CN101299306A - Experimental approach and seepage apparatus for seepage-dome flow coupled erosion process - Google Patents
Experimental approach and seepage apparatus for seepage-dome flow coupled erosion process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Provided is a experimental technique in the seepage-overland flow coupling erosion process of the water and soil conservation experimental technique and a seepage device thereof, wherein the technique includes the following steps of applying the grade constant head and the sectional type water supplying method according to the seepage control theory on the basis of the traditional overland flow erosion experiment technology, adding the device which can provide and control the seepage, to cause the steady seepage present on the dome, wherein the overland flow supplies water to the earth (infiltration) or the water in the earth supplies water to the overland flow (exfiltration) when performing the overland flow corrosion test by water discharge. In the overland flow corrosion test, the overland flow is the same all about on the dome, and the seepage is steady, even, and can be described according to the observation data, which realizes the effective simulation in the seepage-overland flow coupling erosion process, and quantitatively studies the effect rule and the mechanism of action in the overland flow erosion process, wherein the experimental result preferably matches with the overland flow real condition of the seepage. The invention can be widely applied in the overland flow erosion process of the seepage. The invention has simple implementation and convenient operation.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to maintenance research field waterborne, the experimental provision that relates to soil erosion experimental technique and be used to provide steady seepage.
Background technology
Overland flow corrodes, be meant slope flow to the domatic soil body wash away the agent of erosion greater than the soil body anti-erosion power time soil body peeled off the phenomenon of taking away.It is one of form the most general in the soil erosion that overland flow corrodes.No matter be sloping arable land, seabeach, riverbank, the still soil-slope in the various engineerings, precipitation on domatic or tidal level drop all can cause domatic erosion when forming the large tracts of land overland flow.According to estimates, table soil resource in the worldwide just reduces with the speed in every year 0.7% at present, China has the sand coast more than 70% to be corroded because of the seabeach is domatic to be in fallback state, 66% arable land is distributed in mountain region, hills, highlands, slope soil erosion causes serious soil degradation, and farmland quality descends, grain drop in production, the deterioration of the ecological environment, even be difficult to recover.In addition, overland flow corrodes a large amount of exposed soil-slope that engineerings such as also being prevalent in channelized engineering, highway, mining site, railway, reservoir and near zone thereof stay, spoil grounds etc.Therefore, carry out overland flow erosion process and erosion mechanism research for the conservation of soil and water, improve existent environment of people, be very important and urgent.
Because overland flow corrodes and to be subjected to rainfall, overland flow and to infiltrate the influence that enters aspects such as outwards oozing out of soil and soil water, it is very complicated that this makes that overland flow corrodes.At present, the laboratory experiment technology of overland flow erosion process improves constantly, and aspects such as soil erosion tracking, overland flow hydrodynamic force, etching pattern has all been obtained substantial progress, still, to the experimental simulation of seepage flow in the soil and to the influence research that overland flow corrodes, make slow progress always.Yet, the domatic Erosion and Sediment Production of the loess in China western part being studies show that along the evolution process along sloping direction domatic following 1/3 zone is for corroding active band, exosmosing of its soil water is very important; When rainfall, storm tide and increase and decrease water move, on wide seabeach face, form the large tracts of land overland flow, near water front, produce outside seepage flow simultaneously, strengthened the wash away migration effect of slope flow to silt, usually cause seashore seriously to corrode, as near the old salt storehouse of Hangzhou Wan because of bank slope is steeper, add that tidal bore speed is fast, the cave in record of 254m of diel bank body is once arranged.So, must solve the seepage flow situation in the soil of simulating how effectively, with the influence process and the mechanism of action of seepage flow in the quantitative examination soil to the overland flow erosion.
Present overland flow erosion experiment equipment can reflect the situation of infiltrating naturally of overland flow, but the exosmosing of the mechanism of action, the especially soil water that can't quantitative examination seepage flow overland flow be corroded.Once had the scholar directly to supply water to the experiment inside soil body, to observe the influence that soil water exosmoses overland flow is corroded, its conclusion is that seepage flow influences significantly.But, because such experiment is difficult to seepage flow is quantitatively described (the infiltration ratio that influences soil body stress state as reflection seepage flow falls), its experimental result can't disclose the mechanism of action that seepage flow corrodes overland flow, so, can not serve the prediction of slope erosion.At the influence of seepage flow research, test section is domatic must to provide size, seepage flow that direction is all identical, but makes its seepage flow data quantitative description, and mechanism that overland flow is corroded and mechanism are expected to obtain understanding and disclose so.For this reason, the present invention proposes a kind of seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion experimental technique and device thereof, can simulate overland flow and go into to blend exosmose overland flow soil erosion process under the two class seepage flow operating modes of soil water, and can provide even, stable seepage environment to the erosion test section is domatic, can quantitatively disclose the mechanism of action that seepage flow corrodes overland flow sediment incipient motion, overland flow and influence rule in conjunction with soil mechanics and sediment movement theory of mechanics.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of experimental technique and the device that can simulate seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process well, solve a multi-functional overland flow erosion experiment equipment difficult problem of being badly in need of in the water and soil conservation scientific research, can fully reflect the control action of seepage flow to the overland flow soil erosion, and the homogenising of seepage flow on domatic in the realization soil, accurately control seepage flow intensity size, with the influence that quantitative examination seepage flow condition corrodes overland flow, implement easily, simple to operate.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of experimental technique of seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process, use classification and decide head and sectional type method of supplying water, proposition can provide and control the seepage apparatus of seepage flow, in overland flow erosion test process, make seepage flow identical on domatic everywhere, seepage stability, evenly and can realize effective simulation according to the observation data quantitative description to seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process, but quantitative examination seepage flow influences the rule and the mechanism of action to the overland flow erosion process.
Described seepage apparatus, it comprises that classification decides the head water supply installation: the weir divider with seepage flow supply channel respective amount is set in the seepage flow water level control flume, each dividing plate blocks water and forms water supply by stage, its water level is the gross head of erosion test soil body bottom boundary, simultaneously, for reducing the pulsation of its border head, in test soil body bottom highly permeable sand-gravel cushion is set, and adopts permeable antipriming pipe to carry out distributed water supply to sand-gravel cushion.
Also comprise: sectional type method of supplying water and device: use seepage flow cabin plate, will test the soil body, sand-gravel cushion is divided into plurality of sections in the soil box longitudinal axis, the water supply independence in each section, the gross head of its seepage flow bottom boundaries is identical.
The end face of this sand-gravel cushion is laid one deck net with the coarse sand levelling between top and the sloping body test soil layer, prevents that following leakage of fine sand of top soil body filler from entering bed course.
This permeable antipriming pipe is fixed on the soil box bottom in each seepage flow cabin, and stretches out backward in the position perforate of soil box respective side walls, is convenient to connect flexible pipe; Have the hole around the permeable antipriming pipe sidewall, and the outsourcing filter screen, prevent that silt from entering.
This seepage flow water level control flume: link to each other with permeable antipriming pipe to connect flexible pipe,, obtain different seepage flow operating modes with the convenient position of regulating the water level control flume; Seepage flow water level control flume is parallel to soil box to be arranged, can move on perpendicular to the soil box direction.
This weir divider equidistantly being arranged in seepage flow water level control flume, and is positioned at each flexible pipe downstream, position, hole that links to each other, and the plate heights of roofs is pushed up a little less than groove.
This seepage flow cabin plate height is got total filling-up thickness (comprising sand-gravel cushion thickness) in 0.3～0.5 times of soil box, stretches into test soil layer 5cm at least simultaneously, and cabin plate arrangement pitch is got 0.7～1.0 times of test soil thickness.
Further, the sandy gravel particle diameter of this sand-gravel cushion is 2～10mm, and its end face is laid one deck stainless steel cloth with the coarse sand levelling between top and the sloping body test soil layer, and size of mesh 0.025～0.05mm prevents that following leakage of fine sand of top soil body filler from entering bed course;
The diameter of this permeable antipriming pipe is got 2～3.5cm, is fixed on the soil box bottom in each seepage flow cabin, and stretches out 3～10cm after the position perforate of soil box respective side walls, is convenient to connect flexible pipe; Have the hole around the permeable antipriming pipe sidewall, aperture 1～3mm, pitch of holes 3～6cm, and outsourcing filter screen prevent that silt from entering; This seepage flow water level control flume is that the connection flexible pipe of 1.5～2.5cm links to each other with permeable antipriming pipe with internal diameter, with the convenient position of regulating the water level control flume, obtains different seepage flow operating modes; Seepage flow water level control flume is parallel to soil box to be arranged, can move on perpendicular to the soil box direction, and its sectional area is greater than 0.03m
2
This weir divider to be equidistantly being arranged in seepage flow water level control flume, and is positioned at each flexible pipe position, hole downstream 3～5cm that links to each other, and the plate heights of roofs is lower than groove top 2～3cm.
The cross sectional shape of this seepage flow water level control flume comprises circular arc, rectangle, trapezoidal.
A kind of experimental technique of simulating seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process of the present invention, be on traditional overland flow erosion experiment method basis, square-section experiment soil box is transformed, increase can provide and control the device of seepage flow, make and discharge water when carrying out the overland flow erosion test, have the steady seepage of overland flow supply soil water (infiltrating) or soil water supply overland flow (reverse osmosis) on domatic, the infiltration ratio of this steady seepage falls on domatic identical everywhere.Steady seepage identical everywhere on domatic can be measured or indirect determination, can describe whole domatic, the total seepage flow water yield can obtain unit area divided by the domatic area of test the seepage flow water yield so the domatic infiltration ratio of going up any falls.Therefore, change infiltration and compare test than falling operating mode, observation the erosion caused by sloping surfaces process can obtain the rule that influences of seepage flow to the overland flow erosion.
Seepage apparatus of the present invention, decide head water supply and guarantee seepage stability with classification, supply water and guarantee that seepage flow is identical on domatic everywhere with sectional type, wherein: the weir divider with the supply channel respective amount is set in the seepage flow water level control flume, each dividing plate blocks water formation classification and decides head water supply, its water level is the gross head of test soil body bottom boundary, simultaneously, for reducing the pulsation of its border head, in test soil body bottom highly permeable sand-gravel cushion is set, and adopt permeable antipriming pipe to carry out the cross direction profiles formula to sand-gravel cushion and supply water, this can realize the stable of seepage flow; Sectional type supplies water and is meant, to test the soil body and be divided into a lot of sections in the soil box longitudinal axis, water supply in each section is independent, the gross head of its seepage flow bottom boundaries is identical, it is low more then to export its gross head the closer to soil box on it is domatic, so direction tendency downstream falls in the infiltration at its domatic place ratio, the approaching more domatic normal direction of close more then its direction of segmentation, on the contrary then depart from domatic normal direction more.Segmentation is overstocked, and is not only uneconomical, and its performance difficulty, but segmentation too sparse then can to cause the infiltration at domatic place more inhomogeneous than falling (directional divergence, vary in size), therefore, sectional type supplies water needs to determine a both economical branch segment distance.
Seepage apparatus of the present invention, its seepage flow situation can be adjusted: seepage flow water level control flume and soil box be arranged in parallel, and tank can move in the soil box vertical direction, thereby regulate the gross head of test soil body bottom boundary.When the water level of seepage flow water level control flume was higher than in the soil box overland flow water surface curve, the water in the experiment soil body was to overland flow supply (reverse osmosis), on the contrary overland flow seepage flow (infiltrating) in the soil body then.
Sand-gravel cushion of the present invention, play the pulsating water pressure of accumulating in seepage flow water, the buffering seepage flow water supply process, make that the head of test soil layer seepage flow bottom boundaries is stable, wherein: equidistantly arrange the cabin plate in the soil box bottom, soil box is divided into a plurality of cabins, make that the sand-gravel cushion in each cabin supplies water independent in the flow event; At the permeable antipriming pipe of centre position, seepage flow cabin sand-gravel cushion bottom fixing parcel filter screen, the water that seepage flow water level control flume is flowed into carries out distributed water supply along the soil box Width, so that the pore water pressure equilibrium in the sand-gravel cushion, stable.
Seepage flow water level control flume of the present invention is divided into multistage by weir divider, wherein: weir divider plays the water effect of blocking, the water level of being retained is the delivery head in the seepage flow cabin sand-gravel cushion that corresponding flexible pipe connects, its arrangement pitch is identical with the cabin distance between plates, and the top of each weir divider is on a line.
Head of the present invention and water percolating capacity proving installation, measure seepage flow head and the Total Water that penetrates into overland flow respectively, wherein: head can adopt piezometric tube or pore pressure gauge to measure, and water percolating capacity can enter and the water yield difference that flows out seepage flow water level control flume is obtained by measurement.Head data and overland flow water surface curve according to each seepage flow cabin, adopt finite element seepage flow program can calculate the seepage flow distribution situation that occurs in the test soil body, thereby obtain the infiltration stress of the domatic soil body, can further analyze the influence and the mechanism of action that seepage flow corrodes overland flow.Utilize actual measurement infiltration total amount, but the seepage flow performance of the inverse test soil body.
Compare with existing overland flow erosion experiment method and experiment soil box, the present invention uses classification and decides head water supply and two kinds of methods of sectional type water supply, in overland flow erosion test process, make seepage flow identical on domatic everywhere, seepage stability, even, realized effective simulation to seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process, more realistic engineering, for further understanding with disclose the mechanism of action that seepage flow corrodes overland flow, influence rule experiment basis is provided, being expected provides more realistic empirical theory support for the prediction in the erosion and torrent control works.The invention process is easy, and is simple to operate, effective.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that the seepage apparatus of the embodiment of the invention is arranged synoptic diagram.
Fig. 2 is the seepage flow control synoptic diagram (A-A section in embodiment illustrated in fig. 1) of the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 falls distribution plan for the infiltration ratio of the embodiment of the invention.
Embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing illustrated embodiment.
The present invention is on traditional overland flow erosion experiment method and experiment soil box basis, in conjunction with the seepage flow control theory, forms soil erosion experimental technique and experimental provision under a kind of seepage flow-overland flow acting in conjunction.This device can be realized homogenising and the stability on domatic of seepage flow in the soil, but the mechanism that quantitative examination seepage flow corrodes overland flow and influence mechanism.Experimental provision wherein has shown in Fig. 1～2: 1. seepage flow water level control flume; 2. connection flexible pipe; 3. permeable antipriming pipe; 4. sand-gravel cushion; 5. seepage flow cabin plate; 6. test is banketed; 7. weir divider; 8. soil box; 9. stainless steel cloth; 10. piezometric tube; 11. seepage flow feed water valve.
Seepage apparatus among the present invention comprises that mainly seepage flow cabin and seepage flow supply water.The seepage flow cabin comprises permeable antipriming pipe 3, sand-gravel cushion 4, stainless steel cloth 9 and seepage flow cabin plate 5 for the test soil layer provides stable seepage flow bottom boundary head; Seepage flow supplies water to each seepage flow cabin provides identical seepage water pressure, comprises seepage flow water level control flume 1, weir divider 7 and is connected flexible pipe 2.
As shown in Figure 1, seepage flow cabin plate 5 is divided into multistage with soil box 8, total filling-up thickness (comprising sand-gravel cushion thickness) in desirable 0.3～0.5 times of soil box of cabin plate height, stretch into test soil layer 5cm at least simultaneously, desirable 0.7～1.0 times of test soil thickness of cabin plate arrangement pitch, the cabin plate thickness is unrestricted, gets final product to guarantee the rigidity requirement in the experiment.Desirable 2～the 3.5cm of permeable antipriming pipe 3 diameters is fixed on the soil box bottom in each seepage flow cabin, and stretches out 3～10cm after the position perforate of soil box respective side walls, is convenient to connect flexible pipe.Have the hole around the permeable antipriming pipe sidewall, aperture 1～3mm, pitch of holes 3～6cm, and outsourcing filter screen prevent that silt from entering.The sandy gravel particle diameter of sand-gravel cushion 4 is 2～10mm, lays one deck stainless steel cloth 9 between its top and the sloping body test soil layer, size of mesh 0.025～0.05mm, and purpose is that following leakage of fine sand that prevents top soil body filler enters bed course; For the very little clay particle of particle diameter,, can ignore the following leakage influence of clay particle owing to have stronger cohesive force.The sand-gravel cushion end face can be used the coarse sand levelling, is beneficial to the laying and the filling of the top soil body of stainless steel cloth.
Between seepage flow cabin and the seepage flow water level control flume 1, link to each other to connect flexible pipe 2, the position of conveniently adjusted water level control flume obtains different seepage flow operating modes.Connect the desirable 1.5～2.5cm of flexible pipe 2 internal diameters.Seepage flow water level control flume is parallel to soil box 8 to be arranged, can move on perpendicular to the soil box direction, and sectional area is greater than 0.03m
2, its cross sectional shape unrestricted (as circular arc, rectangle, trapezoidal).Weir divider 7 to be equidistantly being arranged in seepage flow water level control flume 1, and is positioned at each flexible pipe position, hole downstream 3～5cm that links to each other, and the plate heights of roofs is a little less than groove top 2～3cm.Every flexible pipe only supplies water to a seepage flow cabin, and the line of connecting hole position, flexible pipe two ends is domatic perpendicular to banketing in the soil box.
Fig. 2 has illustrated the principle of work of seepage apparatus.Carry out before the soil erosion test, the position according to testing requirements adjustment seepage flow water level control flume 1 obtains the seepage flow head that requires.In seepage flow water level control flume behind the waterflow stabilization, supply water to sand-gravel cushion, when waiting to test soil body water cut and reaching the testing requirements saturation degree, can carry out erosion test to domatic discharging water.Follow the tracks of measurement test soil layer bottom boundary head with piezometric tube or pore pressure gauge in the experiment, observe the stability of its numerical value and head.This shows, the place different with traditional overland flow erosion experiment, only being needs to adjust the position of seepage flow water level control flume 1 to obtain the seepage flow head that meets the demands, so enforcement is simple to operate easily.In the test,,, permeate than the size and Orientation that falls but go out domatic going up in conjunction with finite element seepage flow program quantitative Analysis again so head difference Δ H (see figure 1) can be permeated than the relative size of falling in qualitative reflection because seepage flow takes place in the test soil layer of homogeneous.
Provide following embodiment in conjunction with content of the present invention:
1). the soil box degree of depth is 80cm, and the sand-gravel cushion filling-up thickness is 15cm in the groove, and test section soil filling-up thickness is 45cm, the test section length 480cm that bankets;
2). the cabin plate is provided with: seepage flow cabin distance between plates 40cm, cabin plate height 25cm, cabin plate thickness 2cm;
3). adjusting the soil box gradient is 25 °, adjusts seepage flow water level control flume position, makes seepage flow head difference Δ H=20cm;
4). open the seepage flow feed water valve, when treating that domatic large tracts of land seeps water, the beginning overland flow discharges water, and carries out the overland flow erosion test.
Implementation result: easy to operate in the experiment, can reproduce the soil erosion process under seepage flow-overland flow acting in conjunction, outwards seepage flow makes the soil erosion strong, more meets the overland flow that has outside seepage flow and corrodes actual.Because the infiltration coefficient of sand-gravel cushion is generally 1 * 10
-1The cm/s level, and thickness is less, and the infiltration coefficient of the domatic soil body is generally less than 1 * 10
-3Cm/s is produced by the test soil layer fully so the loss of flood peak of seepage flow can be thought.With the test soil layer is percolating medium, adopts the seepage Finite Element program to calculate, and can obtain its steady seepage result.Fig. 3 falls distribution plan for the infiltration ratio of this example in the steady seepage process.As seen from the figure, the domatic infiltration ratio in middle part falls size much at one, and the direction unanimity, and the infiltration ratio of only domatic two ends 15cm scope falls with mean value and departs to some extent, does not get final product as test section.
The above-mentioned description to embodiment is can understand and apply the invention for ease of those skilled in the art.The person skilled in the art obviously can easily make various modifications to these embodiment, and needn't pass through performing creative labour being applied in the General Principle of this explanation among other embodiment.Therefore, the invention is not restricted to the embodiment here, those skilled in the art should be within protection scope of the present invention for improvement and modification that the present invention makes according to announcement of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of experimental technique of seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process, it is characterized in that: use classification and decide head and sectional type method of supplying water, proposition can provide and control the seepage apparatus of seepage flow, in overland flow erosion test process, make seepage flow identical on domatic everywhere, seepage stability, evenly and can realize effective simulation according to the observation data quantitative description to seepage flow-dome flow coupled erosion process, but quantitative examination seepage flow influences the rule and the mechanism of action to the overland flow erosion process.
2, the seepage apparatus described in the claim 1, it is characterized in that: it comprises that classification decides the head water supply installation: the weir divider with seepage flow supply channel respective amount is set in the seepage flow water level control flume, each dividing plate blocks water and forms water supply by stage, its water level is the gross head of erosion test soil body bottom boundary, simultaneously, for reducing the pulsation of its border head, in test soil body bottom highly permeable sand-gravel cushion is set, and adopts permeable antipriming pipe to carry out distributed water supply to sand-gravel cushion.
3, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that: also comprise: sectional type method of supplying water and device: use seepage flow cabin plate, to test the soil body, sand-gravel cushion is divided into plurality of sections in the soil box longitudinal axis, water supply in each section is independent, and the gross head of its seepage flow bottom boundaries is identical.
4, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: the end face of this sand-gravel cushion is laid one deck net with the coarse sand levelling between top and the sloping body test soil layer, prevents that following leakage of fine sand of top soil body filler from entering bed course.
5, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: this permeable antipriming pipe is fixed on the soil box bottom in each seepage flow cabin, and stretches out backward in the position perforate of soil box respective side walls, is convenient to connect flexible pipe; Have the hole around the permeable antipriming pipe sidewall, and the outsourcing filter screen, prevent that silt from entering.
6, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: this seepage flow water level control flume: link to each other with permeable antipriming pipe to connect flexible pipe, with the convenient position of regulating the water level control flume, obtain different seepage flow operating modes; Seepage flow water level control flume is parallel to soil box to be arranged, can move on perpendicular to the soil box direction.
7, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: this weir divider, equidistantly being arranged in seepage flow water level control flume, and be positioned at each flexible pipe downstream, position, hole that links to each other, and the plate heights of roofs is pushed up a little less than groove.
8, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: this seepage flow cabin plate height is got total filling-up thickness in 0.3～0.5 times of soil box, stretch into test soil layer 5cm at least simultaneously, cabin plate arrangement pitch is got 0.7～1.0 times of test soil thickness, and described " total filling-up thickness in the soil box " comprises sand-gravel cushion thickness.
9, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that: the sandy gravel particle diameter of this sand-gravel cushion is 2～10mm, its end face is with the coarse sand levelling, lay one deck stainless steel cloth between top and the sloping body test soil layer, size of mesh 0.025～0.05mm prevents that following leakage of fine sand of top soil body filler from entering bed course;
The diameter of this permeable antipriming pipe is got 2～3.5cm, is fixed on the soil box bottom in each seepage flow cabin, and stretches out 3～10cm after the position perforate of soil box respective side walls, is convenient to connect flexible pipe; Have the hole around the permeable antipriming pipe sidewall, aperture 1～3mm, pitch of holes 3～6cm, and outsourcing filter screen prevent that silt from entering; This seepage flow water level control flume is that the connection flexible pipe of 1.5～2.5cm links to each other with permeable antipriming pipe with internal diameter, with the convenient position of regulating the water level control flume, obtains different seepage flow operating modes; Seepage flow water level control flume is parallel to soil box to be arranged, can move on perpendicular to the soil box direction, and its sectional area is greater than 0.03m
2
This weir divider to be equidistantly being arranged in seepage flow water level control flume, and is positioned at each flexible pipe position, hole downstream 3～5cm that links to each other, and the plate heights of roofs is lower than groove top 2～3cm.
10, seepage apparatus as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: the cross sectional shape of this seepage flow water level control flume comprises circular arc, rectangle, trapezoidal.
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