CN101233376B - 液化天然气加工方法 - Google Patents

液化天然气加工方法 Download PDF

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CN101233376B
CN101233376B CN2006800270451A CN200680027045A CN101233376B CN 101233376 B CN101233376 B CN 101233376B CN 2006800270451 A CN2006800270451 A CN 2006800270451A CN 200680027045 A CN200680027045 A CN 200680027045A CN 101233376 B CN101233376 B CN 101233376B
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斯科特·施罗德
肯尼思·雷迪克
努雷迪尼·贝尔哈特奇
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Abstract

本发明披露了一种从液化天然气(LNG)中回收天然气凝析液(NGL)的方法。LNG进料液流(1)经受两阶段分离过程，其中来自第一阶段分离(6)的含有C2+烃的塔底馏分(11)分流成两部分(14、15)，一部分(14)加热(4)并用作第二阶段分离(16)过程中的回流液(31)，以回收NGL产品(19)。

Description

液化天然气加工方法
相关申请
本申请是2002年4月3日提交的共同未决申请U.S.Ser.No.10/115150的部分继续申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及从液化天然气(LNG)中回收比甲烷重的烃，尤其是两步分离过程，其中将在第一分离阶段回收的C2+烃分流，一部分在进入第二分离阶段之前加热，以帮助回收比甲烷重的烃。
背景技术
天然气通常含有多达15体积％的比甲烷重的烃。因此，通常将天然气分离以提供符合管道传输标准的气体馏分和不太挥发的液态烃馏分。这些有价值的天然气凝析液(NGL)包括乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和少量的其它重烃。在某些情况下，作为管道输送的备选方案，将偏远地点的天然气液化并以特殊的LNG罐输送至合适的LNG处理和储存站。然后可将LNG再气化，并以与天然气相同的方式用作气体燃料。因为LNG由至少80摩尔％的甲烷组成，所以常常需要从较重的天然气烃中分离出甲烷，以符合管道热值规范。另外，需要回收NGL，因为其组分作为用作石油化工原料的液体产品，具有比其用作燃气更高的价值。
NGL通常通过许多众所周知的方法从LNG流中回收，所述方法包括“贫油(lean oil)”吸附、冷冻的“贫油”吸收和低温凝析。虽然有许多已知的方法，但是在高回收率与加工简单性(即低资本投入)之间总存在折衷方案。从LNG中回收NGL的最普通的方法是泵送并气化LNG，然后将所得到的气态流体导入典型的工业标准透平膨胀型低温NGL回收工艺。这种方法要求经过透平膨胀机或J.T.阀有大的压降以产生低温。另外，这类现有的方法通常需要在LPG提取后压缩所得气态流体以达到预膨胀步骤的压力。该标准方法的替代方法也是已知的，美国专利5588308和5114457公开了两种这类方法。′308专利中记载的NGL回收方法采用的是自冷作用和整体化热交换，而不是外部制冷或进料透平膨胀机。但是，该方法要求LNG进料处于室温，并且预处理以除去水分、酸性气体及其它杂质。′457专利中记载的方法从已经加热的LNG进料中回收NGL，所述加热是通过与分馏塔顶馏分的压缩循环部分热交换而进行的。压缩并加热由富甲烷的残余气体组成的塔顶馏分的剩余物(balance of the overhead)，以引入到管线分配系统。
本发明提供另一种可供选择的NGL回收方法，该方法产生能够导入到主LNG输出泵的低压、液态富甲烷流，在主LNG输出泵中，该低压、液态富甲烷流可以泵至管线压力并最终送至主LNG蒸发器。另外，我们的发明采用两步分离法，其中将在第一分离阶段回收的C2+烃分流，一部分在进入第二分离阶段之前加热，以帮助回收比甲烷重的烃，如下面的说明书中所述和权利要求书中所定义的。
发明内容
如上所述，本发明涉及改进的从LNG中回收NGL的方法，该方法避免了对脱水、除去酸性气体及其它杂质的需要。本发明的方法的另一优点是其显著地降低了总体的能量和燃料要求，因为其实际上消除了与典型NGL回收设备相关的残余气体压缩要求。本发明的方法也不需要经过透平膨胀机或J.T阀有大的压降以产生低温。这使得与典型的低温NGL回收设备相比，建立本发明的方法的资本投资减少了30～50％。
一般地，本发明的方法通过两步分离过程利用低压液化天然气(例如直接来自LNG储存系统)回收比甲烷重的烃，其中将在第一分离(回收)阶段中回收的C2+烃分流，并将一部分在进入第二分离阶段之前加热，而另一部分用作第二分离步骤中的回流液流。这有助于比甲烷重的烃的回收，由此产生高收率的NGL。将在第二分离步骤中回收的富C1-C2流的塔顶馏分再循环至第一分离步骤，以产生富甲烷流。将该来自第一分离步骤的富甲烷流发送至低温、低压头压缩机的吸入侧，以再次液化该富甲烷流。然后将该再次液化的LNG分流，一部分用作第一分离阶段中的第二回流液，余下的部分导入主LNG输出泵。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施方案之一的示意性流程图。
具体实施方式
从低压液化天然气(LNG)中回收天然气凝析液(NGL)，而不需要现有方法中使用的外部制冷或进料透平膨胀机。参考图1，方法100显示，引入的LNG进料流1以非常低的压力(通常为0～5psig)和小于-200
Figure 2006800270451_0
的温度进入泵2。泵2可以是泵送LNG常用的任何类型的泵，条件是它能够增加几百磅LNG的压力至约100～500psig，优选300～350psig的工艺范围。所得液流3自泵2的物理给料至冷箱4，在这里其与得自压缩机8出料的管线9中的基本上不含NGL的残余气进行错流换热(cross-exchanged)。在冷箱4中需要额外冷却的情况下，可使用外部制冷剂管线32增加冷却能力。虽然外部制冷剂的确切性质对于本发明不是关键的，但是使用高压LNG流可能是最方便的。将加热的LNG进料流从冷箱4中移除，作为液流5。
待加热和部分气化之后，如果工艺启动过程中需要，可以利用任选的热交换器(未示出)进一步加热液流5中的LNG，然后给料于第一分离塔或回收塔6。分离塔6可以包括单个分离过程，也可以包括分离LNG原料各馏分常用的若干单元操作的串流排列。所用具体分离塔的内部构造是常规的工程设计问题，对于本发明不是关键的。液流5在分离塔6中分离成通过泵12移除的富NGL的塔底馏分11和液流13。液流13分流成两部分，以形成液流14和15。液流14和15的相对份数取决于期望的乙烷回收量和LNG给料的组成。优选的分流是液流14中15～85％及液流15中15～85％。最终将液流14加热，然后作为进料通过管线31发送至脱乙烷塔16。优选的加热液流14的方法是使其返回冷箱4，在这里其与来自液流9的压缩LNG进行错流换热。液流15直接用作脱乙烷塔16中的回流液流，以提高所需重组分的回收率。脱乙烷塔16可以通过塔底再沸器或侧面再沸器27加热。
将富甲烷的塔顶馏分液流17从脱乙烷塔16移除并发送至回收塔6。将该液流回送到回收塔，使得可以回收该液流中的所有乙烷和重组分。将回收的NGL产品液流19从脱乙烷塔16中移除，并发送至NGL储库或者泵送至NGL管线或分馏塔(未示出)。将基本上不含NGL的富甲烷的塔顶馏分液流7从分离塔6移除并给料于低温、低压头的压缩机8，并在这里形成压缩的LNG液流9。需要压缩机8提供足够的压力提升，使得引出的液流9在主气体热交换器(冷箱)4中保持足够的温差，进而形成再次液化的富甲烷气体(LNG)引出液流10。设计压缩机8以获得最小约75～115psi的压力增加，优选将压力从约300psig增加至约350-425psig。将再次液化的富甲烷(LNG)液流10分流成两部分，形成液流30和33。采用液流30作为到分离塔6的外部回流液。该回流液是实现很高水平的乙烷回收率所必需的。液流30和33的相对份数取决于LNG给料的组成和需要的乙烷回收量。优选的分流是液流30中2～10％及液流33中90～98％。将再次液化的富甲烷(LNG)液流33导入主LNG输出泵(未示出)，在这里液体被泵至管线压力并最终送至主LNG蒸发器。
作为该技术领域的技术人员，热交换器、泵、压缩机和分离塔的具体设计对本发明而言不是关键的。实际上，实现所需性能的具体单元操作的选择和尺寸确定是例行工程事件的问题。为了回收NGL，本发明在于操作单元的独特组合，以及采用未处理的LNG作为外回流液以实现高水平分离效率的发现。
尽管已经描述了我们认为的本发明的优选实施方式，但是本领域的技术人员应当认识到，在不脱离权利要求书中所定义的本发明的构思的情况下，可以对本发明作出其它和进一步的改变，例如使本发明适于各种情况、进料类型或其它要求。

Claims (3)

1.一种从液化天然气(LNG)中回收比甲烷重的烃的方法，包括：
a)泵送液态、低压的LNG至大于100psia的压力；
b)将步骤a)的增压液态LNG导入冷箱中，并在冷箱中进行热交换以提高其温度；
c)将步骤b)的热交换过的增压液态LNG导入分离塔中，并在分离塔中与第一和第二回流液混合，以产生分离塔塔顶馏分，同时产生分离塔塔底馏分；
d)将分离塔塔底馏分增压，然后将增压的分离塔塔底馏分分流成第一和第二部分；
e)将增压的分离塔塔底馏分的第一部分作为回流液流导入脱乙烷塔；
f)通过将其导入所述冷箱，加热增压的分离塔塔底馏分的第二部分；
g)将加热的增压的分离塔塔底馏分的第二部分导入脱乙烷塔；
h)将比甲烷重的烃作为脱乙烷塔塔底馏分除去；
i)将脱乙烷塔塔顶馏分作为第二回流液导入分离塔；
j)从分离塔中除去分离塔塔顶馏分，压缩该分离塔塔顶馏分，然后将其引入所述冷箱并与增压的液态LNG进行热交换，以产生再液化的增压LNG；和
k)分离部分的再液化增压LNG，以用作第一回流液。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，还包括向所述冷箱提供外部制冷剂。
3.根据权利要求2的方法，还包括向所述冷箱提供高压的LNG流作为外部制冷剂。
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