CN100548275C - 病毒颗粒样粒子 - Google Patents
病毒颗粒样粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100548275C CN100548275C CNB2004800042598A CN200480004259A CN100548275C CN 100548275 C CN100548275 C CN 100548275C CN B2004800042598 A CNB2004800042598 A CN B2004800042598A CN 200480004259 A CN200480004259 A CN 200480004259A CN 100548275 C CN100548275 C CN 100548275C
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Abstract
本发明涉及病毒颗粒-样粒子的制备。本发明提供了制备病毒颗粒-样粒子的方法,包括将包膜病毒与含有短链磷脂的溶液接触溶解所述病毒的病毒包膜,进一步地包括由所述溶液除去短链磷脂,从而形成功能重建的病毒包膜的。
Description
本发明涉及病毒颗粒-样粒子的制备。抗含膜(包膜)病毒的疫苗主要包括灭活的或活的减毒病毒,或其蛋白制品(例如,裂解病毒疫苗或亚单位制品)。用灭活的病毒和蛋白制品接种比用活的减毒病毒接种安全,因为后者可能突变或恢复为野生型病毒。亚单位疫苗具有下述明确的优点:它们可由通过细胞而不是病毒表达的病毒蛋白来制备,其可以安全制备以及消除活病毒污染疫苗制品的危险。然而,注射活病毒通常诱导强免疫应答,防止了病毒可能导致的感染,蛋白制品则可能不会。这是因为活的减弱病毒侵染躯体的细胞,且通过这些细胞在一定程度上复制,在通过免疫系统的细胞测定侵染细胞和病毒后,引发免疫应答。活的或减毒病毒还可以被免疫系统特化的吞噬细胞吸收,诸如树状细胞,并且呈递于免疫系统的其它细胞,引发免疫应答。这些吞噬细胞巡查躯体,自始至终摄取病毒大小的粒子,但是它们不能有效地吸收裂解病毒或亚单位疫苗的纯化蛋白[1-2]。
已经进行了大量的通过物理的或化学方法加强对亚单位制品的免疫应答的尝试。从这些实验中显现出的最重要的原则是病毒蛋白的多拷贝需要在粒子中组合,其可被吞噬细胞有效地吸收。这些粒子可以是病毒颗粒-样粒子,完整病毒颗粒,免疫-刺激复合物(ISCOMs),微粒载体上的蛋白体制品或蛋白。通常,这些粒子也含有刺激免疫系统的化学物质(称作助剂),其寻址免疫系统的吞噬细胞或效应器细胞上的特异性受体。
例如,ISCOMs是含有与助剂诸如皂草苷如)复合的病毒蛋白的鸟笼-样粒子,所述通常分离自Quillaia sopanaria Molina的树皮。这些助剂与抗原、以及脂质诸如胆固醇混合形成了30-40nm的典型的ISCOM结构,致使抗原足以形成由免疫系统的吞噬细胞摄取的微粒,同时作为佐剂起作用。然而,尽管ISCOMs已经应用在大量的兽用疫苗中,并且强烈增强病毒膜蛋白的免疫原性,但是其用于人的疫苗的开发已经受到对于其毒性以及混合物的复杂性的关注的限制。最近的粒子种类,蛋白体(美国申请0010053368)[4],由与诸如meningococci的细菌的纯化外膜蛋白混合的诸如流感血球凝集素或人类免疫缺陷性病毒包膜糖蛋白的抗原蛋白复合物组成。虽然这些多种细菌蛋白可以起助剂的作用,这种由多种蛋白,脂质及其它物质组成的混合物的复杂特性将带来调控的问题。此外,免疫应答是针对存在于溶液中的所有蛋白及其它抗原,并且较低特异性地针对病毒蛋白。
已经开发的特别有用种类的疫苗组合物已知为“病毒颗粒”,其是含有来源于包膜病毒的病毒糖蛋白的脂双分子层。利用这种病毒颗粒用于接种,特别是用于抗流感接种目的概念已经由Almeida等人[5]引入。病毒颗粒(或认为粒子的确切大小和形状比它们保持的微粒特性以及功能以及生物学相关的膜融合活性次要的病毒颗粒-样粒子)通常由用去垢剂从包膜病毒提取膜蛋白以及脂质,然后从提取的脂质以及病毒膜蛋白除去去垢剂产生,实际上重建或重组了围绕病毒核心或核衣壳的特征性脂双分子层(包膜)[5]。
流感病毒以及塞姆利基森林病毒(Semliki forest virus)(SFV)是包膜病毒的两种典型实例。由这些病毒感染细胞的第一步是由受体介导的胞吞作用摄取完整的病毒粒子。由于膜ATP-依赖的质子泵的活性,在内体隔室的条件是中度酸性的。在这些条件下(pH 5-6),病毒刺突蛋白经受引起病毒膜融合活性的构象变化。随后病毒膜与内体的融合引起病毒基因组的胞质渗透,并且细胞可以被认为是感染的[6]。
通常包膜病毒携带特异性膜蛋白(“刺突蛋白”其对于结合于以及进入细胞是必须的。例如,流感病毒携带约500拷贝的血球凝集素(HA),其由两个二硫键相连的亚单位,HA1以及HA2组成,并且其形成病毒膜中的三聚物[7]。HA1亚单位形成刺突蛋白的顶部区域并且携带负责将病毒结合到其原生质膜受体,唾液酸化脂质(神经节苷脂)以及蛋白的凹穴。刺突蛋白的主干区域主要由三个HA2亚单位组成。每一HA2亚单位含有高度保守的非极性序列的N-末端融合肽。由暴露于中度酸性pH诱导的构象变化后,这些肽与导致融合的靶膜相互作用[6]。
虽然SFV以及流感病毒通过受体介导的胞吞作用以及来自酸性内体内的融合进入细胞,由SFV并且流感病毒介导的膜融合的分子机制却相当的不同。每一塞姆利基森林病毒粒子含有80个刺突蛋白,其每一由三个E1/E2异源二聚体组成[8]。这两种膜蛋白在病毒生命周期期间具有独立的功能。由此,虽然E2参与病毒-受体结合,但是E1介导病毒和内体膜的融合。酸化后,E1/E2复合物分离并且E1重排形成同源三聚体,并且虽然流感HA具有明确的N-末端融合肽,E1却不具有。两种病毒之间的另一显著的差异是HA-介导的融合对于靶膜脂组合物不是特别敏感[9]。SFV的融合对于靶膜中胆固醇[11-12]以及鞘脂质[13-17]的存在具有严格的要求。
由重建获得的病毒颗粒-样粒子(在这里也称作病毒颗粒)的基本特征是它们的粒子大小可以满足由免疫系统的吞噬细胞有效地吸收,并且它们非常类似于天然病毒包膜的组成,表面结构以及功能活性。特别有效诱导免疫应答的病毒颗粒被发现已经保持了天然病毒的包膜蛋白的适当的功能,诸如膜融合,受体-结合及其它活性。受体-结合以及膜融合活性的维持对于表达所述病毒颗粒的完全免疫原性的特性是必不可少的。
在用来形成病毒颗粒的方法中,在除去去垢剂期间重组形成病毒膜(包膜)。这个步骤是天然病毒包膜的功能重建所必需的,但是相当难以控制。当前的引起重建的去垢剂除去流程主要基于具有低临界胶束浓度(cmc)的去垢剂,并且这种去垢剂与可以通过透析或超滤作用除去的相对高cmc的去垢剂相比特别难以除去。然而,人们发现后者去垢剂通常不能正确地重建包括流感病毒血球凝集素的病毒膜蛋白,主要一方面引起空膜的形成,并且另一方面引起蛋白质聚集体形成。
先前我们已经开发了重建流感病毒HA的方法[17,18]。这种方法基于病毒膜与非离子型去垢剂辛乙二醇-正-十二烷基单醚C12E8],并且,在由超速离心沉淀病毒核衣壳后,由疏水树脂(Bio-Beads SM-2)从上层清液除去去垢剂。用这种方式形成的囊泡已经被鉴定为病毒颗粒。该方法可以将报道分子引入病毒颗粒内的脂双分子层或者水中。为了这个目的,我们已经使用了在重建期间整合入病毒颗粒膜的荧光脂质,芘-标记的磷脂酰胆碱(pyrPC),从而定量测定病毒颗粒以及红细胞血影[18-20]或靶脂质体[21]之间的膜融合。此外,我们已经封装了病毒颗粒中的水溶性报道分子,gelonin[22]以及一连串白喉毒素[18,23]并且把这些物质递送到靶细胞质。这些研究,以及随后在WO 92/19267中的研究已经显示C12E8-介导的重建后流感病毒HA已经基本上保持了其最初的活性。然而已经很好地认识到尽管这种病毒颗粒可以引起强烈的保护性免疫应答(例如WO 88/08718以及WO 92/19267),但是需要其它的方法从而可以大规模有效生产功能重建的病毒包膜。然而,由疏水树脂从上层清液除去去垢剂几乎不能充分地加大规模进行。
保持生物学相关的融合活性代表功能重建病毒包膜的唯一严格标准。迄今为止,使用具有低临界胶束浓度(cmc)的类似C12E8以及TritonX-100的去垢剂似乎是代表选择用于病毒包膜的功能重建的方法[18]。然而,使用低-cmc去垢剂具有缺点因为它们不能通过透析容易地除去。为此,许多重建方法依赖于使用具有相对高cmc的去垢剂。在这个范畴广泛使用的去垢剂是非离子的正辛基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,或辛基葡萄糖苷,其具有约20-25mM的cmc。在大多数情况下,例如我们以及WO 92/19267中,试图从辛基葡萄糖苷-溶解的病毒重建HA在各种条件下没有成功,并且基本上没有获得融合的粒子[17,18]。
本发明提供了制备病毒颗粒-样粒子的方法,包括将包膜病毒与含有短链磷脂的溶液接触溶解所述病毒的病毒包膜,进一步地包括由所述溶液除去短链磷脂,从而形成功能重建的病毒包膜。该方法是基于使用短链卵磷脂(磷脂酰胆碱),其可通过透析充分除去。重建的病毒包膜(病毒颗粒)的膜融合活性与完整病毒的pH依赖的融合特性,以及用C12E8制备的病毒颗粒的pH-依赖的融合特性相当一致。通过温和透析-介导的磷脂除去的这种新的病毒颗粒制备方法尤其适用于进一步开发病毒颗粒作为融合载体系统。可以使用任一种类的包膜病毒,诸如逆转录病毒,诸如人类免疫缺陷性病毒(HIV);风疹病毒;副粘病毒诸如副流感病毒,麻疹病毒,腮腺炎病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒,人类间质肺病毒(human metapneumovirus);黄病毒(Flaviviridae),诸如黄热病毒,登革热病毒,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV),日本脑炎病毒(JEV),蜱传播的脑炎,圣路易斯脑炎或西尼罗河病毒;泡疹病毒,诸如单纯疱疹病毒,巨细胞病毒,埃-巴二氏病毒;布尼亚病毒(Bunyaviridae);沙粒病毒(Arenaviridae);Hantaviridae诸如Hantaan;冠状病毒(Coronaviridae);乳多空病毒(Papovaviridae)诸如人乳头瘤病毒;棒状病毒(Rhabdoviridae)诸如狂犬病毒。在本发明的方法中提供了冠状病毒诸如人冠状病毒;Alphaviridae,动脉炎病毒科(Arteriviridae),丝状病毒(Filoviridae)诸如埃博拉病毒(Ebolavirus),沙粒病毒科(Arenaviridae),痘病毒科(Poxviridae)诸如天花病毒或非洲猪瘟病毒。在详细说明中,我们已经证明包膜病毒例如流感病毒以及SFV的主要膜蛋白可以用短链磷脂有效地溶解以及重建,只要它具有大于0.1mM的临界胶束浓度(CMC),诸如用1,2-二庚酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(DHPC)或1,2-二己酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(DCPC)。重建的病毒包膜的膜融合活性与完整病毒的pH依赖的融合特性相当一致,显示短链磷脂功能上重建了包膜蛋白诸如HA以及E1/E2。这些病毒颗粒-样粒子也显现出可与通过我们实验室先前开发的方法制备的病毒颗粒匹敌。在这里证明的膜融合活性是基于混合膜荧光团pyrPC的脂质。荧光团在重建期间被整合进入病毒颗粒膜;其它的两性分子可以相同的方式整合。
在优选的实施方案中,该方法进一步包括从通过短链磷脂溶解的病毒除去病毒核衣壳例如通过离心。所述短链磷脂优选地通过透析或过滤除去。优选地所述磷脂是短链磷脂酰胆碱,例如具有大于0.1mM,优选地大于1mM的临界胶束浓度(cmc)。根据本发明的优选短链磷脂是1,2-二庚酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(DHPC)或1,2-二己酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱。DHPC在结构上是一种磷脂,但是其七个碳原子的短脂肪-酰基链使其比其它的磷脂更具有水溶性。当脂肪-酰基链的长度减少时这种分子的cmc增加[24]。因此虽然二壬酰基-磷脂酰胆碱具有约0.03mM的cmc时,二辛酰基-磷脂酰胆碱、DHPC以及DCPC的cmc值分别为约0.3、2和14mM。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供了进一步包括将非来源于所述病毒的分子添加给所述病毒颗粒-样粒子的方法。这种分子可递送给摄取病毒颗粒-样粒子的细胞,且可以例如是核酸,脂质或蛋白,优选地来源于病原体,诸如病毒,细菌或寄生虫,或肿瘤特异性分子。当所述分子具有两性分子的特性时,其通常被呈递到病毒颗粒-样粒子的膜组织内。本发明也提供了可通过在这里提供的方法获得的病毒颗粒-样粒子,尤其是用于药物组合物,诸如疫苗的制备。这种疫苗适于非肠道或粘膜施用。本发明的含有病毒颗粒-样粒子的药物组合物还可以用作核酸或蛋白的运输载体。通过温和透析-介导的磷脂去除的这种新的病毒粒子的制备方法对于病毒颗粒-样粒子作为融合载体系统的进一步应用是尤为重要的。
在这里我们证明了流感病毒和SFV的刺突蛋白可通过透析用诸如DHPC或DCPC的短链磷脂有效地溶解以及重建。我们的结果表明我们发现了一种重建病毒包膜蛋白诸如HA和E1/E2的新方法,而且重建病毒包膜的膜融合活性与完整病毒的融合特性相当一致。
附图说明
图1流感病毒颗粒-样粒子的蔗糖梯度分析
如实施例1所述流感病毒颗粒-样粒子超离心梯度分析后的磷脂(●)和蛋白(○)的浓度。
图2流感病毒颗粒-样粒子的电子显微照片。
流感病毒颗粒-样粒子的阴性染色(钼酸铵)电子显微照片;线条为100nm。
图3塞姆利基森林病毒(Semliki Forest virus)的DCPC-介导的溶解
病毒与DCPC混合,并且进行超速离心。等分试样的未分离的病毒(V),上清液(S)以及颗粒(P)在SDS存在下进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳。对应于E1和E2刺突蛋白以及衣壳蛋白(C)的蛋白条带被显示。
图4完整流感病毒(●)以及DCPC-重建流感病毒包膜(○)与红细胞靶膜的融合率
R18标记的病毒或pyrPC-标记的DCPC-重建的包膜与红细胞血影在37℃中性pH时混合。培养基在0时间点时被酸化为所示的pH值。通过随后R18的退火或芘激发物荧光的减弱继续监控融合。通过测定与曲线的初始部分相切的斜率由融合曲线获得融合率。
图5塞姆利基森林病毒DCPC病毒颗粒与靶脂质体的融合
重建的包膜与靶脂质体在37℃中性pH(pH 7.4)时混合。在0时间点,将培养基酸化为所示的pH值。通过随后芘激发物荧光的减弱继续监控融合。
发明详述
本发明提供了一种其它的允许病毒颗粒-样粒子大规模制备的方法。代替利用去垢剂来溶解病毒膜以及用疏水树脂去除去垢剂来重组病毒制品的包膜,在这些步骤中使用短链磷脂,促进了功能重建的病毒颗粒-样粒子的大规模制备。
通过用短链磷脂进行病毒膜溶解作用以及纯化病毒膜组分,然后除去短链磷脂制备了病毒颗粒-样粒子。短-链磷脂包含具有少于十二个碳原子的酰基链。在本发明的一个实施方案中,所述短-链磷脂为磷脂酰胆碱。在本发明的更优选的方面,所述短-链磷脂短链磷脂是1,2-二庚酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(DHPC)或1,2-二己酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(DCPC)。在本发明另一个优选的方面,所述短链磷脂是合成制备或半合成制备的。这与Kim Hong Sung等人报道的通过利用各种不同天然产生的(即中链至长链)磷脂组合物的标准去垢剂-透析方法进行的Sendai病毒颗粒制备显著不同(J.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Vol.35,No.52002,pp 459-464。例如,Kim Hong Sung等使用的磷脂是卵PC,主要具有C16和C18脂肪酰基链,以及二油酰基-PE,具有两个C1861脂肪酰基链。
本发明的一个重要方面是本发明的病毒颗粒-样粒子可与如果不存在于病毒颗粒-样粒子的膜中通常不会引起充分免疫应答的抗原一起接种应用。在治疗的受试者体内的充分免疫应答是防止随后含有抗原的病原生物感染的应答。作为本发明病毒颗粒的部分的抗原应具有嵌入在病毒颗粒粒子的脂双分子层膜中的疏水部分。许多致病实体诸如病毒,细菌,酵母和寄生虫在其衣壳、细胞壁或膜中携带引起宿主免疫应答的蛋白。具有疏水元件而且适于作为本发明病毒颗粒的部分的抗原实例为存在于病原体膜(对于病毒来说也称作包膜)中的蛋白。因此,在一个实施方案中,存在于本发明病毒颗粒中的抗原为完整的膜蛋白。在优选的实施方案中,所述抗原来源于病毒、寄生虫、细菌或肿瘤细胞。尤其优选的是病毒颗粒-样粒子,其中所述抗原来源于流感病毒或甲病毒属诸如塞姆利基森林病毒(SFV)。来自可用于本发明的病毒颗粒-样粒子的流感病毒的蛋白优选地为血球凝集素(HA)蛋白,神经氨酸酶(NA)蛋白和/或M2蛋白,单独或组合形式,以及来自SFV可应用的那些为刺突蛋白E1和E2,优选地为组合的形式。
可应用和用于本发明病毒颗粒-样粒子形成的病毒可以来源于所有的病毒种类,这种病毒的非-限制性实例为:逆转录病毒,诸如人类免疫缺陷性病毒(HIV);风疹病毒;副粘病毒诸如副流感病毒,麻疹病毒,腮腺炎病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒,人类间质肺病毒(humanmetapneumovirus);黄病毒(Flaviviridae),诸如黄热病毒,登革热病毒,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV),日本脑炎病毒(JEV),蜱传播的脑炎,圣路易斯脑炎或西尼罗河病毒;泡疹病毒,诸如单纯疱疹病毒,巨细胞病毒,埃-巴二氏病毒;布尼亚病毒(Bunyaviridae);沙粒病毒(Arenaviridae);Hantaviridae诸如Hantaan冠状病毒(Coronaviridae);乳多空病毒(Papovaviridae)诸如人乳头瘤病毒;棒状病毒(Rhabdoviridae)诸如狂犬病毒。冠状病毒诸如人冠状病毒;Alphaviridae,动脉炎病毒(Arteriviridae),丝状病毒(Filoviridae)诸如埃博拉病毒(Ebolavirus),沙粒病毒科(Arenaviridae),痘病毒科(Poxviridae)诸如天花病毒或非洲猪瘟病毒。
尽管接种通常用于预防病原体或用于治疗病原菌感染后的疾病,本领域的技术人员也应理解某些疫苗可用于肿瘤治疗以及疫苗的治疗用途。此外,发现越来越多的肿瘤-特异性蛋白可以作为通过人或人源化抗体靶向的适当的实体。这种肿瘤-特异性蛋白也在本发明的范围内。许多肿瘤特异性抗原是本领域已知的。因此,在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明提供了含有肿瘤特异性抗原的病毒颗粒-样粒子。
在另一个方面,本发明提供了一种制备病毒颗粒的方法,包括某些或所有的下列步骤:i)在短-链磷脂中溶解病毒;ii)除去病毒遗传物质和核心蛋白;以及iii)在允许膜重建的条件下除去短-链磷脂。优选地,本发明公开的制备病毒颗粒的方法也包括纯化所述病毒颗粒的步骤。
本发明提供了一种含有本发明病毒颗粒,和药用载体的药物制剂。用于递送的治疗用载体为例如水,缓冲盐溶液,甘油,和聚山梨酸酯-20,以及可被缓冲来提供中性的pH环境。
此外,本发明提供了本发明的病毒颗粒或本发明的药物制剂在治疗、预防或诊断中的应用。优选地,本发明的药物制剂用于非肠道递送。在另一个优选的实施方案中,本发明的药物制剂用于口服递送,且在又一个优选的实施方案中,本发明的药物制剂用于鼻内递送。通过这些抗原呈递病毒颗粒-样粒子对免疫系统的刺激取决于免疫系统的细胞对它们特异性识别,它们的特定特性,蛋白表现形式以及隐藏表位暴露的组合。
在这里所述的‘抗原’,是指具有至少一个亲水性以及至少一个疏水性部分并且可在其所递送的宿主体内引起免疫应答的蛋白,肽或多肽。这种整合膜蛋白的非-限制性实例为来自肿瘤细胞,细菌,寄生虫,酵母和病毒包膜的膜蛋白。可应用的病毒膜蛋白可来源于各种各样的病毒。这些病毒包括,但不限于:逆转录病毒,诸如人类免疫缺陷性病毒(HIV);风疹病毒;副粘病毒诸如副流感病毒,麻疹病毒,腮腺炎病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒,人类间质肺病毒(human metapneumovirus);黄病毒(Flaviviridae),诸如黄热病毒,登革热病毒,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV),日本脑炎病毒(JEV),蜱传播的脑炎,圣路易斯脑炎或西尼罗河病毒;泡疹病毒,诸如单纯疱疹病毒,巨细胞病毒,埃-巴二氏病毒;布尼亚病毒(Bunyaviridae);沙粒病毒(Arenaviridae);Hantaviridae诸如Hantaan;冠状病毒(Coronaviridae);乳多空病毒(Papovaviridae)诸如人乳头瘤病毒;棒状病毒(Rhabdoviridae)诸如狂犬病毒,冠状病毒诸如人冠状病毒;Alphaviridae,动脉炎病毒(Arteriviridae),丝状病毒(Filoviridae)诸如埃博拉病毒(Ebolavirus),沙粒病毒科(Arenaviridae),痘病毒科(Poxviridae)诸如天花病毒或非洲猪瘟病毒。
实施例
实施例1.含有流感血球凝集素糖蛋白的病毒颗粒-样粒子的制备。
通过培养获自世界流感中心(World Influenza Center)或美国典型组织培养物中心(American Type Tissue Culture Collection)(ATCC,Rockville,MD)的病毒制备流感病毒,利用本领域的技术人员公知的方法,例如在含胚卵上或在培养的细胞诸如PER.C6TM或MDCK中培养病毒。然后纯化病毒,通过密度梯度超速离心,以及随后根据已建立的方法通过用β-丙内酯或甲醛处理灭活。灭活不是此方法所必需的,且可能影响免疫应答。此外通过将沉淀的病毒重悬浮在5.0mM Hepes(pH 7.4)中纯化病毒,其中Hepes含有0.15mM NaCl和0.1mM EDTA(HNE-缓冲液),并且将这些制剂装载在HNE中的线性10-60%(w/v)蔗糖梯度的顶上,在4℃以90,000xg离心36hr。可收集病毒并且等分储藏在-80℃。这些额外的纯化步骤不是生成病毒颗粒-样粒子所必需的。
对于通过二己酰基-磷脂酰胆碱(DCPC)进行重建而言,首先通过超速离心沉淀甲醛-灭活的卵-培养的流感病毒株X-47(0.25μmol的磷脂),以及随后用含有25mM的DCPC的0.55ml HNE-缓冲液再悬浮。在0℃培养30分钟后,病毒膜被溶解,以及通过在4℃以100,000xg离心20分钟除去核衣壳。上清液用于重建。
通过分析上清液测定病毒膜溶解效率。存在于上清液中的可溶性蛋白的量被发现严格地对应于病毒中存在的主要膜蛋白,血球凝集素(HA)蛋白的量。
为进行重建,将上清液转入10,000MW截留透析盒(Slide-A-Lyzer’,Pierce Chemical Company,Rockford,IL,U.S.A.)中以及在4℃经0.501HNE-缓冲液透析6小时和随后在4℃经0.501新鲜的HNE-缓冲液透析15小时。
为分析重建物质的微粒特性,透析材料的样品装载在HNE-缓冲液中的10-50%(w/v)蔗糖的线性梯度上并且在4℃以100,000xg离心24小时(图1)。离心后将梯度分级,并且测定级分中的蛋白和磷脂浓度。在梯度底部的两个级分发现最大部分的磷脂和蛋白,其分别含有约40%和45%蔗糖。45%蔗糖级分含有24%磷脂和38%在梯度中回收的蛋白且40%蔗糖级分含有32%的磷脂和46%的回收蛋白。在梯度残余物中发现残留的磷脂和蛋白。磷脂和蛋白二者的大部分共-迁移到梯度的底部的事实表明它们紧密的相连。以前已注意到蛋白质聚集体和脂囊泡的混合物在类似的梯度中没有共-迁移。这些观察结果表明形成了病毒颗粒-样粒子。
病毒颗粒的形成通过如图2所示的电子显微技术证实。可清楚地看到刺突蛋白由病毒膜中凸出。
实施例2.含有塞姆利基森林病毒(Semliki Forest Virus)刺突蛋白糖蛋白的病毒颗粒-样粒子的制备。
塞姆利基森林病毒,获自诸如ATCC,通过本领域已知的细胞系诸如幼儿仓鼠肾脏细胞(BHK-21,来自ATCC)根据本领域已知的方法进行制备[23]。这些细胞培养在格拉斯哥极限必须培养基中,补充有10%胰蛋白胨磷酸盐培养基,2.0mM L-谷氨酰胺和10%胎牛血清(均来自GibcoBRL Life Technologies Inc.,Paisley,UK)。通过在4℃低速离心(1,000xg)10分钟澄清培养基,且通过在100,000xg超速离心将来自澄清细胞-培养基的病毒沉淀。通过在含有0.15mM NaCl和0.1mM EDTA(HNE-缓冲液)的5.0mM Hepes(pH 7.4)中重悬浮沉淀的病毒进一步纯化病毒,以及将这些制备物装载在HNE中的线性10-60%(w/v)蔗糖梯度的顶上,在4℃以90,000xg离心36小时。收集病毒并等分储藏在-80℃。这些额外的纯化步骤不是病毒颗粒-样粒子的形成所必需的并且不影响免疫应答。
为通过二己酰基-磷脂酰胆碱(DCPC)进行重建,首先通过超速离心沉淀病毒(0.25pLmol的磷脂),并且随后用含有100mM DCPC的0.50ml HNE-缓冲液再悬浮。在0℃培养30分钟后,病毒的膜被溶解,并且通过在4℃于100,000xg离心20分钟除去核衣壳。如图3所示病毒的有效溶解通过分析上清液以及通过SDS-PAGE层析获得的沉淀所证明。如图所示,在病毒样品中表示E1、E2和衣壳(C)的蛋白条带是同样深度。在超速离心后回收的上清液中两个主要的可见条带表示E1和E2,而在沉淀中回收的主要蛋白为C。
为形成病毒颗粒-样粒子,将上清液转入10,000MW截留透析盒(‘Slide-A-Lyzer’,Pierce Chemical Company,Rockford,IL,U.S.A.)并在4℃用0.501HNE-缓冲液中透析6小时,且随后在4℃用0.501新鲜HNE-缓冲液中透析15小时。
实施例3.流感病毒颗粒的膜融合活性
为分析病毒颗粒制剂的膜融合活性,流感病毒X-47株(0.25μmol磷脂)首先通过超速离心进行沉淀,且随后用含有25mM DCPC的0.55ml的HNE-缓冲液再悬浮。在0℃培养30分钟后,病毒膜被溶解,以及通过在4℃以100,000xg离心20分钟除去核衣壳。然后将上清液添加至干燥的10nmol的(1-芘癸酰基)-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(pyrPC)(MolecularProbes,Leiden,The Netherlands)薄膜上。在4℃培养20分钟后,然后如上所述通过透析由这些混合物形成病毒颗粒-样粒子。为测定膜融合,将产生的病毒颗粒-样粒子与如以前描述[25]的在37℃中性pH(pH 7.4)下由人红细胞制备的红细胞血影混合。在0时间点时,如所显示的将培养基酸化。通过随后芘激发物荧光的减弱继续监控融合。为比较流感病毒的融合活性,如以前的描述[27]将病毒样品用十八烷基罗丹明(R18)标记。结果,在图4中证明的,清楚地表明病毒颗粒和病毒的融合显示出相同斜率的pH依赖性并且以类似的融合率出现。因此,病毒刺突蛋白的融合活性是保守的。
实施例4.SFV病毒颗粒的膜融合活性
为制备用于融合活性测定的病毒颗粒,首先通过超速离心沉淀SFV(0.25μmol磷脂),并且随后用含有100mM DCPC的0.50m1HNE-缓冲液再悬浮。在0℃培养30分钟后,病毒膜被溶解,并且在4℃以100,000xg离心20分钟来除去核衣壳。然后将上清液添加至干燥的7.5nmol(1-芘癸酰基)-sn-磷脂酰胆碱(pyrPC)(Molecular Probes,Leiden,The Netherlands)薄膜上。在4℃培养20后,将上清液转入10,000MW截留透析盒(Slide-A-Lyzer’,Pierce Chemical Company,Rockford,IL,U.S.A.)并且在4℃用0.501HNE-缓冲液透析6小时,以及随后在4℃用0.501新鲜HNE-缓冲液透析15小时。用作融合试验中的靶的脂质体由卵磷脂酰胆碱(PC),来源于卵PC的磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE),牛脑SPM和胆固醇(摩尔比1∶1∶1∶1.5)通过冷冻-和-解冻/挤压法[44]制备。为测定膜融合,如图5所示,产生的病毒颗粒-样粒子与脂质体在37℃中性pH 7.4下混合。在0时间点,如所显示的将培养基酸化。通过随后芘激发物荧光的减弱继续监控融合。结果表明产生了病毒颗粒与脂质体的有效和快速的低-pH依赖的融合。
实施例5.用含有流感血球凝集素的病毒颗粒-样粒子免疫小鼠
将通过非肠道施用由短链磷脂方法重建的病毒颗粒-样粒子对小鼠进行的免疫与用常规的流感亚单位疫苗制剂免疫相比较。在第0天和14天通过肌肉注射30-50微升的在HNE-缓冲液制剂中的病毒颗粒-样制剂免疫Balb/C小鼠(每一组5只动物),制剂中含有5μg的来源于灭活流感病毒(毒株X-47H3N2)的HA。
在第21天收集血液。液氮冷冻血清样品并在-20℃保藏直至分析。根据标准方法利用豚鼠红细胞测定血细胞凝集-抑制(HI)滴度。结果描述于表I中。表明病毒颗粒-样粒子引起比亚单位抗原更有效的病毒-中和抗体应答。
表1.用流感病毒颗粒-样粒子或亚单位抗原免疫后的小鼠体内的血细胞凝集-抑制滴度
免疫原 | HI滴度(±S.D.) |
亚单位抗原 | 96±36 |
病毒颗粒-样粒子 | 215±73 |
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Claims (17)
1.一种制备病毒颗粒-样粒子的方法,包括将包膜病毒与含有短链磷脂的溶液接触溶解所述病毒的病毒包膜,进一步包括由所述溶液除去短链磷脂从而形成功能重建的病毒包膜,其中所述短链磷脂是包含具有少于十二个碳原子的酰基链的磷脂酰胆碱。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,进一步包括由所述溶液除去病毒核衣壳。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中通过透析或过滤除去所述磷脂。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述磷脂具有大于0.1mM的临界胶束浓度。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述磷脂为1,2-二庚酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱或1,2-二己酰基-sn-磷脂酰胆碱。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述病毒为流感病毒或甲病毒。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,进一步包括将非来源于所述病毒的分子添加给所述病毒颗粒-样粒子。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中所述分子为脂质或蛋白。
9.根据权利要求7或8的方法,其中所述分子是两性的。
10.根据权利要求7或8的方法,其中所述分子来源于病原体。
11.根据权利要求10的方法其中,所述病原体为病毒、细菌或寄生虫。
12.根据权利要求7或8的方法,其中所述分子为肿瘤特异性抗原。
13.通过任一权利要求1至12的方法获得的病毒颗粒-样粒子。
14.权利要求13的病毒颗粒-样粒子用于制备药物组合物的用途。
15.根据权利要求14的用途,其中所述药物组合物为疫苗。
16.根据权利要求14或15的用途,其中所述药物组合物用于非肠道或粘膜施用。
17.含有权利要求13的病毒颗粒-样粒子的药物组合物。
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