CN101246156B - Farmland underground eluviation in-situ monitoring device - Google Patents
Farmland underground eluviation in-situ monitoring device Download PDFInfo
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- CN101246156B CN101246156B CN2008101026893A CN200810102689A CN101246156B CN 101246156 B CN101246156 B CN 101246156B CN 2008101026893 A CN2008101026893 A CN 2008101026893A CN 200810102689 A CN200810102689 A CN 200810102689A CN 101246156 B CN101246156 B CN 101246156B
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- leaching
- eluviation
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- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 20
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000001863 plant nutrition Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
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- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
The invention discloses a farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device, which belongs to fields of environmental science, soil science and plant nutrition research. The device of the invention includes leaching disc, outlet pipe and sample bottle. The leaching disc is an impervious container, the upper part is opening for collecting leaching water; the lower part of the leaching disc is equipped with outlet; the outlet pipe is a waterproof bi-pass aqueduct, one end is connected with outlet of leaching disc, the other end is connected with the outlet of the sampling bottle, the leaching fluid in the leaching disc can automatically go through the outlet pipe into the sampling bottle; the sampling bottle is a waterproof container, the upper part is equipped with an inlet, which is used for collecting leaching fluid from the leaching disc. The device of the invention is particularly suitable for monitoring the effect of leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus, farm chemical and other soil solutes to underground water, especially under the condition of monitoring in-situ, which reduces the difficulty of sampling and makes the sample process simple and fast.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a farmland underground eluviation in-situ monitoring device, and belongs to the field of environmental science, soil science and plant nutrition research. The device is particularly suitable for monitoring the influence of eluviation of soil solutes such as nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides and the like on underground water, and particularly reduces the difficulty of sampling under the condition of realizing in-situ monitoring, so that the sampling process is simple and rapid.
Background
The pollution of underground water caused by leaching loss of nitrogen in soil is not only an important agricultural problem, but also an important problem threatening the health and survival of human beings. It has been shown that about 30-50% of fertilizers applied to soil worldwide enter underground water through soil leaching loss (Bijingwei Zhang Jiabao, aged people, etc.; simulation study of soil water leakage and nitrate nitrogen leaching loss in farmland soil, journal of irrigation and drainage, 2003, 22 < 6 >). In the past, the leaching loss amount of phosphorus in soil is very small, and the main loss route is surface runoff and soil erosion. However, in recent years, many researchers reported that the amount of phosphorus lost in agricultural soil in leaching form is comparable to or greater than that lost in surface runoff and soil erosion form (Lujialong, Fortune S, Brookes PC: "study of soil phosphorus leaching status and its Olsen phosphorus' mutation point", Proc. of agricultural environmental sciences, 2003, 22[2 ]). According to the estimation of the combined grain-crossing agriculture organization, the leakage amount accounts for 31 percent in the phosphorus loss amount of the farmland in the Taihu lake region. Therefore, as a key nutrient factor of eutrophication, the leaching problem of phosphorus element is more and more concerned. The problem of pesticide residue has become a worldwide problem. The pesticide remains in the surface soil and is leached into the ground water. Even a very small fraction of the (applied pesticides) leached lipid groundwater can pose a threat to the safety of groundwater (Tanghao, Lishahong: "evaluation of methods for quantitative conversion of pesticides into groundwater areas"; "world pesticides", 2002, 24[5 ]). In order to preserve water resources and aquatic ecosystems, new ways and methods are sought in all countries of the world to monitor, treat and solve environmental problems. At present, the research methods for the migration rule of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil mainly comprise an indoor soil column simulation method, a seepage pool method, a field soil column method, a pottery clay suction cup method and a water collecting tank method. The prior method has the following problems:
(1) the indoor earth pillar simulation method is simple, convenient, fast and easy to control, but cannot accurately reproduce the actual field environment.
(2) The seepage pool method overcomes the defects of the indoor earth pillar simulation method, but needs to excavate huge trenches for sample collection, and has large construction amount and high cost.
(3) When the field soil column method is used for sampling, certain negative pressure needs to be applied to the outside, so that moisture in soil can be sucked into the bottom space of the cylinder and then is sucked into the sampling bottle. The main defect is that the external pressure changes the soil water flow field, and the actual leaching solution flux in the field and the actual migration process of the soil solute cannot be accurately measured and calculated.
(4) The main problem of the clay suction cup method is that the cost is high, only a certain point of soil solution can be collected during sampling, and if the solution condition of the whole soil section is known, a plurality of collectors need to be inserted, so that the cost is greatly increased.
(5) The water collecting tank method overcomes the defects of the clay suction cup method, but the soil body above the water tank needs to be excavated when the water collecting tank is installed, and the soil moisture motion state under the natural state is destroyed.
Therefore, under the condition that no standard method for monitoring soil leaching is established at home and abroad at present, the research on the relatively accurate, simple, convenient and economic farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device has wide development prospect in the field of soil leaching research.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, provides the gravity flow type farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device capable of accurately measuring and calculating the soil leaching solution flux, and has the characteristics of reasonable structure, simplicity and convenience in manufacturing, easiness in implementation and the like.
The invention relates to a farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device which mainly comprises a leaching disc, a water outlet pipe, a sampling bottle and the like.
The leaching disc is a water-tight container, the upper part of the leaching disc is provided with an opening and is used for collecting leaching solution; the lower part of the leaching disc is provided with a water outlet; the leaching disc can have a regular geometric structure, such as a regular non-top flat cuboid (non-top box), and the water outlet can be arranged in the middle of the long side of the disc bottom; the water outlet is connected with a water outlet pipe through a nut water nozzle; the water outlet pipe is a water-tight two-way water guide pipe, one end of the water outlet pipe is connected with the water outlet of the leaching disc, the other end of the water outlet pipe is connected with the water inlet of the sampling bottle, and leaching solution in the leaching disc can automatically flow into the sampling bottle through the water outlet pipe; the sampling bottle is a water-tight container, and is provided with a water inlet for collecting the leaching solution from the leaching disc.
Furthermore, a wall body can be arranged between the water outlet pipe and the sampling bottle so as to better simulate the natural state of the soil layer where the leaching disc is located, the leaching solution is prevented from being measured and seeped to influence the monitoring result, and the water outlet pipe penetrates through the wall body to be connected with the sampling bottle. The leaching disc also comprises filter cloth and a sand filter layer, the first layer of filter cloth is arranged at the water outlet, the second layer of filter cloth is arranged at the disc opening, quartz sand is arranged between the two layers of filter cloth, and the thickness of the quartz sand is about 3mm from the disc opening of the leaching disc.
Furthermore, the leaching disc part of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device is characterized in that: the leaching disc is a regular non-top flat cuboid and is formed by welding PVC compression plates, so that the leaching disc is watertight. The middle position of a long edge of the tray bottom of the leaching tray comprises a water outlet, a PVC screw water nozzle with a double-layer locknut and a water outlet pipe. The water outlet is embedded in the tray bottom and is provided with internal threads for connecting a PVC screw water nozzle. The lowest point of the inner wall of the water nozzle is preferably lower than the bottom plane of the plate, so that the drenching solution can smoothly flow into the water outlet pipe, and no liquid is remained. The PVC screw water nozzle is L-shaped or I-shaped, both ends are provided with screws, one end of the PVC screw water nozzle is connected with the water outlet of the leaching disc, and the other end of the PVC screw water nozzle is connected with a matched locknut. The leaching disc is connected with the water outlet pipe through the locknut, the outer diameter of the water outlet pipe is matched with the inner diameter of the locknut, and the water guide pipe can be tightly connected with the leaching disc after the locknut is screwed down. The leaching disc passes through the wall body through a water outlet pipe and is connected with the sampling bottle.
The wall body design characteristics of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device are as follows: after the leaching disc is installed, arranging plastic cloth for preventing lateral seepage on the outer edge of the hole for installing the leaching disc, enabling the exposed outer edge of the leaching disc to be away from the wall body by a certain distance (about 50cm), and backfilling in a layered mode in the backfilling process to keep the natural state of soil as far as possible. Then, the cement wall is built to prevent water from leaking out, and the backfill soil is in close contact with the wall body. The opposite side of the wall body can be simultaneously provided with one or more other detection devices, the wall building process is the same, then a chamber with a certain space is formed between the two walls, the size of the chamber is suitable for holding the next person to operate, and the chamber is used for building steps, so that the operation of the people is facilitated.
The optimization scheme of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device provided by the invention is as follows: a plurality of leaching disks can be arranged on two sides indoors, and the leaching disks are the same in design specification and installation and are arranged on the same plane. The design is characterized in that sampling errors caused by local fertility differences can be reduced through simultaneous multipoint monitoring, and errors generated in the local installation process can be eliminated.
The sampling bottle of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device is characterized in that: the sampling bottle only needs to guarantee that air does not leak, can select the lower, easy plastic drum of operation of cost, and the volume is suitable in order to hold the once biggest eluviation volume of eluviation dish top soil.
Each interface of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device is sealed and fixed by PVC glue or other waterproof glue so as to prevent water leakage and air leakage.
The farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the leaching disc of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device is a flat regular non-top cuboid, and on one hand, the leaching disc is convenient to insert and mount from the side direction of a soil profile, so that disturbance of soil monitoring above can be avoided, a side seepage prevention plastic cloth is arranged at a hole, the real reliability of a collected sample is ensured, and the workload during mounting can be reduced; on the other hand, the installation depth of the leaching disc is not limited, so that soil leaching solutions of different depths can be collected, and the soil solute leaching condition can be monitored more accurately and comprehensively.
(2) The leaching solution in the leaching disc of the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device does not need external pressure and flows into the sampling bottle in a natural state, so that the leaching process of the field soil solute can be simulated more truly, and the leaching solution flux and the influence on underground water can be measured and calculated more accurately.
(3) The in-situ monitoring device for farmland underground leaching is simple in appearance design and convenient and fast to install and bury, and can visually check the use and operation conditions of the whole device. On the other hand, the sampling frequency can be determined by directly observing the amount of the leaching solution.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
wherein,
1-leaching disc; 2-water outlet pipe; 3-sampling bottle; 4-impermeable plastic cloth;
5, a wall body; 6-step; 7-Water-proof cover
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the figures and examples.
This example collected a soil drench 90cm below the ground.
As shown in the attached figure 1, the farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device mainly comprises a leaching disc, a water outlet pipe and a sampling bottle, wherein:
the eluviation dish is a regular cuboid, and the effective volume is in the dish: 40cm is multiplied by 50cm is multiplied by 5cm (the plate bottom is long, the plate bottom is wide and the plate is high), the plate wall PVC plate is 6mm thick, and the plate bottom PVC plate is 10mm thick;
the water outlet of the leaching disc is positioned in the middle of one long edge of the disc bottom, and the diameter of the water outlet is 12 mm; the water outlet is provided with internal threads and is used for connecting an L-shaped or I-shaped PVC screw water nozzle, and both ends of the water outlet are provided with screw ports; the external diameter of the screw of the PVC screw water nozzle is 12mm, and the internal diameter of the double-layer locknut is 12 mm; the other end of the screw water nozzle is connected with a matched locknut; the outlet pipe links to each other with the eluviation dish through this locknut, and the external diameter and the locknut internal diameter of outlet pipe are supporting, can ensure after screwing up the nut that the outlet pipe is connected closely with the eluviation dish, and the outlet pipe external diameter is 12mm, and the internal diameter is 10 mm.
The sampling bottle is connected with the eluviation disc through a water outlet pipe. The sample bottle volume is limited to the maximum amount of a single local shower. The water outlet of the leaching disc is higher than the water inlet of the sampling bottle, and the height between the water outlet of the leaching disc and the water inlet of the sampling bottle is not lower than 10 cm.
Each interface is sealed and fixed by PVC glue or other waterproof glue to prevent water leakage and air leakage.
The farmland underground leaching in-situ monitoring device comprises the following use steps:
(1) selecting the middle position of two plots of the field test, marking the horizontal occupation range of the soil profile for installing the eluviation disk on the ground surface, and excavating a groove. A soil section with the length of 150cm, the width of 100m and the depth of 120m is dug, and two sets of eluviation disks are respectively installed at two ends of each section. In the excavation process, the soil section is ensured to be tidy and not collapse, and excavated soil is piled in layers (0-20cm, 20-40cm, 40-60cm and 60-80cm … …) so as to be backfilled in layers.
(2) And digging a square hole with the depth of 55cm, the width of 55cm and the height of 5.5cm towards the horizontal direction of the monitored soil in a position of 95cm (ensuring that the upper surface of the eluviation disk is in a depth of 90cm under the ground) from the longitudinal section of one side of the monitoring cell to the ground surface, and ensuring that the upper surface of the hole is flat as far as possible.
(3) The water outlet of the leaching disc is tightly connected with a water guide pipe, then two layers of nylon gauze screens with 100 meshes are covered at the bottom of the leaching disc, the nylon gauze screens are slightly fixed by silica gel or other waterproof glue, then coarse sand cleaned by clear water is filled in the disc, the amount of the coarse sand filled is preferably 2-3 mm away from the disc opening of the leaching disc, finally, one layer of nylon gauze screen with 100 meshes is covered on the surface layer of the coarse sand, coarse mud prepared by soil taken from the depth of 90cm is paved on the gauze, a PVC disc is placed in an excavated horizontal square hole, and the distance from the hole opening on the outer side is about 15-20 cm. During installation, the mud is closely contacted with the upper plane of the hole as much as possible to simulate the original soil matrix potential, and finally the hole opening is backfilled and compacted.
(4) And sealing the opening with thick slurry at the horizontal opening, vertically paving the opening with side-seepage-preventing plastic cloth, and only exposing a water outlet pipe connected with the leaching disc, wherein the other end of the water outlet pipe is reserved.
(5) And building a waterproof cement wall body, and enabling the water outlet pipe to penetrate through the wall body. Backfilling the soil layer by layer, compacting layer by layer, and irrigating for multiple times to restore the soil to the original state as much as possible.
(6) And steps are built between the two walls, so that manual operation is facilitated.
(7) And connecting the sampling bottle with a water outlet pipe.
(8) A waterproof cover is covered above a chamber formed by the two walls to prevent water from being poured due to precipitation.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a farmland underground eluviation normal position monitoring devices, its contains eluviation dish, outlet pipe and sampling bottle, wherein:
the leaching disc is a water-tight container, the upper part of the leaching disc is provided with an opening and is used for collecting leaching solution; the lower part of the leaching disc is provided with a water outlet;
the water outlet pipe is a water-tight two-way water guide pipe, one end of the water outlet pipe is connected with the water outlet of the leaching disc, the other end of the water outlet pipe is connected with the water inlet of the sampling bottle, and leaching solution in the leaching disc can automatically flow into the sampling bottle through the water outlet pipe;
the sampling bottle is a water-tight container, and is provided with a water inlet for collecting the leaching solution from the leaching disc.
And a filter layer is arranged above a water outlet at the lower part of the leaching disc, and the filter layer is respectively a filter cloth layer, a quartz sand layer and a filter cloth layer from bottom to top.
The device is characterized in that a vertical wall body is arranged between the eluviation disc and the sampling bottle, a water outlet pipe penetrates through the wall body, and the upper edge of the wall body is slightly higher than the ground.
2. The in-situ farmland underground eluviation monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein a vertical side-seepage-preventing plastic cloth is arranged between the eluviation disk and the wall body.
3. The in-situ farmland subsurface eluviation monitoring device of claim 1, wherein said eluviation disk has a regular geometric shape.
4. The in-situ farmland underground eluviation monitoring device according to claim 3, wherein the eluviation disk is a regular cuboid.
5. The in-situ farmland underground eluviation monitoring device according to claim 4, wherein the water outlet of the eluviation disk is arranged at the middle position of the long side of the bottom of the eluviation disk.
6. The in-situ farmland underground eluviation monitoring device according to claim 1, wherein the water outlet of the eluviation disk is positioned at the lowest part of the eluviation disk.
7. The in-situ farmland subsurface leaching monitoring device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein each joint is sealed and fixed by PVC glue or other waterproof glue.
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CN102507266B (en) * | 2011-10-06 | 2013-07-10 | 重庆大学 | Gravity flow sloping farmland in-situ soil leaching solution collector |
CN103033397B (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2016-02-24 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | One field portable sampling apparatus and using method thereof |
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CN108519253B (en) * | 2018-03-23 | 2020-12-08 | 重庆三峡学院 | Soil drenches solution collection device under natural state |
CN109406217B (en) * | 2018-11-20 | 2024-02-13 | 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 | Soil leaching solution collecting system |
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CN112964507B (en) * | 2021-02-01 | 2021-10-15 | 生态环境部南京环境科学研究所 | Integrated intelligent acquisition and analysis device for collecting and analyzing underground water leaching solution |
CN118501409B (en) * | 2024-07-10 | 2024-10-18 | 中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心 | Layered monitoring well system for farmland leaching underground full section |
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