CN100545431C - 用于内燃机的分布式点燃的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于内燃机的分布式点燃的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN100545431C
CN100545431C CNB2005101089795A CN200510108979A CN100545431C CN 100545431 C CN100545431 C CN 100545431C CN B2005101089795 A CNB2005101089795 A CN B2005101089795A CN 200510108979 A CN200510108979 A CN 200510108979A CN 100545431 C CN100545431 C CN 100545431C
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M·L·威利
B·M·柏利
S·B·法弗兰德
W·龚
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
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    • F02D19/0649Liquid fuels having different boiling temperatures, volatilities, densities, viscosities, cetane or octane numbers
    • F02D19/0652Biofuels, e.g. plant oils
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Abstract

提供一用来运行内燃机的方法和装置。该方法包括以下诸步骤:将主燃料引入内燃机的主燃烧室内,将先导燃料引入内燃机的主燃烧室内,确定内燃机的运行载荷,根据内燃机运行载荷确定要求的火花塞点火时间,以及以要求的火花塞点火时间用火花塞点燃主燃料和先导燃料。该方法的特点在于,先导燃料的辛烷数低于主燃料的辛烷数。

Description

用于内燃机的分布式点燃的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及用来提供内燃机的分布式点燃的方法和装置,具体来说,涉及这样的方法和装置,其用来控制内燃机的主燃烧室内的先导燃料和主燃料的点燃。
背景技术
诸如天然气之类的低十六烷(即,高辛烷)燃料相比于在内燃机内燃烧的其它碳氢化合物燃料具有若干优点。例如,天然气比其它碳氢化合物燃料廉价。此外,相对于其它碳氢化合物燃料,在内燃机运行过程中天然气燃烧较为干净。由于燃烧较干净,因此在内燃机运行过程中,释放到环境中去的诸如一氧化碳、氮的氧化物和碳氢化合物之类的燃烧副产物的量减少。此外,因为内燃机的润滑油在一段时间后因燃烧副产物而被污染,所以,减少燃烧副产物量即可减少污染,由此,提高润滑油的使用寿命。
有一种类型的内燃机是诸如典型的柴油机的自燃式内燃机。通过将空气和燃料的混合物压缩到燃料因这种压缩发热而点燃的点,柴油机使燃料燃烧。当天然气在一自燃式内燃机内用作为燃料时,天然气随着其压缩不容易被点燃。为了克服这个问题,提供一诸如火花塞的点燃源来点燃天然气。在其它类型的内燃机中,例如,双燃料内燃机,通过将少量的诸如柴油燃料(或其它非自燃的燃料)的先导燃料喷射到空气和天然气的混合物内,来提供点燃源。当空气、天然气和先导燃料的混合物压缩时,先导燃料被点燃,接着又使天然气自动点燃。
与使用先导燃料作为一点燃源相关的缺点在于,这会产生增加的氮氧化物量(NOx)。尤其是,燃烧室内空气对天然气和先导燃料组合的比例随着与先导燃料的喷射流的接近而变化。富的混合物形成在先导燃料喷射位置附近,而贫的混合物形成在进一步远离喷射的位置。富的混合物的燃烧趋于比贫的混合物的燃烧产生更多的NOx
在燃烧过程中减少产生的NOx量的一种方法是,在点燃之前在整个燃烧室内形成空气、天然气和先导燃料的一种贫的均质的混合物。因为在整个燃烧室内均质混合物是贫的混合物,所以只有贫的混合物燃烧。只有贫的混合物的燃烧比富的混合物和贫的混合物的组合的燃烧产生较少量的NOx。一旦要求点燃,可使用一火花塞来点燃贫的均质的混合物。
在授予Willi等人共同拥有的美国专利No.6,666,185(“Willi”)中,Willi专利揭示了一种控制先导燃料的喷射从而控制内燃机内燃料均匀分布的点燃的方法和装置。Willi的方法和装置包括根据内燃机的荷载调整喷射的时间和先导燃料量来控制点燃。在Willi专利中,燃料是自燃的。
在本发明中,提供这样的方法和装置,其用来控制使用火花塞对先导燃料和主燃料的均质分布的点燃。
发明内容
在一个方面,揭示了一种用来运行内燃机的方法。该方法包括以下诸步骤:将主燃料引入内燃机的主燃烧室内,将先导燃料引入内燃机的主燃烧室内,确定内燃机的运行载荷,根据内燃机运行载荷确定要求的火花塞点火时间,在要求的火花塞点火时间用火花塞点燃主燃料和先导燃料。该方法的特点在于,先导燃料的辛烷数低于主燃料的辛烷数。
在另一方面,提供一种方法,其对内燃机提供分布式点燃。该方法包括以下诸步骤:将一些燃料/空气混合物引入到内燃机的一燃烧室内,确定内燃机的运行载荷,根据内燃机的运行载荷确定要求的火花点燃时间,在要求的时间点燃一火花塞从而点燃燃料/空气混合物。
在还有另一方面,提供一种分布式点燃的内燃机。内燃机包括一气缸组件,其包括一具有一形成在其中的活塞气缸的内燃机体、一固定到内燃机体的内燃机头、以及一在活塞气缸内平移的活塞,其中,内燃机体、内燃机头和活塞合作而形成一燃烧室。内燃机还包括一定位成在吸入主燃料和空气混合物的过程中与燃烧室流体连通的吸入端口;一燃料喷射器,其操作而喷射先导燃料,以引入到内燃机的燃烧室内;一火花塞,其构造成点燃燃烧室内的主燃料和先导燃料;一内燃机载荷确定装置;以及一控制器,其构造成从内燃机载荷确定装置接收信息,并构造成根据燃烧室内的先导燃料所要求的均质的分布来对应地确定要求的火花塞点燃时间。
附图说明
图1是包括本发明的特征的一内燃机的局部剖视和局部示意图;
图2是示出本发明的一实施例的方框图;以及
图3是包括本发明一实例的特征的一内燃机的局部剖视和局部示意图。
具体实施方式
参照图1,图中示出一内燃机10。内燃机组件10包括一腔室部件12和一空气源14。腔室部件12具有形成在其中的一入口开口16和一出口开口15。空气源14供应空气到入口开口16。从空气源14流出的空气通过入口开口16进入到形成在腔室部件12内的腔室24内。
内燃机组件10还包括一气缸组件26。气缸组件26包括一气缸体28,其中具有一形成在其中的活塞气缸30。内燃机头32固定到气缸体28。内燃机头32具有一吸气端口34、一排气端口36、以及一形成在其中的燃料喷射器开口60。一吸气导管38放置成使吸气端口34与腔室部件12的出口开口15流体连通。一排气通道52放置成使排气端口36与排气集管54流体连通。
内燃机组件10还包括一活塞40,其在活塞气缸30内大致沿箭头42和44的方向平移。当活塞40大致沿箭头42和44的方向向下移动到图1所示的位置时,一连接杆43推压曲轴50大致沿箭头51的方向转动。其后,当曲轴50大致沿箭头51的方向继续转动时,曲轴50推压连接杆43和活塞40,大致沿着箭头42的方向将活塞40返回到最上的位置(未示出)。
活塞40、活塞气缸30和内燃机头32合作形成一燃烧室46。尤其是,当活塞40大致沿箭头42的方向前进时,燃烧室46的容积减小。另一方面,当活塞40大致沿箭头44的方向前进时,燃烧室46的容积增加(如图1所示)。
内燃机组件10还包括一主燃料源18,其与吸气导管38流体连通。主燃料供应阀41控制进入到吸入导管38的主燃料量(例如,天然气)。尤其是,主燃料供应阀41在一打开位置和一关闭位置之间移动,在前一个位置使主燃料进入到吸入导管38,而在后一个位置阻止主燃料进入到吸入导管38。应该认识到,通过主燃料阀41进入的主燃料量可控制进入到燃烧室46的空气对主燃料的比例,或空气/燃料比。具体来说,如果希望使贫的混合物进入到燃烧室46,则通过信号线96接收到的主燃料控制信号致使主燃料供应阀41进行操作,以使较少的主燃料进入到吸入导管38。另一方面,如果希望使空气和主燃料的富的混合物进入到燃烧室46,则通过信号线96接收到的主燃料控制信号致使主燃料供应阀41进行操作,以使较多的主燃料进入到吸入导管38。
应该指出的是,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的前提下,也可使用其它的方法来将主燃料和空气混合物引入到燃烧室46内。例如,主燃料可通过吸入导管38在离空气源14任何点处与空气混合,包括涡轮增压器(未示出)的上游。或者,主燃料可直接喷射到燃烧室46内,其后与吸入的空气混合。
主燃料通常是具有高辛烷数(即,低十六烷数)的燃料。较佳地,主燃料是天然气。然而,主燃料可以是某些其它的类型,例如,汽油、甲醇、乙醇等,并可以是气体或液体。
内燃机组件10还包括一火花塞64,其构造成点燃燃烧室内的主燃料、先导燃料和空气的混合物。火花塞64能使内燃机组件10精确地控制燃料和空气混合物的点燃,即使在非常贫的燃料比的过程中也行。火花塞64的点燃能在一分布式点燃的内燃机内以低的等价比(例如,0.5和不到)精确控制燃烧。应该认识到,可使用任何类型的火花塞,例如,J-间隙、多火炬、预腔室,或激光。还应该认识到,甚至可使用一微先导燃料喷射器,其在没有火花存在的情况下使燃料自燃。
在图1和3所示的实施例中,控制器90送出一控制信号98到火花塞64,以便精确地控制燃烧室46内燃料和空气混合物的点燃。
一吸入阀48有选择地放置成使腔室部件的腔室24与燃烧室46流体连通。吸入阀48通过一曲轴(未示出)、一推杆(未示出)、一因曲轴50的转动而被驱动的摇臂(未示出),以已知的方式致动,或通过可由液压方式、电子方式或气动方式操作的任何阀致动系统致动。当吸入阀48放置在打开位置(如图1所示)时,空气和主燃料通过吸入端口34从吸入导管38进入到燃烧室46。当吸入阀48放置在关闭位置(未画出)时,空气和主燃料被阻止从吸入导管38进入到燃烧室46,因为吸入阀48阻塞流体流过吸入端口34。
一排气阀56有选择地放置成使排气集管54与燃烧室46流体连通。排气阀56通过一曲轴(未示出)、一推杆(未示出)、一因曲轴50的转动而被驱动的摇臂(未示出),以已知的方式致动,或通过可由液压方式、电子方式或气动方式操作的任何阀致动系统致动。当排气阀56放置在打开位置(未示出)时,废气通过包括排气端口36和排气通道52的流体路径从燃烧室46进入到排气集管54。废气从排气集管54进入到排气导管55。当排气阀56放置在关闭位置(如图1所示)时,废气被阻止从燃烧室46进入到排气集管54,因为排气阀56阻塞流体流过排气端口36。
燃烧室46内主燃料和空气的混合物的燃烧产生大量废气。当主燃料和空气的混合物在燃烧室46内燃烧后,废气通过排气导管55排出。废气中包括一定量的氮氧化物(“NOx”)。
内燃机组件10还包括一燃料箱70。一燃料泵72从燃料箱70中抽取低压的燃料,并使高压燃料通过燃料管线74进入到燃料喷射器62。喷射器62定位在喷射器开口60内,并可进行操作将一定量燃料通过喷射器开口60喷射到燃烧室46内。尤其是,在接收到信号线100上的喷射器控制信号后,燃料喷射器62将燃料喷射到燃烧室46内。此外,燃料可以是以下燃料组中的任何一个:柴油燃料、原油、润滑油,或水和柴油燃料的乳化剂。更一般地来说,燃料可以是具有的十六烷数比主燃料高的任何类型的燃料,因此,具有比主燃料更容易燃烧的特性。
在图1和3所示的实施例中,控制器90送出一控制信号100到喷射器62和302,以控制引入到燃烧室46内的先导燃料的量。
应该认识到,可以以任何已知的方式将先导燃料引入到燃烧室46内,并不局限于如图1所示的直接喷射。例如,先导燃料可以是如图3所示地端口喷射,或可以类似于燃料供应阀41那样通过燃料供应阀引入。
内燃机组件10还包括一控制器90。控制器90较佳地是一微处理器基础上的内燃机控制单元。如图2所示,控制器90较佳地包括一组图202。各个图202是燃料喷射量、火花塞点燃时间和对于确定的内燃机运行载荷的N0x的三维图。内燃机载荷的变化将导致一供参考的新图202。此外,载荷和由此图的变化是基于确定的恒定的内燃机速度。内燃机速度的变化需参照附加的图。
内燃机速度由一内燃机速度确定装置206确定,例如,一速度传感器或本行业内熟知的某些这样装置。内燃机载荷由内燃机载荷确定装置204确定。内燃机载荷确定装置的实例包括(但不限于)测量每个循环作功的气缸压力传感器,根据吸入压力和废气中的氧的测量值进行评估,以及根据测量的燃料质量流率进行评估。
参照图3,图中示出本发明的一实例。图3实施例与图1实施例的不同之处在于,先导燃料引入到燃烧室46内是通过吸入端口34,而不是借助于直接喷射。例如,一端口喷射器302可将先导燃料喷射到吸入导管38内(如图所示)。或者,可使用其它的装置来将先导燃料供应到吸入端口34内,例如,声雾化器、空气辅助喷射器等。上述实施例的变体可包括在吸入导管38的上游的某些其它部位处引入先导燃料,例如,在主燃料和空气供应的上游处。
以下将描述本发明的工业应用。
在运行中,典型的内燃机组件10以四冲程循环运行,其包括吸气冲程、压缩冲程、动力冲程和排气冲程。尽管以下的讨论具体地针对一种四冲程内燃机,但本发明的原理同样可用于其它类型的内燃机,例如,两冲程的内燃机。
第一冲程是吸气冲程,在此冲程过程中,排气阀56定位在关闭位置而吸气阀48定位在打开位置(如图1所示)。在吸气冲程过程中,活塞40大致沿箭头44的方向向下前进,由此,在燃烧室46内形成低压。该低压从吸入导管38抽取主燃料和空气,向下进入到燃烧室46内,以在燃烧室46内形成空气和主燃料的均质的混合物。
在吸气或压缩冲程过程中的某些点处,先导燃料通过喷射器62喷射到燃烧室46或吸入导管38内。先导燃料喷射前进到足够远,以使先导燃料具有足够的时间在燃烧室46内形成主燃料和空气的均质的混合物。
前进到压缩冲程,吸气阀48和排气阀56均定位在其对应的关闭位置。当活塞40大致沿箭头42的方向向上移动时,它压缩燃烧室46内的主燃料、先导燃料和空气。在压缩冲程过程中的某时间点,火花塞64点燃,以便有选择地点燃主燃料、先导燃料和空气的均匀的混合物。控制器90从内燃机载荷确定装置204和内燃机速度确定装置206接收信息,并相应地进入一对应的图202。图202根据希望减少的排放的NOx量提供一理想的火花塞点燃时间。控制器90然后通过信号线212提供指令信号,随即又控制火花塞点燃时间。控制器也可通过信号线208和210提供指令信号,其分别控制喷射时间和喷射量。
除了参考图之外,控制器90可用其它方法来确定理想的火花塞点燃时间、先导燃料喷射时间、以及先导燃料量。例如,控制器90可从气缸压力传感器(未示出)接收信息,或与内燃机速度波动相关的信息,并相应地确定一基于燃烧变化的理想的喷射量。此外,控制器90可接收与气缸压力上升率相关的信息,例如,从测量气缸压力或使用“敲击(knock)”传感器(未示出),并相应地确定一理想的火花塞点燃时间。
在图3的实施例中,先导燃料喷射到吸入导管38内。通过上述图或其它的方法可以确定理想的喷射量可以在引入到燃烧室46内的总的燃料的大约0.5%至1%的范围内。然而,应该指出的是,这些量仅是示范的,数值可以变化。
研究诸附图、本发明的描述和附后的权利要求书可以获得本发明的其它方面。

Claims (12)

1.一种用来运行内燃机的方法,该方法包括以下诸步骤:
将主燃料引入内燃机的主燃烧室内;
将先导燃料引入内燃机的主燃烧室内;
确定内燃机的运行载荷;
根据内燃机运行载荷确定要求的火花塞点火时间;以及
在要求的火花塞点火时间用火花塞点燃主燃料和先导燃料,
该方法的特征在于,先导燃料的辛烷数低于主燃料的辛烷数。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括一步骤,即混合燃烧室内的主燃料和先导燃料,以形成一相对均质的主燃料和先导燃料的混合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,主燃料是天然气。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,先导燃料是润滑油。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,先导燃料直接喷射到燃烧室内。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,先导燃料在引入燃烧室内之前,在端口喷射到吸入导管内。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,主燃料在引入燃烧室内之前,先被引入到吸入导管内。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,主燃料和先导燃料分别被引入和喷射到吸入导管和涡轮增压器压缩机的上游内。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,引入到燃烧室内的先导燃料小于或等于组合的主燃料和先导燃料的总能量的0.5%。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,火花塞点燃时间确定为NOx排放量的函数。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,火花塞点燃时间由对于确定的内燃机运行载荷的NOx图确定。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括确定内燃机的运行速度和作为内燃机运行速度的函数确定火花塞点燃时间。
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