CN101278660B - Circulating method for live Paphia undufata at ecological ice-temperature - Google Patents
Circulating method for live Paphia undufata at ecological ice-temperature Download PDFInfo
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- CN101278660B CN101278660B CN2008100269949A CN200810026994A CN101278660B CN 101278660 B CN101278660 B CN 101278660B CN 2008100269949 A CN2008100269949 A CN 2008100269949A CN 200810026994 A CN200810026994 A CN 200810026994A CN 101278660 B CN101278660 B CN 101278660B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 241000263298 Paphia <bivalve> Species 0.000 title 1
- 235000015170 shellfish Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 241000263300 Paphia undulata Species 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000585116 Galba truncatula Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009287 sand filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000238 shellfish toxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000099147 Ananas comosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007119 Ananas comosus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000195649 Chlorella <Chlorellales> Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000206751 Chrysophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010016952 Food poisoning Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019331 Foodborne disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000008790 Musa x paradisiaca Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010170 biological method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000741 diarrhetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001769 paralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000192 social effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a Paphia undulate ecological ice-temperature keeping-alive circulation method. The Paphia undulate is purified for 24 hours in germfree seawater prepared by ultraviolet sterilization. The factors such as temperature, seawater flowrate, shellfish-water ratio, etc. are controlled by taking the indexes of total number of bacteria and coliform group. After the purification is qualified, the shellfishes are subpackaged and then carried out the ecological ice-temperature keeping-alive circulation with water or without water. The invention combines the purification technology and the keeping-alive technology, which is simple and systemic, is fit for popularizing, thus not only solving the eating safety problem of the shellfish, but also solving the key problem that the Paphia undulate is difficult for keeping-alive circulation aiming at the biological metabolic characteristic of the specific shellfish in Hainan area.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive circulation.
Background technology
Paphia undulata mainly is distributed in China Fujian, Guangdong and ALONG GUANGXI COAST, is the improved seeds of marine site, South Sea shellfish culture.It belongs to filter food, in filter bait material biology, also can accumulate pathogenic entero becteria in the water or harmful substance in body, if without purified treatment, and the just very possible food poisoning that causes.The method of shellfish purification and technology mainly contain shellfish and support, utilize chlorine and chloride sterilization, ultraviolet sterilization and ozone sterilization etc. temporarily, and wherein utilizing ultraviolet irradiation to handle seawater is to carry out the most frequently used method of shellfish purification.
Shellfish to whole storing of putting on market and sales process, because life condition changes, often has part even all dead, thereby causes economic loss after fishing for.Present various keepalive method effect is unsatisfactory, and the shellfish problem of death is very serious, and the ice temperature keep-alive techniques problem of shellfish in storing and sales process thoroughly do not solve yet.In recent years, the consumer constantly increases the demand of fresh and alive shellfish both at home and abroad, and shellfish keep-alive circulation technology problem has become the bottleneck problem of restriction shellfish processing industry development.The ecological ice-temperature of most of shellfishes is generally at 3～5 ℃, and shellfish is in resting state under this temperature, and the time-to-live is the longest, can utilize ecological ice-temperature to carry out the keep-alive transportation, prolongs shelf life.As everyone knows, most of tropical agricultural product (for example tropical fruit (tree) pineapple, banana etc.) are not low temperature resistant, occur damaging to plants caused by sudden drop in temperature symptom easily, and temperature is crossed the low preservation that is unfavorable on the contrary.Paphia undulata belongs to the shellfish of tropical marine site output; thereby the symptom that damages to plants caused by sudden drop in temperature that can be similar to tropical fruit (tree) under traditional shellfish ecological ice-temperature condition causes shellfish death, and it is the key factor that keeps high viability that suitable paphia undulata is iced warm keep-alive circulation temperature.
Paphia undulata since individual little, shell thin, under the room temperature condition of results back 1～2 day just can mortality, the report that does not have paphia undulata to purify at present as yet and ice warm keep-alive circulation.
Some scientific and technical literatures have been announced the method for some shellfish purification keep-alives in recent years, as:
1, Chinese patent＜application number〉03134147.0＜denomination of invention〉a kind of beach imbedded and perched shellfish biological purification method＜applicant〉Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences＜summary〉the present invention relates to beach and bury dwelling property bivalve shellfish purification techniques, be specially a kind of beach imbedded and perched shellfish purification method based on biological method.Be placed with supporting temporarily in the water body separately or mixing microalgae living bodies such as adding diatom, chrysophyceae, chlorella, flat algae of beach imbedded and perched shellfish, can add several times, total consumption is that frond cell 5～150,000 cells/ml supports water body temporarily, under 10～28 ℃ of conditions of ocean temperature, through 4～24 hours purified treatment.The present invention can make silt discharge in the shellfish body, finishes the purification before the imbedded and perched shellfish sells.
2, Chinese patent＜application number〉200510036014.X＜denomination of invention〉purification method＜applicant of bivalve shellfish heavy metal of body〉Ji'nan University＜summary〉the invention discloses a kind of purification method of bivalve shellfish heavy metal of body.This purification method is: it is that 22～28 ℃, salinity are 12～32 ‰, keep in the sand filtration natural sea-water of continuous charge that bivalve shellfish is supported temporarily in water temperature, repeatedly throws in microalgae living body and carried out purified treatment 2～31 days in the sand filtration natural sea-water.Adopt the present invention that bivalve shellfish is purified, the heavy metal discharge rate in the shellfish body can reach 40%～50%, reaches food sanitation standard.Purification method of the present invention is simple to operate, and it is low to purify cost, does not influence the quality and the taste of product, and the development for the marine product aquaculture in littoral sea area has huge economic implications and social effect.
3, Chinese patent＜application number〉03112258.2＜denomination of invention〉shellfish living aquatic product inner wrapping low temperature keepalive method＜applicant〉Chen Yaoshun＜summary〉the present invention relates to a kind of shellfish living aquatic product inner wrapping low temperature keepalive method.Its concrete steps are: select fresh and alive shellfish aquatic products, support temporarily with fresh seawater that to tell husky afterflush clean, the shellfish aquatic products of cleaning are closed in quantitative package in the closed container, and place 3-7 Celsius ℃ low temperature environment.Technology of the present invention is simple, being convenient to operation promotes, can not only thoroughly solve shellfish aquatic products easy dead problem in the process of transportation, storage and sale, fresh and alive, the nutrition that keep the shellfish aquatic products, and adopt the small lot packing, both safety, health were convenient to people again and are bought and carry, convenient economical again, have bigger application development prospect.
4; Chinese patent＜application number〉200610035656.2＜denomination of invention〉method＜applicant of dual-shell shellfish anhydrobiosis〉Collects The American University＜summary〉the invention discloses a kind of method of dual-shell shellfish anhydrobiosis, its step is as follows: clean raw material and remove impurity and bivalve shellfish in heaven; bivalve shellfish is carried out quantitative package goes in the ventilative Small package article to seal; to the Small package article heating of bivalve shellfish be housed; shellfish Small package article after the thermal contraction is forced cooling immediately; the cooled Small package article that seashell products is housed is transferred in the big packaging bag of being convenient to listing.This method has advantages such as processing cost is low, wide adaptability, the keep-alive time is long, technology is simple.
Recognize that from above-mentioned retrieval because China starts late in the research in this field, the achievement and the patent of report are few at present.The kind of shellfish is numerous simultaneously, since the difference of territorial environment, the physiological metabolism difference of shellfish, and single method is difficult to satisfy actual needs.The report that this aspect is not also arranged as one of large economic shellfish in marine site, South Sea paphia undulata.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention provides a kind of paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive circulation method; paphia undulata is purified 24h in the aseptic seawater of ultraviolet-sterilization preparation, be index with total number of bacteria and coliform, the control temperature; factors such as seawater flow, Bei Shui compare.Purify qualified after, shellfish is carried out packing, have then water or anhydrous ecological ice-temperature keep-alive the circulation.
The present invention includes following steps:
(1) the raw material paphia undulata is washed with clean seawater at pretreatment pool, the silt that shell is outer is washed off, notice that the water yield is not too big, avoid breaking through shell, then manually foreign material such as part mud snail, dead spiral shell, broken shell spiral shell and ghost are sorted out, simultaneously the microbiological indicator before the purification of raw materials is tested;
(2) be advisable with the 10kg/ frame raw material is carried out the branch frame, put into clarifier-tank, utilize aseptic seawater cleaning to purify 24h according to the technological parameter requirement, clarifier-tank and paphia undulata cleaned once with aseptic seawater in per 8 hours, totally 2 times, purify the paphia undulata microbiological indicator of finishing and to meet sanitary standard;
(3) after purification is finished, carry out the keep-alive circulation under the condition of paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature, product is divided into anhydrous and 2 kinds of forms of water keep-alive is arranged;
Described total number of bacteria and coliform index are marine shellfish sanitary standard (GB2744-1996): coliform≤300MPN/100g, total number of bacteria＜10
5Cfu/g.
Described aseptic seawater is prepared by UV treatment, and ultraviolet sterilizer power should be consistent with seawater flow, satisfies sterilizing rate and reaches 100%.
Described purification temperature between 20～30 ℃ for the suitableeest.
Described purifying sea water is to purify the long-pending 0.105m of staving
3Be example, flow 1.22 * 10
-5～3.66 * 10
-5m
3/ s is advisable.
Described purification Bei Shui ratio is 1: 10～20
In the described keep-alive packing, have the keep-alive of water-ice temperature to adopt aseptic seawater, Bei Shui utilizes film seal box-packed than 1: 2～4; Waterless keep-alive utilizes baling press with guipure shellfish to be tightened, and packing weight is 1～5kg; Keep-alive circulation temperature is 10～18 ℃, drops to the keep-alive temperature at purification temperature and takes the form of lowering the temperature step by step, and the temperature difference of at every turn lowering the temperature all stopped 6 hours in each temperature stage less than 5 ℃.
The inventor draws through a series of small-scale test and Chinese style test, total number of bacteria and coliform index meet marine shellfish sanitary standard (GB2744-1996) after adopting method of the present invention to handle, lead, cadmium, inorganic arsenic and mercury content meet national standard, do not detect paralytic shellfish poison and diarrhetic shellfish poison.2 days survival rates of keep-alive circulation reach 100%.10～18 ℃ of low temperature keep-alives of 3～5 ℃ with the tradition approval of the paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive temperature that the present invention determines have than big-difference, and this has also embodied the otherness between the South Sea narrow warm type shellfish in the torrid zone and the wide warm type shellfish of great majority.
The present invention combines and purifies and keep-alive technology, and simple, system are fit to promote, and have not only solved the edible safety problem of shellfish, and at Nanhai area characteristic shellfish biological metabolism characteristics, has solved the key issue that paphia undulata is difficult to the keep-alive circulation.
Embodiment
The present invention is described further in conjunction with several concrete lab scale implementing process examples, but embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto, and various purification methods and keepalive method can be according to the actual conditions independent assortments.
Embodiment 1
1, paphia undulata purifies: select individual fresh and alive paphia undulata of the same size and frame up and put into the circulating seawer clarifier-tank, ultraviolet prepares 20～30 ℃ of aseptic ocean temperatures, shellfish than water 1: 25, circulating seawer flow 2.44 * 10
-5m
3/ s is (to purify the long-pending 0.105m of staving
3Be example, down together), purified treatment 24h.
2, paphia undulata keep-alive: adding aseptic seawater with Bei Shui than 1: 2～4 has the water keep-alive, but keep-alive container packing shellfish weighs 1～5kg, and film seal carries out the keep-alive circulation under 15～18 ℃.
Result: purify the back shellfish and meet marine shellfish sanitary standard (GB2744-1996): coliform≤300MPN/100g, total number of bacteria＜10
5Cfu/g.The survival rate of icing warm keep-alive shellfish after 2 days reaches 100%.
Embodiment 2
1, paphia undulata purifies: select individual fresh and alive paphia undulata of the same size and frame up and put into the circulating seawer clarifier-tank, ultraviolet prepares 20～30 ℃ of aseptic ocean temperatures, shellfish than water 1: 15, circulating seawer flow 3.66 * 10-5m3/s, purified treatment 24h.
2, paphia undulata keep-alive: adding aseptic seawater with Bei Shui than 1: 2～4 has the water keep-alive, but keep-alive container packing shellfish weighs 1～5kg, and film seal carries out the keep-alive circulation under 15～18 ℃.
Result: purify the back shellfish and meet marine shellfish sanitary standard (GB2744-1996): coliform＜300MPN/100g, total number of bacteria＜10
5Cfu/g.The survival rate of icing warm keep-alive shellfish after 2 days reaches 100%.
Embodiment 3
1, paphia undulata purifies: select individual fresh and alive paphia undulata of the same size and frame up and put into the circulating seawer clarifier-tank, ultraviolet prepares 20～30 ℃ of aseptic ocean temperatures, shellfish than water 1: 25, circulating seawer flow 2.44 * 10
-5m
3/ s, purified treatment 24h.
2, paphia undulata keep-alive: get shellfish 1～5kg, use the guipure packing, the sealing machine wrapping is tight, carries out the keep-alive circulation under 10～15 ℃.
Result: purify the back shellfish and meet marine shellfish sanitary standard (GB2744-1996): coliform≤300MPN/100g, total number of bacteria＜10
5Cfu/g.The survival rate of icing warm keep-alive shellfish after 2 days reaches 100%.
Embodiment 4
1, paphia undulata purifies: select individual fresh and alive paphia undulata of the same size and frame up and put into the circulating seawer clarifier-tank, ultraviolet prepares 20～30 ℃ of aseptic ocean temperatures, shellfish than water 1: 15, circulating seawer flow 3.66 * 10-5m3/s, purified treatment 24h.
2, paphia undulata keep-alive: get shellfish 1～5kg, use the guipure packing, the sealing machine wrapping is tight, carries out the keep-alive circulation under 10～15 ℃.
Result: purify the back shellfish and meet marine shellfish sanitary standard (GB2744-1996): coliform≤300MPN/100g, total number of bacteria＜10
5Cfu/g.The survival rate of icing warm keep-alive shellfish after 2 days reaches 100%.
Claims (4)
1. a paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive circulation method is characterized in that comprising the steps:
(1) the raw material paphia undulata is washed with clean seawater at pretreatment pool, the silt that shell is outer is washed off, notices that the water yield is not too big, avoids breaking through shell, then mud snail, dead spiral shell, broken shell spiral shell and ghost foreign material are sorted out, simultaneously the microbiological indicator before the purification of raw materials is tested;
(2) with the 10kg/ frame raw material is carried out the branch frame, put into clarifier-tank, utilize aseptic seawater cleaning 24h, clarifier-tank and paphia undulata cleaned 1 time with aseptic seawater in per 8 hours, totally 2 times, purify the paphia undulata microbiological indicator of finishing and to meet sanitary standard;
(3) after purification is finished, carry out the keep-alive circulation under the condition of paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature, product is divided into anhydrous and 2 kinds of forms of water keep-alive is arranged.
2. paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive circulation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that coliform≤300MPN/100g, total number of bacteria＜10
5Cfu/g.
3. paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive circulation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described purification condition is: purification temperature is at 20～30 ℃; Purify aseptic seawater and prepare, flow 1.22 * 10 by ultraviolet sterilizer
-5～3.66 * 10
-5m
3/ s; Purifying the Bei Shui ratio is 1: 10～20.
4. paphia undulata ecological ice-temperature keep-alive circulation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that ecological keep-alive condition is: have the water keep-alive to feed aseptic seawater, Bei Shui is than 1: 2～4, and film seal is packed; Waterless keep-alive utilizes baling press with guipure shellfish to be tightened; Packing weight is 1～5kg, and keep-alive circulation temperature is 10～18 ℃.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2008100269949A CN101278660B (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-03-21 | Circulating method for live Paphia undufata at ecological ice-temperature |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2008100269949A CN101278660B (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2008-03-21 | Circulating method for live Paphia undufata at ecological ice-temperature |
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| CN101278660B true CN101278660B (en) | 2011-06-08 |
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Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102265797A (en) * | 2011-06-20 | 2011-12-07 | 广东海洋大学 | Oyster ecology ice temperature keep-alive circulation method |
| CN102405866B (en) * | 2011-10-25 | 2013-05-15 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Fry split charging device |
| CN103976410A (en) * | 2014-05-19 | 2014-08-13 | 浙江万里学院 | Processing method for instant shelled seasoning tegillarca granosa |
| CN106577414B (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2019-05-24 | 广西壮族自治区海洋研究所 | A kind of sea area of picture-weaving in silk Ba Fei clam manually hangs cultural method |
| CN112075488A (en) * | 2020-09-16 | 2020-12-15 | 烟台雨哥食品有限公司 | Deep purification method for improving safety of shellfish food |
| CN117652551B (en) * | 2024-02-02 | 2024-04-09 | 烟台福晟机械设备有限公司 | Scallop processing production line |
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-
2008
- 2008-03-21 CN CN2008100269949A patent/CN101278660B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5193482A (en) * | 1992-09-04 | 1993-03-16 | Mclaughlin Frank C | Method of keeping captive Zebra mussels alive |
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| CN1781366A (en) * | 2004-06-10 | 2006-06-07 | 浙江工商大学 | Method for keeping mussel alive without water |
| CN1850544A (en) * | 2006-05-23 | 2006-10-25 | 集美大学 | Dual-shell shellfish anhydrobiosis method |
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| Title |
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| 殷邦忠.菲律宾蛤仔低温保活方法的研究.《中国水产科学》.1996,第3卷(第1期),88-94. * |
| 王学娟 等.波纹巴非蛤在低温保活过程中主要营养成分变化.《2007年中国水产学会学术年会暨水产微生态调控技术论坛论文摘要汇编》.2007,全文. |
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