CN101232810A - 减少收获物霉毒素污染的方法 - Google Patents

减少收获物霉毒素污染的方法 Download PDF

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CN101232810A
CN101232810A CNA2006800284350A CN200680028435A CN101232810A CN 101232810 A CN101232810 A CN 101232810A CN A2006800284350 A CNA2006800284350 A CN A2006800284350A CN 200680028435 A CN200680028435 A CN 200680028435A CN 101232810 A CN101232810 A CN 101232810A
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plant
seed
mould
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E·什托尔
P·珀尔斯
M·奥斯滕多普
F·布兰德尔
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Syngenta Participations AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种减少植物和/或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染的方法,所述方法包括用一种或多种杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料,让该植物繁殖材料发芽或生长成植物,并从该植物收获所述植物材料。

Description

减少收获物霉毒素污染的方法
本申请涉及减少植物和/或收获的植物材料的霉毒素(mycotoxin)污染的方法,包括用化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料。
许多真菌都是重要经济农作物的重害。此外,真菌毒素对作物的污染是全球农业所面临的重大问题。霉毒素,如伏马菌素(fumonisin),玉米烯酮和单端孢菌烯,是有毒的真菌代谢物,经常在农产品中被发现,它们的特征是具有能引起脊椎动物健康问题的能力。
单端孢菌烯是由镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、单端孢菌属(Trichothecium)、和漆斑菌属(Myrothecium)产生的倍半萜烯环氧化物霉毒素,为真核生物蛋白合成的有效抑制剂。
单端孢菌烯霉毒素的实例包括T-2毒素、HT-2毒素、异木霉菌醇(isotrichodermol)、DAS、3-deacetylcalonectrin、3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin、藨草镰孢烯三醇(scirpentriol)、新茄镰孢菌醇;15-乙酰基脱氧瓜萎镰孢菌醇、瓜萎镰孢菌醇、4-乙酰基瓜萎镰孢菌醇(醋酸瓜类萎蔫醇-X)、4,15-二乙酰基瓜萎镰孢菌醇,4,7,15-乙酰基瓜萎镰孢菌醇和脱氧瓜萎镰孢菌醇(以下简称为“DON”),和其各种乙酰化衍生物。
伏马菌素是由镰孢菌属产生的毒素,在大田或仓储期间生长在数种农产品主要是谷物上。谷物的镰孢菌谷粒腐烂病是由伏马菌素的常见生产者轮状镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)和层出镰孢菌(F.proliferatum)引起。现在已经分离出十余种化学形式的伏马菌素,其中伏马菌素B1在污染谷物中最常见,且据认为毒性最强。
产生霉毒素如伏马菌素和单端孢菌烯的镰孢菌属包括锐顶镰孢菌(F.acuminatum)、克地镰孢菌(F.crookwellense)、轮状镰孢菌、大刀镰孢菌(F.culmorum)、蚕豆镰孢菌(F.avenaceum)、木贼镰孢菌(F.equiseti)、串珠镰孢菌(F.moniliforme)、禾本科镰孢菌(F.graminearum)(玉蜀黍赤霉(Gibberella zeae)、砖红镰孢菌(F.laterlitium)、早熟禾镰孢菌(F.poae)、接骨木镰孢菌(F.sambucinum)(虱状赤霉(G.pulicaris))、层出镰孢菌、胶孢镰孢菌(F.subglutinans)和拟分枝孢镰孢菌(F.sporotrichioides)。
农场动物和人患的急性或慢性霉毒素中毒症是与食用了受产生单端孢菌烯霉毒素的镰孢菌属污染的小麦、黑麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻和玉米有关。在动物中,用化学提纯的低剂量水平单端孢菌烯进行试验,可重现在霉变谷物中毒情况下观察到的许多特征,包括贫血症和免疫抑制、出血、呕吐、以及拒食。来自人类种群的历史和流行病资料显示,某些疾病的流行是与食用了受产生单端孢菌烯的镰孢菌属侵染的谷物有关。尤其是十九世纪俄国流行的名为食物中毒性白细胞缺乏症的重大疾病的爆发是与食用了受产生单端孢菌烯T-2毒素的镰孢菌属侵染的越冬谷物有关。在日本,称为akakabi-byo或红霉病的相似疾病的爆发是与受产生单端孢菌烯DON的镰孢菌属侵染的谷物有关系。在有毒谷物样本中检测到的单端孢菌烯是导致近来日本和印度境内人类疾病爆发的原因。因此,当前需要预防霉毒素污染的农业方法,和霉毒素污染水平降低的作物。
此外,产生霉毒素的镰孢菌属是破坏性病原,会侵袭大范围的植物品种。霉毒素的急性植物毒性和其出现在植物组织中,还说明这些霉毒素在镰孢菌属侵害植物的发病机理中发挥作用。这意味着霉毒素在疾病中起作用,因此降低其对植物的毒性或许可以预防或减轻植物病害。此外,病害水平的降低还可能带来减少植物的霉毒素污染,尤其当植物是谷类植物时的谷物霉毒素污染的额外益处。
因此,需要减少植物特别是收获物的霉毒素污染。
令人吃惊的是,发现使用化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料尤其是植物种子,能够减少植物和收获物,比如谷物如小麦或玉米谷穗的霉毒素污染。这种意外效果是由于处理应用和谷穗形成之间有短暂间隔:处理时使用的杀真菌剂在谷穗形成时就已消失了很长一段时间。
因此,本发明提供了一种减少植物和/或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染的方法,该方法包括:
a)用一种或多种化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料,
b)所述植物繁殖材料发芽或生长成为植物,和
c)从所述植物收获植物材料。
本发明的特别优点是,通过在植物发育早期控制致病真菌,比如一种或多种镰孢菌,控制由所述真菌造成的植物和/或植物收获材料的霉毒素污染。在一实施方案中,通过控制致病真菌比如一种或多种镰孢菌,减少植物繁殖材料的侵染,植物或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染。
一方面,本发明是一种方法,包括:
(i)用一种或多种化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料,
(ii)所述植物繁殖材料发芽或生长成为植物,
(iii)从所述植物收获植物材料,和
(iv)使得(a)从已处理植物繁殖材料生长而成的植物和/或(b)收获的植物材料的霉毒素污染降低。
术语“植物繁殖材料”应理解为所有具有生殖能力的植物部分,比如用于植物繁殖的种子和有生长能力的植物材料比如插枝和块茎(如马铃薯)。可以提及的有,例如种子(严格意义上的)、根、果实、块茎、鳞茎、根茎、植物部分。还可以提及的是,发芽植物和植物幼苗,其在发芽后或从土壤里露出后进行移植。还可以在进行移植之前,对植物繁殖材料进行全部或部分浸泡处理来对这些植物幼苗进行保护。在优选的实施方案中,所述植物繁殖材料是种子。
本发明处理方法使用的杀真菌剂包括,但不限于:咯菌腈、苯醚甲环唑、噻菌灵、灭菌唑、种菌唑、丙硫菌唑、咪鲜胺、多菌灵、福美双、噁咪唑、氟菌唑、稻瘟酯、叶菌唑、氟嘧菌酯、嘧菌酯、唑菌胺酯、肟菌酯、啶氧菌酯、双胍辛、戊唑醇、四氟醚唑、抑霉唑、氟环唑、萎锈灵和氟喹唑。
在具体实施方案中,杀真菌剂是咯菌腈,苯醚甲环唑,噻菌灵,灭菌唑,种菌唑,丙硫菌唑,咪鲜胺,多菌灵,福美双,噁咪唑,氟菌唑,叶菌唑,氟嘧菌酯,嘧菌酯,肟菌酯或戊唑醇;优选咯菌腈或噻菌灵。
本发明的方法适合减少大量有益作物植物和/或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染,所述大量有益作物包括但不限于:谷类植物(小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉米、稻、高粱和相关作物),豆类植物(菜豆、小扁豆、豌豆、大豆、花生和相关作物)、油类植物(油菜、芥菜、向日葵和相关作物)、瓜类植物(葫芦、黄瓜、甜瓜和相关作物)、蔬菜(菠菜、莴苣、芦笋、卷心菜、胡萝卜、茄子、洋葱、胡椒、番茄、马铃薯、红辣椒和相关作物)。从经本发明方法处理的植物收获而来的植物材料的霉毒素污染比从未处理植物收获而来的植物材料少。在一实施方案中,作物是能提供供人消耗产品的作物,如小粒谷物类、玉米、燕麦和花生;优选所述作物选自玉米和小麦。
在本发明的一具体实施方案中,植物或收获的植物材料,比来自未处理植物的收获植物材料少至少10%霉毒素,更优选少至少20%霉毒素,更优选少至少30%霉毒素,更优选少至少40%霉毒素,更优选少至少50%霉毒素,更优选少至少60%霉毒素,更优选少至少70%霉毒素且更优选少至少80%霉毒素污染。
相比用其它杀真菌剂处理,用本发明定义的杀真菌剂处理的植物繁殖材料优选霉毒素能减少20-60%,更优选30-50%。
在本申请中,收获的植物材料包括但不限于:细胞、种子、果实、叶、花、茎等。在本发明的一具体实施方案中,收获的植物材料是种子。
处理植物繁殖材料还可以包括用另外的活性化合物与本发明的化学杀真菌剂的组合来进行处理,该处理步骤可以同时和/或顺序施用。这些另外的化合物可以是其它农药活性成分、生物制剂、肥料或微量营养素供体或其他能影响植物生长的制剂,如接种剂(inoculant)。例如,通常用保护剂包衣来处理种子,所述保护剂包衣包含杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀线虫剂、杀软体动物剂、驱鸟剂、生长调节剂或其混合物。
单个的杀虫活性成分可能会具有多种害虫控制领域活性,例如一农药可能具有杀真菌剂、杀虫剂和杀线虫剂活性。具体地说,已知涕灭威具有杀虫剂、杀螨剂和杀线虫剂活性,而威百亩已知具有杀虫剂、除草剂、杀真菌剂和杀线虫剂活性,噻菌灵和克菌丹则可提供杀线虫剂和杀真菌剂活性。
在一具体的实施方案中,将本发明的杀真菌剂与一种或多种其它活性化合物如杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀线虫剂、杀软体动物剂、驱鸟剂、生长调节剂或其混合物组合使用。优选的组合伴侣包括:噻虫胺、吡虫啉、精甲霜灵、甲霜灵、噻虫嗪、七氟菊酯、阿维菌素和驱鸟剂。对于玉米而言尤其有效的处理是包括噻菌灵、咯菌腈、精甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的组合,对于小麦而言尤其有效的处理是包括咯菌腈的组合。
施用(使用)的农药比率,比如根据作物种类、组合物中的具体活性成分、植物繁殖材料种类(是否合适)而改变,但需保证组合物的活性成分能够提供所需增强活性的有效量,可以通过实验确定。
种子处理的常用施用比率为0.5-1000g活性成分/100kg种子。
通常,有利的杀真菌剂施用比率为0.5g-500g,优选1g-100g,或2.5g-25g/100kg植物种子。在一实施方案中,咯菌腈的施用比率为2.5-5g/100kg植物种子,和噻菌灵的施用比率为10-20g/100kg植物种子。
在所述组合包含(I)噻菌灵、(II)精甲霜灵和(III)咯菌腈和嘧菌酯的情况下,种子处理尤其是谷物处理的常规施用比率为15-25g噻菌灵、1-4g精甲霜灵、1-5g咯菌腈和0.5-2g嘧菌酯/100kg种子。
在又一方面中,本发明提供了一种包含一种或多种化学杀真菌剂的组合物用于减少植物和/或收获的植物材料的霉毒素污染的用途,其中所述组合物用于处理植物繁殖材料且所述植物繁殖材料发芽或生长成为收获的所述植物材料所来自的植物。
另一方面,本发明提供了用一种或多种化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料来降低植物和/或收获的植物材料的霉毒素污染的用途。
将农药活性成分、其混合物或组合物施用或处理于植物繁殖材料尤其是种子上的方法是本领域已知的,包括繁殖材料的拌种(dressing)、包衣、粒化和浸泡处理法。在优选的实施方案中,采用不会促使发芽的方法,将组合物施用或处理于植物繁殖材料上;通常浸泡种子法会导致发芽,因为处理后的种子水分含量过高。因此,适合施用(或处理)于植物繁殖材料如种子上的方法实例是:拌种、种子包衣或种子粒化法等。
优选所述植物繁殖材料是种子。尽管本发明方法可以施用于任何生理状态的种子,但仍优选处于充分持久状态即在处理过程中不出现损害的种子。典型地,所述种子为从田间收获的种子;从植物取下的种子;和从任何芯、茎、外壳、周围果肉分离的种子或其他非种子植物材料。还优选所述种子在生物学上是稳定的,其程度为保证所述处理不会给种子造成生物损伤。可以在收获种子和进行种子播种间或播种过程中的任何时间(种子定向施用)对种子进行处理。还可以在所述处理之前或之后,按照本领域技术人员熟悉的技术将种子准备好。
活性成分均匀分布并附着于种子是繁殖材料处理过程所期望的。处理可以是各种形式,从植物繁殖材料如种子上的含活性成分的制剂薄膜(拌种),其原始大小和/或形状是可识别的,到中间状态(包衣)然后到厚膜(如用多层不同材料(例如载体,如粘土;如其它活性成分的不同制剂;聚合物;和着色剂)粒化),其种子原始形状和/或大小将不可再识别出来。
种子处理可施用于未播种的种子,术语“未播种的种子”意指包括在介于种子收获和将种子播种于地表下让植物发芽和生长之间的任何时间的种子。
对未播种的种子进行处理并不包括将活性成分施用于土壤的实践,但包括在种植过程中以种子为靶标的所有施用实践。
优选,在播种种子前进行所述处理,这样就可用组合物对播种的种子进行预处理。尤其是,在本发明的处理过程中优选进行种子包衣或种子造粒。处理之后,活性成分附着于种子上,因而可用于病原和/或害虫控制。
可以以任何其它活性成分处理种子相同的方式贮存、搬运、播种和耕种已处理种子。
所述农药(包括杀真菌剂)可以以未改变形式使用,但常以组合物形式使用。可与制剂技术常用的进一步载体、表面活性剂或其它施用促进助剂一起施用。适合的载体和助剂可以是固态或液态,且可以是制剂技术领域常用物质,如天然或再生矿物质、溶剂、分散剂、润湿剂、增粘剂、增稠剂、粘合剂或肥料。
可以以已知方式将所述农药配成如乳油、胶悬剂、可包衣糊剂、可直接喷施或稀释溶液、稀乳液、可湿性粉剂、可溶性粉剂、流动性悬浮粉剂、颗粒剂、或包囊在如聚合物中。如同组合物性质,可以根据预定目的和当时环境来选择施用方法比如喷雾、弥雾、喷粉、散射、包衣或浇灌。
所述制剂可以按本领域已知的任何方式,如通过均匀混合和/或研磨活性成分和添加剂,如溶剂、固体载体和,适当的话,表面活性化合物(表面活性剂)来制成。
适宜溶剂包括但不限于:芳烃,优选含8-12个碳原子的级分,如二甲苯混合物或取代的萘,邻苯二甲酸酯,如邻苯二甲酸二丁酯或邻苯二甲酸二辛酯,脂族烃,如环己烷或石蜡,醇和二醇及其醚和酯,如乙醇,乙二醇,乙二醇单甲醚或单乙醚,酮,如环己酮,强极性溶剂,如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,二甲基亚砜或二甲基甲酰胺,以及植物油或环氧化植物油,如环氧化椰子油或豆油;或水。
比如粉剂和可分散粉剂的使用的固体载体是常规的天然矿物填料,如方解石、滑石、高岭土、蒙脱石或绿坡缕石。为了改善物理特性,还可以添加高分散性硅酸或高分散性吸收聚合物。适合的粒状吸附性载体是多孔型如浮石、碎砖、海泡石或膨润土,适合的非吸收性载体是,如方解石或砂。此外,可以使用大量的无机或有机性预粒化材料,例如,尤其是白云石或粉碎的植物残渣。
取决于要配制的活性成分的特性,适合的表面活性化合物是具有良好乳化性、分散性和润湿性的非离子、阳离子、和/或阴离子表面活性剂。术语“表面活性剂”也可理解为包含表面活性剂的混合物。通常用于制剂技术中的表面活性剂是本领域所熟知的。
特别优选的施用促进助剂还可以是天然或合成的脑磷脂和卵磷脂系列磷脂,如磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰甘油和溶血卵磷脂。
当所述杀真菌剂与进一步的成分如其他农药组合使用时,可以同时地或短暂间隔,例如在同一天,顺序地将所述组分施用于要处理的植物繁殖材料上,如果需要可以与制剂技术常用的其它载体、表面活性剂或其它施用促进助剂一起施用。在优选的实施方案中,同时施用所述组分。
在同时施用所述组分的情形中,它们可以作为含每一种所述组分的组合物施用,其中每一种组分可以从独立的来源获得并混合到一起(称为桶混剂、快速施用剂、喷施肉汤或浆),任选与其它农药一起混合,或所述组分可以以单个的混合物源而获得(称为预混剂、浓缩液、制剂复合物(或产品)),任选与其它农药一起混合。
通常,种子处理使用的桶混剂包含0.25-80%,特别是1-75%的活性成分化合物,和99.75-20%,特别是99-25%的固体和液体助剂(包括,比如溶剂如水),其中所述助剂可以是占桶混剂含量0-40%,特别是0.5-30%的表面活性剂。
典型的种子处理使用的预混剂包括0.5-99.9%,特别是1-95%的活性成分化合物,和99.5-0.1%,特别是99-5%的固体和液体助剂(包括,比如溶剂如水),其中所述助剂可以是占预混剂含量0-50%,特别是0.5-40%的表面活性剂。
尽管优选将商品配成浓缩剂(如预混组合物(制剂)),但终端用户将通常采用稀释制剂(如桶混组合物)。
优选的种子处理预混制剂是水悬浮浓缩剂(aqueous suspensionconcentrates)。可利用常规处理技术和设备,如流化床技术、辗压法、静电旋转(rotostatic)种子处理机、和滚筒包衣机将该制剂施用于种子。还可以使用其它方法如喷施床。在包衣之前,可以先对种子进行预筛分处理。包衣后,通常将种子干燥,然后转移至筛分器进行筛分。所述步骤为本领域已知。
用于控制霉毒素的常规技术如叶面喷施杀真菌剂和使用生物剂也可以与本发明联合使用。
在本发明的各方面和实施方案中,“基本由......组成”和其词形变化是“包含”和其词形变化的优选实施方案,“由......组成”和其词形变化是“基本由......组成”和其词形变化的优选实施方案。
以说明方式给出下述实施例,而非限制本发明。
实施例
将冬小麦种子浸泡在104孢子/mL木谷镰孢菌(F.graminearum)GFP遗传修饰菌株的巨大分生孢子悬浮液中。
将接种的种子样本用咯菌腈以比率5g活性成分/100kg种子进行处理(标记为B批)。
未处理的接种种子(A批)和咯菌腈处理的接种种子(B批)放在盆中生长直至完全成熟(成穗)。
采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术在植物生长的不同阶段进行镰孢菌检测,以特异性地检测镰孢菌属。
从植物开始发育直至完全成熟,对茎节段进行切片,用PCR方法检测镰孢菌的存在。
植物完全成熟时,收获谷物粒,对未处理或咯菌腈处理种子中的DON水平进行量化。结果总结于表1和表2。
表1:在小麦不同生长阶段检测修饰性木谷镰孢菌
木谷镰孢菌强度(PCR分析:0-4等级)*
PCR分析时的植物生长阶段(BBCH GS)     节段   A批未处理的种子   B批处理的种子
分蘖结束(GS 29) 初生根     0     0
根茎     4     0
次生根     0     0
植物底部(0.5cm)     2     0
植物底部以上(0.5cm)     1     0
穗1-2cm(GS 31) 第一节间     3     0
第二节间     0     0
未成熟(future)节间和穗     0     0
开始结穗(GS 51) 第一节间     4     0
第二节间     1     0
第三节间     0     0
第四节间     0     0
    0     0
完全成熟(GS 94) 第一节间     4     0
第二节间     4     0
第三节间     3     0
第四节间     3     0
第五节间     2     0
穗+谷粒     2.5     0
*-对6株植进行3次重复测定分析,扩增产物强度用0-4等级进行评价,0=无条带-0.5=很弱强度条带-1=弱强度条带-2=中等强度条带-3=强强度条带-4=很强强度条带。
表2:小麦穗内的脱氧瓜萎镰孢菌醇含量(DONppb)
    DON量(ppb)
分析的生长阶段(BBCHGS)     节段   A批未处理种子     B批已处理种子
完全成熟(GS 94) 穗+谷粒     7650ppb     0
*-对6株植进行3次重复测定分析。

Claims (13)

1.一种减少植物和/或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染的方法,所述方法包括:
a)用一种或多种化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料,
b)使所述植物繁殖材料发芽或生长成为植物,和
c)从所述植物收获植物材料。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述霉毒素污染是由真菌如一种或多种镰孢菌属侵染所述植物繁殖材料所致。
3.权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述霉毒素是伏马菌素和单端孢菌烯中的一种或多种。
4.权利要求1至3任一项所述的方法,其中所述霉毒素是脱氧瓜萎镰孢菌醇和/或玉米烯酮。
5.权利要求1至4任一项所述的方法,其中所述杀真菌剂选自下组:咯菌腈、苯醚甲环唑、噻菌灵、种菌唑、丙硫菌唑、灭菌唑、咪鲜胺、多菌灵、福美双、噁咪唑、氟菌唑、稻瘟酯、叶菌唑、氟嘧菌酯、嘧菌酯、唑菌胺酯、肟菌酯、啶氧菌酯、双胍辛、戊唑醇、四氟醚唑、抑霉唑、氟环唑、萎锈灵和氟喹唑。
6.权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述杀真菌剂是咯菌腈、苯醚甲环唑、噻菌灵、种菌唑、丙硫菌唑、灭菌唑、咪鲜胺、多菌灵、福美双、噁咪唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑、氟嘧菌酯、嘧菌酯、肟菌酯或戊唑醇。
7.权利要求1至6任一项所述的方法,其中所述植物繁殖材料是种子。
8.权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述种子是谷类种子。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述谷类种子是小麦、大麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉米、稻或高粱种子。
10.权利要求1-9任一项所述的方法,其中所述收获的植物材料是种子。
11.权利要求1-10任一项所述的方法,其中所述植物繁殖材料进一步用杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀线虫剂、杀软体动物剂、驱鸟剂、生长调节剂、生物剂、肥料、微量营养素供体或其它影响植物生长的制剂如接种剂、或其混合物进行处理。
12.含一种或多种化学杀真菌剂的组合物用于减少植物和/或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染的用途,其中所述组合物用于处理植物繁殖材料,所述植物繁殖材料发芽或生长成为所述植物材料所来自的植物。
13.用一种或多种化学杀真菌剂处理植物繁殖材料以减少植物和/或收获植物材料的霉毒素污染的用途。
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