CN101149438A - Tritium-measuring method and equipment - Google Patents
Tritium-measuring method and equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN101149438A CN101149438A CNA2007100501293A CN200710050129A CN101149438A CN 101149438 A CN101149438 A CN 101149438A CN A2007100501293 A CNA2007100501293 A CN A2007100501293A CN 200710050129 A CN200710050129 A CN 200710050129A CN 101149438 A CN101149438 A CN 101149438A
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Abstract
This invention discloses a kind of tritium determination instrument and tritium determination method. The tritium determination instrument includes the current collection electrode, tapered guard ring and open stainless steel barrel, there are several holes set in the stainless steel barrel. The test gas can diffuse freely into the stainless steel barrel, determines the concentration of tritium in suction pressure and ordinary pressure. The determination speed of the method to determine the concentration of tritium in this invention is fast, it can reduce the radwaste in the monitor process of determining the concentration of tritium. The structure of the tritium determination instrument is simple, the determination method is reliable, it is easy to apply.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of measuring the specific activity of a radioactive substance tritium in air by using an ionization chamber device, and particularly relates to a tritium measuring device and a tritium measuring method.
Background
Among isotopes of hydrogen, only tritium is unstable, the maximum energy of tritium is 18keV, the average energy thereof is 5.65keV, and it undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 12.33 years. Tritium can chemically react with some contained materials directly or indirectly through isotope exchange, which is stronger than that caused by hydrogen because the beta radiation of tritium can destroy the chemical bonds of these materials to cause radiation decomposition catalysis. Possibly causing corrosion of the containment material or degradation of the material properties (embrittlement, ageing). Moreover, tritium can also enter human body through inhalation, ingestion and permeation through intact skin, and is absorbed by human tissue and subject to internal radiation damage.
Tritium has very weak penetrating power of low energy beta particle, maximum range in water is 6 μm, maximum range in air is only 5mm, and it is difficult to measure with common beta detector, so to measure tritium, it must use windowless gas flow type probe or introduce tritium into sensitive volume of ionization chamber of detector.
In the prior art, tritium in air is measured at normal temperature and pressure by using a common ionization chamber, which is a common method (introduction to radiation physics and radiometry, abtix, 1986.08). The common ionization chamber is used for measuring tritium, wherein a measured tritium-containing gas is introduced into a sensitive volume of the ionization chamber through a sampling pump and a sampling pipeline, a saturated working voltage is applied, a current caused by beta particles emitted by tritium in the air is collected through a current collector, and the collected current is measured by a low-current electrostatic meter, so that the concentration of tritium in the air is obtained.
In some specific places, because the pressure in the sealed container is in a negative pressure state, under the negative pressure condition, the wall of the ionization chamber is deformed due to the negative pressure in the volume of the ordinary ionization chamber, so that the ordinary ionization chamber cannot carry out tritium measurement. A passive tritium sampler can collect tritium water in air through a diffusion device and an adsorption material, and then measure the amount of tritium water in the air through a liquid flash method. However, this method can only measure the amount of tritium water, and the measurement period is long, and it is not able to provide the content of tritium in air quickly and in time.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical scheme of the invention is to provide a tritium measuring device and a tritium measuring method which can carry out tritium measurement under the conditions of negative pressure and normal pressure. According to the tritium measuring device, a sampling system is not needed, gas can be freely diffused into the stainless steel barrel, saturation voltage is applied to the tritium measuring device, and tritium can be measured by collecting current.
The tritium measuring device comprises a current collector, an open stainless steel barrel, a reducing protection ring, a high-voltage electrode and an insulator, wherein the bottom surface of the open stainless steel barrel is provided with a hole for accommodating the current collector, the insulator and the reducing protection ring; an annular insulator is arranged on the periphery of the current collector; an annular variable-diameter protection ring is arranged at the periphery of the insulator, the insulator is arranged at the periphery of the variable-diameter protection ring, and the insulator is connected with the stainless steel barrel body; the high-voltage electrode is connected to the bottom surface of the stainless steel barrel body, and a high-voltage electrode plug for externally connecting a high-voltage power supply is arranged on the high-voltage electrode; the insulator and the insulator are in interference fit with the variable diameter protection ring; a plurality of through holes are arranged on the cylindrical stainless steel barrel body;
the interface of the current collector is connected with an external weak current electrometer through a current signal wire; the high-voltage power supply plug is connected with an external high-voltage power supply through a high-voltage cable.
The stainless steel barrel body, the insulator and the reducing protection ring are all concentric circles.
The working principle of the invention is that the gas to be measured is diffused into the stainless steel barrel through the stainless steel barrel with the hole of the tritium measuring device, beta particles generated by the decay of tritium in the stainless steel barrel cause the ionization of air, 200-450V saturated working voltage is applied to the stainless steel barrel, a uniform electric field is generated between the stainless steel barrel and the current collector, the ionization charge in the air is collected through the current collector, the collected current is measured through an external electrometer, the tritium measuring mode is converted into the saturated current measuring method, the tritium amount in the air is calculated according to the measured current data, and the concentration of tritium in the air can be calculated according to the size of the stainless steel barrel of the tritium measuring device.
The method for measuring the concentration of tritium in air comprises the following steps:
(1) relative reference current I of tritium induced saturation in air 0 Theoretical calculation of
The activity of radioactive gas in a stainless steel barrel of a tritium measuring device is A 0 To obtain a saturated relative reference current I 0 The calculation formula of (c) is as follows:
in the formula:
e-is the average energy deposited per decay in the charged gas, in eV, for a tritium beta decay of 5.65keV;
e-is the electronic charge, unit 1.6X 10 -19 C；
W-is the average ionization work, i.e., the average energy per pair of ions generated in the gas filled, in eV, corresponding to air at a value of 33.7eV per ion pair;
(2) measuring the current I caused by radioactive gas tritium in the sealed container to be measured by using the tritium measuring device
Putting a tritium measuring device into a sealed container to be measured, applying saturated working voltage on the tritium measuring device, and measuring a saturated current I through a weak current electrostatic meter externally connected with the tritium measuring device;
(3) calculation of tritium concentration D in sealed vessel
Calculating formula of tritium concentration in the sealed container:
in the formula: v is the volume of the stainless steel barrel of the tritium measuring device
The current value I in (1) 0 The current value I in (2) is substituted into the formula (2) to obtain
In the tritium measuring device, gas can be freely diffused into the stainless steel barrel, measurement can be carried out under negative pressure and normal pressure, the reliability of the whole monitoring system is improved, the tritium measuring device has the characteristic of quick response when accidental release occurs in a sealed container, and meanwhile, radioactive waste generated in the monitoring process can be reduced. The method for measuring the concentration of tritium in the sealed container by using the tritium measuring device is high in speed, does not need a power sampling system, can be used for measuring under the conditions of negative pressure and normal pressure, and avoids the deformation of an ionization chamber caused by the negative pressure of a common ionization chamber.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a tritium measuring apparatus according to the present invention
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the working state of the tritium measuring device in a stainless steel barrel for measuring tritium
In the figure: 1. current collector 2, variable diameter protection ring 3, high voltage electrode insulator (4, 5) 6, weak current electrometer plug 7, stainless steel barrel 8, weak current electrometer 9, high voltage power supply 10, sealed container 11, outlet 12, pumping hole 13, air inlet
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings
In fig. 1, the tritium measuring device of the invention comprises a current collector 1, an open stainless steel barrel 7, a reducing guard ring 2, a high-voltage electrode and an insulator, wherein the bottom surface of the open stainless steel barrel 7 is provided with a hole for placing the current collector 1, the insulator and the reducing guard ring 2, the current collector 1 is arranged at the center of the hole at the bottom surface of the stainless steel barrel 7, and the current collector 1 is provided with an interface for externally connecting a weak current electrometer; the periphery of the current collector 1 is provided with an annular insulator 5; an annular variable diameter protection ring 2 is arranged on the periphery of the insulator 5, an insulator 4 is arranged on the periphery of the variable diameter protection ring 2, and the insulator 4 is connected with a stainless steel barrel body 7; the high-voltage electrode 3 is connected to the bottom surface of the stainless steel barrel body 7, and a high-voltage electrode plug for externally connecting a high-voltage power supply is arranged on the high-voltage electrode 3; the insulator 4 and the insulator 5 are in interference fit with the reducing protection ring 2; a plurality of through holes are arranged on the cylindrical stainless steel barrel body 7;
the interface of the current collector 1 is connected with an external weak current electrometer 8 through a current signal wire; the high-voltage power supply plug is connected with an external high-voltage power supply 9 through a high-voltage cable.
The stainless steel barrel body 7, the insulator 4, the insulator 5 and the reducing protection ring 2 are all concentric circles.
The current collector 1 and the reducing protection ring 2 are separated by an insulator 4 and an insulator 5, a plug 6 of the low-current electrometer is directly connected to the current collector 1, and a high-voltage electrode 3 is connected to a stainless steel barrel 7.
The insulators 4 and 5 in this embodiment are made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the tritium measuring device of the present invention in the working state of tritium measurement in a stainless steel barrel, wherein a 30L stainless steel barrel is used as a sealed container 10, and tritium gas is filled in the sealed container. The specification of a stainless steel barrel body 7 in the tritium measuring device is phi 140 multiplied by 70mm, the volume of the stainless steel barrel body is about 1L, and the tritium concentration of a 30L stainless steel sealed container 10 is measured. In fig. 2, the tritium measuring device of the present invention is placed in a 30L stainless steel hermetic container 10 for experiment, a low current electrometer 8 is connected to a low current electrometer plug 6, and a high voltage electrode 3 of the present invention is connected to a high voltage power supply port through a high voltage cable. An outlet 11 externally connected with a barometer, an extraction opening 12 and an air inlet 13 are arranged on a sealed container 10 of the stainless steel barrel.
The tritium measuring method for the concentration of tritium in the container comprises the following steps:
(1) saturation caused by tritium in air with respect to a reference current I 0 Theoretical calculation of
The activity of radioactive gas in a stainless steel barrel of the tritium measuring device is A 0 To obtain a saturated relative reference current I 0 The calculation formula of (c) is as follows:
in the formula:
e-is the average energy deposited by each decay in the gas, with the unit eV, the beta particle decay to tritium being 5.65keV;
e-is the electronic charge, unit 1.6X 10 -19 C；
W-is the average ionization work, i.e., the average energy per pair of ions generated in the gas filled, in eV, corresponding to air at a value of 33.7eV per ion pair;
(2) measuring the current I caused by radioactive gas tritium in the sealed container to be measured by using a tritium measuring device
Putting the tritium measuring device into a sealed container to be measured, applying saturated working voltage on the tritium measuring device, and measuring out saturated current I through a weak current electrostatic meter connected with the tritium measuring device;
(3) calculation of tritium concentration D in sealed vessel
Calculating formula of tritium concentration in the sealed container:
in the formula: v is the stainless steel barrel volume of the tritium measuring device
The current value I in (1) 0 Substituting the current value I in (2) into the formula (6) to obtain
In this example, the volume of the stainless steel barrel of the tritium measuring device is 1L, and
D＝I×3.7×10 19 (7)
measurements were performed at different pressure differences according to the above procedure:
(1) saturation caused by tritium in air with respect to a reference current I 0 Theoretical calculation of (2)
According to the step 1 in the tritium determination method of the invention, the saturation relative reference current I caused by tritium in the air is obtained 0 The theoretical calculation formula of (1).
(2) Measuring the current I caused by radioactive gas tritium in the sealed container to be measured by using a tritium measuring device
According to the step 2 of the tritium determination method, saturation current I is determined under different negative pressures and is shown in the table 1.
TABLE 1
| Pressure difference (MPa) | -0.08 | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Measuring current I(pA) | 158.09 | 162.37 | 163.13 | 162.94 | 162.61 | 161.81 | 161.21 | 160.51 | 159.61 |
(3) Calculation of the tritium concentration D in the vessel
From the data in the above table, the tritium concentration D is calculated as shown in table 2, according to step 3 of the tritium determination method of the present invention.
TABLE 2
| Measuring current I(pA) | 158.09 | 162.37 | 163.13 | 162.94 | 162.61 | 161.81 | 161.21 | 160.51 | 159.61 |
| Concentration of tritium D(MBq/L) | 5.85 | 6.01 | 6.04 | 6.03 | 6.02 | 5.99 | 5.96 | 5.94 | 5.91 |
As can be seen from the table above, the tritium measuring device provided by the invention can rapidly, stably and accurately measure the concentration of tritium under various negative pressure conditions.
Claims (3)
1. The utility model provides a survey tritium device, includes current collector (1), stainless steel barrel (7), reducing guard ring (2), high-voltage electrode (3) and insulator, its characterized in that: the bottom surface of the open stainless steel barrel body (7) is provided with a hole for arranging a current collector (1), an insulator and a reducing protection ring (2), the current collector (1) is arranged at the center of the hole at the bottom surface of the stainless steel barrel body (7), and the current collector (1) is provided with an interface for being externally connected with a weak current electrometer (8); the periphery of the current collector (1) is provided with an annular insulator (5); an annular variable diameter protection ring (2) is arranged on the periphery of the insulator (5), an insulator (4) is arranged on the periphery of the variable diameter protection ring (2), and the insulator (4) is connected with a stainless steel barrel body (7); the high-voltage electrode (3) is connected to the bottom surface of the stainless steel barrel body (7), and a high-voltage electrode plug for externally connecting a high-voltage power supply is arranged on the high-voltage electrode (3); the insulator (4) and the insulator (5) are in interference fit with the variable diameter protection ring (2); a plurality of through holes are arranged on the cylindrical stainless steel barrel body (7);
the pole interface of the current collector (1) is connected with an external weak current electrometer (8) through a current signal line; the high-voltage power supply plug is connected with an external high-voltage power supply (9) through a high-voltage cable.
2. A tritium assay device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the stainless steel barrel body (7), the insulators (4) and (5) and the reducing protection ring (2) are all concentric circles.
3. A method for tritium determination comprising the steps of:
(1) relative reference current I of tritium induced saturation in air 0 Theoretical calculation of
The activity of radioactive gas in a stainless steel barrel of the tritium measuring device is A 0 The calculation formula for obtaining the saturation relative reference current I0 is as follows:
in the formula:
e-is the average energy deposited by each decay in the gas filled, with the unit eV, the beta particle decay to tritium being 5.65keV;
e-is the electron charge, unit 1.6X 10 -19 C；
W-is the average ionization work, i.e., the average energy required per pair of ions generated in the gas filled, in eV, corresponding to air at a value of 33.7eV per ion pair;
(2) measuring the current I caused by radioactive gas tritium in the sealed container to be measured by using the tritium measuring device
Putting a tritium measuring device into a sealed container to be measured, applying saturated working voltage to the tritium measuring device, and measuring a saturated current I through a weak current electrostatic meter externally connected with the tritium measuring device;
(3) calculation of tritium concentration D in sealed containers
Calculating formula of tritium concentration in the sealed container:
in the formula: v is the volume of the stainless steel barrel of the tritium measuring device
The current value I in (1) 0 Substituting the current value I in (2) into the formula (2) to obtain
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| CN 200710050129 CN101149438B (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2007-09-26 | Tritium-measuring method and equipment |
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| CN 200710050129 CN101149438B (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2007-09-26 | Tritium-measuring method and equipment |
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| CN101149438A true CN101149438A (en) | 2008-03-26 |
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| CN 200710050129 Expired - Fee Related CN101149438B (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2007-09-26 | Tritium-measuring method and equipment |
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| CN86209740U (en) * | 1986-12-06 | 1987-09-02 | 核工业部第七研究所 | High voltage ionization chamber with energy compensation |
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