所述因素包括再生发电要求、与典型道路坡度和温度相关的应用问题和诸如排放、动力辅助和电动范围的驱动要求。ESD 74经由DC线或传输导体27高压DC联接至变速器电力逆变器模块(TPIM)19。TPIM 19是下文参照图2所述的控制系统的部件。TPIM 19通过传输导体29与第一电机56连通,并且TPIM 19类似地通过传输导体31与第二电机72连通。电流可根据ESD 74是被充电还是放电而传递至ESD 74或从ESD 74传递。TPIM 19包括一对电力逆变器和相应的电机控制器,所述电机控制器构造成接收电机控制命令并由此控制逆变器状态,用于提供电机驱动或再生发电功能。
在电动控制中,相应的逆变器接收来自DC线的电流,并通过传递导体29和31将AC电流提供给相应的电机,即MA和MB。在再生发电控制中,相应的逆变器通过传递导体29和31接收来自电机的AC电流,并将电流提供给DC线27。提供至逆变器或从逆变器提供的净DC电流决定了电能存储装置74的充电或放电操作模式。优选地,MA 56和MB 72是三相AC电机,并且逆变器包括互补的三相电力电子设备。
现在参照图2,示出包括分布式控制器结构的控制系统的方案方块图。下文说明的部件包括整个车辆控制结构的子集,并且可操作以提供在此所述的动力系统的协调的系统控制。控制系统可操作以综合处理相关信息和输入,并执行算法以控制各种致动器来实现控制目标,所述控制目标包括诸如燃料经济性、排放、性能、驾驶性的参数和硬件的保护,所述硬件包括ESD 74的蓄电池以及MA 56和MB 72。分布式控制器结构包括发动机控制模块(‘ECM’)23、变速器控制模块(‘TCM’)17、蓄电池组控制模块(‘BPCM’)21和变速器电力逆变器模块(‘TPIM’)19。混合控制模块(‘HCP’)5提供上述控制器的上位(overarching)控制和协调。用户界面(‘UI’)13可操作地连接至多个装置,车辆操作者通过所述用户界面典型地控制或指导包括变速器10的动力系统的操作。车辆操作者到UI 13的示例性输入包括加速器踏板、制动踏板、变速器档位选择器和车速巡航控制。每个上述控制器都经由局域网(‘LAN’)总线6与其它的控制器、传感器和致动器连通。LAN总线6允许各种控制器之间的控制参数和命令的结构通讯。所使用的特定通讯协议依应用而定。例如,一个通讯协议是汽车工程师协会标准J1939。LAN总线和适当的协议提供上述控制器和其它控制器之间的可靠的信息传递和多控制器交互连接,其它控制器提供诸如防抱死制动、牵引力控制和车辆稳定性的功能。
HCP 5提供混合动力系统的上位控制,用于协调ECM 23、TCM 17、TPIM 19和BPCM 21的操作。基于来自UI 13和包括蓄电池组的动力系统的各种输入信号,HCP 5产生各种命令,包括发动机转矩命令、用于变速器10的各离合器C1、C2、C3、C4的离合器转矩命令TCL_N和分别用于MA和MB的电机转矩命令TA和TB
ECM 23可操作地连接至发动机14,并且用于通过总地表示为集合线35的多个离散的线从各种传感器获取数据并分别控制发动机14的各种致动器。ECM 23从HCP 5接收发动机转矩命令TE_CMD,并产生希望的轴转矩和输入至变速器的实际发动机转矩的指示信号TI,该指示信号TI被输送至HCP 5。为了简明,将ECM 23示出为总体上具有经由集合线35与发动机14的双向界面。通过ECM 23检测的各种其它信号包括发动机冷却剂温度、到通向变速器的轴12的发动机输入速度(NI)、歧管压力、环境空气温度和环境压力。通过ECM 23控制的各种致动器包括燃料喷射器、点火模块和节气门控制模块。
TCM 17可操作地连接至变速器10,并且用于从各种传感器获取数据,并给变速器提供命令信号。从TCM 17到HCP 5的输入包括对于每个离合器C1、C2、C3和C4的估计的离合器转矩TCL_N_EST和输出轴64的转速NO。其它致动器和传感器可而用于提供从TCM到HCP用于控制目的的额外信息。
BPCM 21信号地连接一个或多个传感器,以将关于蓄电池的状态的信息提供给HCP 5,所述传感器可操作以监测ESD 74的电流或电压参数。这种信息包括蓄电池荷电状态、蓄电池电压VBAT和可用的蓄电池功率PBAT_MIN和PBAT_MAX
变速器电力逆变器模块(TPIM)19包括一对电力逆变器和电机控制器,所述电机控制器构造成接收电机控制命令并由此控制逆变器状态,以提供电机驱动或再生发电功能。TPIM 19可操作以基于来自HCP5的输入产生用于MA 56和MB 72的转矩命令TA和TB,所述HCP 5由通过UI 13的操作者输入和系统操作参数驱动。用于MA和MB的电机转矩命令即TA和TB由包括TPIM 19的控制系统执行,以控制MA和MB。分别用于MA和MB的各电机转速信号NA和NB通过TPIM 19从电机相位信息或传统的转动传感器得到。TPIM 19确定电机速度NA和NB,并将它们传送至HCP 5。电能存储装置74经由DC线27高电压DC联接至TPIM 19。根据ESD 74是被充电还是被放电,电流可传输至TPIM19,或从TPIM 19传输。
上述控制器每个都优选地是通用数字计算机,该通用数字计算机总体上包括:微处理器或中央处理单元;包括只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、电可编程序只读存储器(EPROM)的存储介质;高速时钟;模拟到数字(A/D)和数字到模拟(D/A)电路;输入/输出电路和器件(I/O);和适当的信号调理和缓冲电路。每个控制器都具有一套控制算法,包括驻留程序指令和标定,所述驻留程序指令和标定存储在ROM中,并且执行以提供每个计算机的相应功能。各计算机之间的信息传递优选地通过上述LAN 6实现。
每个控制器中用于控制和状态估计的算法典型地在预设的循环期间执行,以便使每个算法在每个循环期间至少执行一次。存储在非易失性存储装置中的算法通过中央处理单元中的一个执行,并且可操作以检测来自检测装置的输入,并执行控制和诊断流程,以使用预设的标定控制各装置的操作。循环在发动机运行和车辆操作期间典型地以规则的间隔执行,例如每3.125、6.25、12.5、25和100毫秒。或者,算法可响应于事件的发生而被执行。
响应于通过UI 13捕获的操作者的动作,管理的HCP控制器5和其它控制器中的一个或多个确定在轴64处所需的变速器输出转矩TO。变速器10的选择性地操作的部件被适当地控制和操纵,以响应于操作者命令。例如,在图1和2所示的示例性实施例中,当操作者已选择向前驱动范围并且操纵加速器踏板或制动踏板时,HCP 5确定用于变速器的输出转矩TO,该输出转矩TO影响到车辆如何以及何时加速或减速。最终车辆加速度受到其它因素的影响,包括例如道路负载、道路坡度和车辆质量。HCP 5检测转矩产生装置的参数状态,并且确定达到希望的转矩输出所需的变速器的输出。在HCP 5的指导下,变速器10在从慢到快的输出速度的范围上操纵,以满足操作者的命令。
双模复合-分配式机电变速器包括输出件64,该输出件64通过变速器10内的两个不同的齿轮系接收输出动力,并且所述变速器在若干变速器操作模式下操作,现在参照图1和以下表1说明所述变速器操作模式。
表1
Figure A20081009282800121
表中所述的各种变速器操作模式指示对于每个操作模式而言,特定离合器C1、C2、C3、C4中的哪个离合器被接合或致动。另外,在各种变速器操作模式下,MA和MB每个都可以作为电动机操作,以产生驱动转矩,或者作为发电机操作,以发电。当转矩传递装置70被致动以使第三行星齿轮组28的外齿轮部件46“接地”时,选择第一模式或齿轮系。当转矩传递装置70被释放并且转矩传递装置62同时被致动以将轴60连接至第三行星齿轮组28的行星架52时,选择第二模式或齿轮系。本发明的范围以外的其它因素影响MA 56和MB 72何时作为电动机和发电机操作,并且在此不进行讨论。
主要在图2中所示的控制系统可操作以在每个操作模式内提供从较低到较高的轴64的变速器输出速度NO的范围。两个模式与每个模式中低到高的输出速度范围的组合允许变速器10将车辆从静止状态驱动至高速,并且满足上述各种其它要求。另外,控制系统协调变速器10的操作,从而允许两个模式之间的同步切换。
第一和第二操作模式是指其中通过一个离合器,即离合器C162或C270,和通过电机56和72的受控的速度和转矩来控制变速器功能的情况,这可称为无级变速模式。下文说明某些范围,其中固定比是通过应用额外的离合器获得的。该额外的离合器可以是离合器C373或C475,如上文中的表所示。
当应用额外的离合器时,获得变速器的输入对输出速度的固定比,即,NI/NO。电机MA 56和MB 72的转动取决于由离合动作限定的机构的内部转动并且与输入速度NI成比例,所述输入速度NI在轴12处确定或测量。电机MA和MB用作电动机或发电机。它们完全独立于发动机到输出的动力流,由此使它们两个都能作为电动机,都能用作发电机,或其任意组合。这允许例如在固定比1操作期间,通过从能量存储装置74接收电力,在轴64处从变速器输出的驱动动力由来自发动机的动力和来自MA和MB的动力通过行星齿轮组28提供。
通过在模式I或模式II操作期间致动或释放额外的离合器中的一个,变速器操作模式可在固定比操作和无级变速模式操作之间切换。固定比中的操作的确定或模式控制是通过由控制系统执行的算法实现的,并且在本发明的范围之外。操作的模式可重叠操作的比率,并且选择同样取决于驾驶员的输入和车辆对该输入的响应。当离合器C170和C475接合时,范围1主要落在模式I操作中。当离合器C262和C170接合时,范围2落在模式I和模式II内。当离合器C262和C475接合时,第三固定速比范围主要在模式II期间可用,并且当离合器C262和C373接合时,第四固定速比范围在模式II期间可用。应注意,用于模式I和模式II的操作的范围典型地显著重叠。
再次参照图1,并参照图8,电机MA 56和MB 72是已知的三相AC电机,并且逆变器包括已知的互补三相电力电子装置。MA和MB绕轴向地布置的轴60同轴地定向。MA和MB都是环状构造,该环状构造允许它们围绕三个行星齿轮组24、26和28,以便使行星齿轮组24、26和28布置在MA和MB的径向内部。每个电机都包括定子、转子和解析器组件80,如图8所示。用于每个电机的电机定子接地至外部变速器外壳68,并且包括定子芯,该定子芯具有从其延伸的盘绕电绕组。用于MA 56的转子支承在毂板齿轮54上,该毂板齿轮54经由行星架36可操作地附装至输出轴60。用于MB 72的转子附装至套筒轴毂66。每个电机解析器组件80都适当地定位并组装在MA和MB中的一个上,以便使槽口88定向在磁场的北或真北处。该实施例的每个解析器组件80都包括已知的可变磁阻装置,该磁阻装置包括可操作地连接至每个电机的定子的解析器定子82和可操作地连接至每个上述电机的转子的解析器转子84。每个解析器80都包括检测装置,该检测装置可操作以检测解析器定子相对于解析器转子的转动位置,并且识别相对于槽口88的转动位置。每个解析器定子82都包括组装在其上的一系列感应线圈和一对检测或拾取线圈,所述感应线圈接收来自TPIM 19的电激励信号,所述检测或拾取线圈给TPIM 19提供电信号输出。每个解析器转子84都包括转动装置,该转动装置具有位于外圆周上的多个凸角(lobes)86或偏心部。在图8所示的示例性系统中,示出三个凸角,但该系统也可使用各种数量的凸角86操作。在操作中,解析器转子84与电机转子一起转动。拾取线圈被激励信号激励,并且以与激励频率相同的频率将信号返回至TPIM,该信号的电压水平取决于带凸角的解析器转子84到解析器定子82的接近程度。解析器80通过检测在解析器定子内转动的解析器转子的相对位置和运动而操作。控制系统能够解译通过解析器定子返回的信号,以确定转子位置,这将在下文说明。用于解析器80的可变磁阻装置是用于确定位置的若干已知技术中的一种。
参照上述实施例说明的本发明包括利用分布式控制系统的部件以操作MA和MB,以便为车辆动力系统提供驱动转矩和再生发电转矩。整个控制系统操作TPIM 19以在每个电机的定子与ESD 74之间传递电能。TPIM操作以使用解析器定子装置相对于转子84的槽口88测量解析器转子的位置,并由此测量电机转子的位置,其中包括已知的信号处理方法。TPIM用于使用下文所述的无传感器位置检测技术得到电机转子的位置。所得到的电机转子的位置是电机转子的真实位置。TPIM确定偏移参数,该偏移参数包括所得到的电机转子的位置与所测量的解析器转子的位置之间的角度差。TPIM操作以使用偏移参数控制输入至三相多极电机的转子的每个线圈的电能。偏移参数优选地存储在TPIM内的非易失性存储器或控制系统的其它部件中,用于在将来的操作中使用。一种可替代的控制系统优选地包括车载算法,该车载算法使用诸如指数加权移动平均的已知技术提供在随后起动事件上计算的多个偏移参数的统计分析。在发动机或车辆的每个操作期间,优选地确定偏移的参数值一次。控制系统优选地操作以在初始机器操作期间,即在发动机起动时或紧在发动机起动之后得到转子位置。当电机在产生驱动转矩的模式中操作时和当电机在发电模式操作时,控制系统优选地可操作以确定偏移参数。
用于无传感器的位置检测的一种示例性的方法包括:在初始机器操作期间将高频信号注射到低操作速度的电机的定子中;和基于注射的高频信号检测转子的位置。这包括在系统中必须在确定解析器转子的位置之前或同时确定解析器转子的北/南极。该技术如下所述。
现在参照图3、4、和5,现在说明示例性的无传感器位置检测方案110的实施例的简图,该检测方案用于在上述分布式控制系统中作为编成代码的算法来执行。位置检测方案110示出为一系列代表软件的方块图,所述软件在分布式控制系统中执行,以控制电机MA 56和MB 72中的一个。可采用在此所述的控制系统的电机的可替代实施例包括诸如同步磁阻电机和内部永磁体电机的电机技术。在操作中,HCP 5产生上述输入转矩命令TI。转矩命令TI通过转矩线性化模型114处理,以产生在电机中产生希望的电磁转矩所需的对应的定子电流IS。在块114处产生的定子电流继而传递至优化每安培转矩的块116。块116处理命令的定子电流,并且将其分解成电流命令的相应的D和Q轴分量(Idsel和Iqse),以提供用于给定的定子电流幅度的最大转矩。
电流命令Idsel在求和节点118处与产生的磁场削弱分量Idse_fw相加,以产生最终的D轴电流命令Idse。磁场削弱分量Idse_fw通过磁场削弱块120使用测量的DC联接电压Vdc、命令的输出电压Vqss和Vdss以及转子角速度ωr产生。求和节点122从Q轴电流命令Iqse减去反馈电流Iqse_fb以获得Q轴电流调节器的误差。求和节点124从D轴电流命令Idse减去反馈电流Ides_fb以获得D轴电流调节器的误差。由求和节点122和124产生的误差可通过同步电流调节器块126用于控制同步帧(frame)电压命令Vdse和Vqse
块128使用估计的转子角度位置θr以将同步帧电压命令Vdse和Vqse转换成静止帧电压命令Vdssl和Vqssl。高频电压信号Vdss_inj和Vqss_inj通过求和节点130和132与静止基准帧电压命令相加,得到最终的电压命令Vdss和Vqss。电压源逆变器134处理最终电压命令Vdss和Vqss以产生施加至电机56的实际相电压。相电流通过三相到两相转换块136测量和处理。块136的输出是静止帧电流Idss和Iqss。静止到转动帧转换块140使用静止帧电流Idss和Iqss和估计的转子角度位置θr来产生同步基准帧反馈电流Idse_fb和Iqse_fb
本发明包括转子速度和位置的无传感器控制,该无传感器控制包括:在块142处的低速转子角度位置估计方法/观测器;当需要时,在块143处的初始转子极检测方法;在块144处的高速转子角度位置估计方法/观测器;和在块146处的过渡算法,以当使用高速转子角度位置估计方法时,无缝地合并低速和高速估计方法。
图3的块142代表本发明的低速估计方法。图4示出块142的详细方块图实施方式,以估计上述低速操作期间的转子电位置。低速估计方法用于估计在零速度和低速(优选地小于额定电机速度的10%,但任何电机速度都认为是在本发明的低速估计方法的范围内)操作期间的转子电位置。转子电位置的估计是通过在电机的估计的D轴上注射高频电压信号而进行的。在与基本定子频率同步地转动的基准帧中的波动的高频信号用于检测AC电机中的空间阻抗的不对称性。空间阻抗的不对称性是由电机的转子的凸出的构造或在电机中的感应磁饱和引起的。
当高频电压信号注射在估计的D轴上时,在估计的基准帧处测量的电流的正交分量可用作如方程1所示的误差信号。
i dsi m i qsi m = y avg + y diff cos 2 θ err - y diff sin 2 θ err - y diff sin 2 θ err y avg - y diff cos 2 θ err v dsi m v qsi m - - - [ 1 ]
其中 y avg = ( z q e + z d e ) / 2 z d e z q e , 并且 y diff = ( z q e - z d e ) / 2 z d e z q e . 如果电压信号注射在估计的D轴( v dsi m = V inj sin &omega; h t v qsi m = 0 )上,则在Q轴电流信号中,斜的分量消失,并且偏离斜的(off-diagonal)分量表现出如方程2所示。如果在高频下的抵抗分量远远小于感应分量( r d e , r q e < < x d e , x q e ),并且反应分量的阻抗差远远大于抵抗分量的阻抗差( | x d e - x q e | > > | r d e - r q e | ),则方程2可简化为准稳态的方程3。
i qsi m = ( - y diff sin 2 &theta; err ) &CenterDot; V inj sin &omega; h t = [ ( r d e - r q e ) + j ( x d e - x q e ) ( r d e + j x d e ) &CenterDot; ( r q e + j x q e ) ] &CenterDot; ( V inj sin 2 &theta; err ) &CenterDot; sin &omega; h t - - - [ 2 ]
i qsi m &ap; - j x d e - x q e x d e x q e &CenterDot; ( V inj sin 2 &theta; err ) &CenterDot; sin &omega; h t = - x d e - x q e x d e x q e &CenterDot; ( V inj sin 2 &theta; err ) &CenterDot; cos &omega; h t - - - [ 3 ]
相对于注射的信号乘以正交信号得到用于跟踪控制器的误差信号的DC量。在低通滤波后,DC量可按方程4获得。
&epsiv; = LPF [ i qsi m &times; ( - cos &omega; h t ) ] = - Y 2 2 sin 2 &theta; err &ap; - Y 2 &theta; err - - - [ 4 ]
其中 Y 2 = - x d e - x q e x d e x q e
参照图4,块150将静止帧电流Iqss和Idss转换成估计的同步基准帧电流Iqsm。块152包括二阶带通滤波器,以允许在相乘节点154处仅处理注射高频信号(优选地在500至1000Hz)。节点154将块152的BPF的输出乘以项-cos(ωinjt)以得到误差信号的DC分量。块156包括二阶低通滤波器以从信号去除高频谐波,并输出项Iqm。Iqm是在方程4中限定的误差信号。
块158是处理误差项Iqm的三阶位置观测器。Iqm被比例控制块160、积分控制块162和前馈控制块164处理以产生输出。块160和162的积分和比例输出在求和节点166处相加,并被块168处理以产生并且估计速度ωr_low。前馈增益块164的输出被限制器块170处理,并且继而前馈至求和节点172以与块168的速度输出相加。块174处理ωr_low以产生项θr_low,该项θr_low是在低速下转子的估计的角度位置。
图5是为了北/南极判定而用于检测初始转子磁极的块143的详细方块图实施方式。静止到转动基准帧块180使用θr将静止的帧电流Idss和Iqss转换成同步的基准帧电流Idse和Idse。在初始的转子极检测方法中仅使用D轴电流Idse。Idse通过带通滤波器182,该带通滤波器182过滤出除了Idse电流的注射频率的第二谐波之外的所有部分。带通滤波器182的输出是Idse_bp。信号Idse_bp通过使用乘法器块184与项sin(2ωinjt-φ)相乘而被解调。所得到的信号Id1包含DC分量和高频分量。低通滤波器块186过滤出Id1的高频分量,仅留下DC部分Id。信号Id包含关于转子磁体相对于估计的电机D轴的极性的信息。条件(condition)块188使用信号Id的符号判定估计的位置的极性。该条件在起动程序(sequence)期间估计一次。如果Id的符号是负的,则使估计的转子位置增加180度。
现在参照图6,说明算法,该算法在控制系统中执行,以控制参照图1和2所示的示例性动力系统,并且该算法应用了用于在此参照图3、4和5所述的无传感器位置检测的示例性方法。该方法包括在初始电机操作期间将高频信号注射到低操作速度下的定子中,以基于注射的高频信号检测转子的位置。算法包括使用解析器传感器(S1)测量解析器位置。当转速大于标定的最大值(nmax)时,(S2)通过控制系统使用预先存储的偏移值,或者,算法等待,直到速度下降到标定的最大值(nmax)以下为止(S3’)。当转速小于标定的最大值(nmax)时,切换被起动(S3),注射高频(‘HF’)信号,并且进行转子电位置的估计(S4)。系统收敛在一值上(S5),并且计算偏移量(S6)。偏移量被验证,并被过滤(S7),并且高频注射和估计在操作循环的其余部分期间被停止(S8)。动力系统使用解析器传感器位置和学习的偏移量操作(S9)。在停机时,数据存储在控制系统的非易失性存储器存储装置中,例如控制器中的一个的电可编程序只读存储器(EPROM)。
现在参照图7,示出用于示例性系统的数据。绘制的数据包括以电角度数为单位的解析器误差的幅度的图。线A代表实际的解析器误差,在这种情况下包括在系统组装期间产生的最差情况的误差,具有十度电转动的幅度。在图中示出为C的数据点包括使用在此所述的发明校正的用于解析器位置的原始算法学习值。在所有情况下,校正了的解析器位置的误差幅度小于两度电转动。线B包括被过滤的或静态地分析的解析器学习值,该值具有十度电转动的初始偏移量,该偏移量在四十次观测后收敛至小于两度,并且在八十次观测后收敛至接近零,因而证明了在此所述的方法学习和校正解析器误差的能力。
已具体参照优选的实施例及其修改说明了本发明。当阅读并理解该说明书时,其他人可做出进一步的修改和变更。意在使所有这种修改和变更都包括在本发明的范围内。

Claims (22)

1.一种用于电机的控制系统,该电机包括具有定子、转子和转子位置检测机构的多相多极电机,该控制系统包括:
逆变器,该逆变器可操作以在电机的定子与电能存储装置之间传递电能;和
控制器,该控制器可操作以:
基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置,
判定所得到的转子位置与所检测到的转子位置之间的偏移参数,并且
基于所述检测到的转子位置和所述偏移参数控制所述逆变器。
2.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中可操作以基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置的所述控制器还包括可操作以在初始电机操作期间得到转子位置的控制器。
3.如权利要求2所述的控制系统,还包括在电机起动后在第一第二电机操作期间得到转子位置。
4.如权利要求2所述的控制系统,其中初始电机操作包括在产生转矩模式下和在发电模式下的操作。
5.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中可操作以基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置的所述控制器包括这样的控制器,该控制器可操作以:
在初始电机操作期间将高频信号注射到电机的定子中,并且
基于所注射的高频信号检测转子的位置。
6.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中可操作以基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置的所述控制器包括这样的控制器,该控制器可操作以:
在初始电机操作期间将高频信号注射到电机的定子中,
判定转子的北/南极,并且
基于所注射的高频信号检测转子的位置。
7.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,还包括控制器可操作以将所述偏移参数存储在非易失性存储器装置中。
8.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中所述电机的转子位置检测机构还包括具有多个感应线圈的解析器定子和带凸角的解析器转子,该解析器转子可操作地附装至电机的转子。
9.如权利要求8所述的控制系统,其中可操作以基于检测到的转子位置和偏移参数控制逆变器的控制器还包括:
该控制器可操作以基于所述偏移参数控制电机的定子与电能存储装置之间传递的电能。
10.如权利要求9所述的控制系统,其中可操作以控制逆变器的控制器还包括这样的控制器,该控制器可操作以控制输入到用于所述多相多极电机的定子的每个线圈中的电能。
11.如权利要求1所述的控制系统,其中所述电机可操作地连接至双模复合分配式混合动力机电变速器。
12.如权利要求11所述的控制系统,还包括该双模复合分配式混合动力机电变速器可操作以将驱动转矩传递至车辆的传动系。
13.一种用于控制在电能存储装置与电机之间传递的电能的方法,所述电机包括具有定子、转子和转子位置检测机构的多相多极电机,所述方法包括:
基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置;
判定所得到的转子位置与所检测到的转子位置之间的偏移参数;和
基于所述检测到的转子位置和所述偏移参数控制在电能存储装置与电机之间传递的电能。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置还包括在初始电机操作期间得到转子位置。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,还包括在电机起动后在第一第二电机操作期间得到转子位置。
16.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中在初始电机操作期间得到转子位置包括产生转矩模式和发电模式。
17.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置包括:
在初始电机操作期间将高频信号注射到电机的定子中,和
基于所注射的高频信号检测转子的位置。
18.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置包括:
在初始电机操作期间将高频信号注射到电机的定子中;
判定转子的北/南极;以及
基于所注射的高频信号检测转子的位置。
19.如权利要求13所述的方法,还包括将所述偏移参数存储在非易失性存储器装置中。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中基于检测到的转子位置和偏移参数控制在电能存储装置与电机之间传递的电能还包括:基于所述偏移参数控制在所述电机的定子与所述电能存储装置之间传递的电能。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中控制在所述电机的定子与所述电能存储装置之间传递的电能还包括控制输入到用于所述多相多极电机的定子的每个线圈的电能。
22.一种制品,包括存储介质,该存储介质具有在其中编码以实现一种方法的计算机程序,所述方法用于控制在电能存储装置与电机之间传递的电能,所述电机包括具有定子、转子和转子位置检测机构的多相多极电机,所述程序包括:
在电机的起动期间执行的用于基于无传感器位置检测技术得到转子位置的代码;
用于判定所得到的转子位置与所检测到的转子位置之间的偏移参数的代码;和
用于基于所述检测到的转子位置和所述偏移参数控制输入到用于所述多相多极电机的定子的每个线圈中的电能的相的代码。
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