CN100515655C - Low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding - Google Patents
Low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding Download PDFInfo
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- CN100515655C CN100515655C CNB2007100529227A CN200710052922A CN100515655C CN 100515655 C CN100515655 C CN 100515655C CN B2007100529227 A CNB2007100529227 A CN B2007100529227A CN 200710052922 A CN200710052922 A CN 200710052922A CN 100515655 C CN100515655 C CN 100515655C
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Abstract
Disclosed is a low alloy steel drug core welding wire used in the carbon dioxide arc welding. The components of the drug core and the content occupying the total weight of the welding wire(percent ratio) are as following: Ti01 3-6, Si 0.3-0.5, Mn 1.5-3.2, Si02 0.1-0.8,Zr02 0.1-0.5, Fe 2-7, Al plus Mg 0.5-1.2, Ni 0.5 -5, B 0.002-0.015, Ti 0.1-0.3; oxide or fluoride of alkali metal K, Na and Li is converted into the content of K, Na and Li, that is, 0.1-0.35; the content of fluoride F is 0.05-0.2; fluoride or oxide of rare earth metal is converted into the content of the rare earth metal, that is, 0.005-0.2; the product of the contents of C, Si and Mn in the welding wire is 0.058-0.11. The invention has good process property for the whole position welding of high strength low alloy steel, and can keep good stability of electric arc and welding operating property in the conditions of large current and fast-speed welding with smooth welding seam, high connecting intensity, good impact toughness minus 40 DEG C low temperature and good crack resistance.
Description
Affiliated technical field
The present invention relates to the wlding that metal solder is used, be meant a kind of low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding particularly.
Background technology
The advantage of CO 2 gas-shielded flux-cored wire welding is compatible welding rod and the welding of gas shield solid core welding wire, its production efficiency height, welding technological properties is good.Therefore this welding manner has obtained using widely in steel construction processing and manufacturing processes such as boats and ships, bridge.Just because of this, at present also more and more higher to the functional requirement of flux-cored wire, require flux-cored wire not only can adapt to speed of welding faster, and have good arc stability and welding operation performance; The Chinese patent notification number: CN 1775452C, the day for announcing: on May 24th, 2006, denomination of invention is " carbon steel cored solder wire for gas-shielded arc welding ", has proposed to contain TiO
2, Si, Mn, SiO
2, ZrO
2Fe, Al, Mg, the oxide of alkali metal K, Na, Li or fluoride, the full position flux-cored wire of raw materials such as rare earth metal, this welding wire arc stability is good, and weld seam is level and smooth, under-20 ℃ of conditions, have good low-temperature impact flexibility, be suitable for the regular tenacity carbon steel material of weld strength below 500MPa.At present, 500MPa on intensity, 550MPa, 600MPa, 650MPa, the application of the Hi-Stren steel of 700MPa level is more and more, particularly has good low-temperature impact toughness in requirements such as the bridge of northern cold zone, engineering machinery under-40 ℃.Above-mentioned flux-cored wire obviously is unsuitable for the all-position welding of Hi-Stren steel, and can't guarantee at the low-temperature impact toughness below-40 ℃.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is can't be applicable at existing welding wire the welding of Hi-Stren steel, its bonding strength, low-temperature impact toughness, cracking resistance aspect are difficult to reach requirement and provide that a kind of arc stability is good, low-temperature impact toughness is good, crack resistance is good, weld seam smoothly reaches the well behaved low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding of composite technology.It is applicable to 500MPa, 550MPa, 600MPa, 650MPa, the welding of rank Hi-Stren steels such as 700MPa.
Technical solution of the present invention is: a kind of low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding; comprise carbon steel crust and medicine core; weight % is: mild steel crust 80-90, it is as follows that medicine core 10-20, the composition of described medicine core and content account for welding wire gross weight %: TiO
23-6, Si 0.3-0.5, Mn 1.5-3.2, SiO
20.1-0.8, ZrO
20.1-0.5, Fe 2-7, Al+Mg 0.5-1.2, Ni 0.5-5, B 0.002-0.015, Ti 0.1-0.3, the oxide of alkali metal K, Na, Li or fluoride are amounted to the content 0.1-0.35 of K, Na, Li, K 0.03-0.07 wherein, Na or Li or both sums are 0.06-0.28, fluoride F is 0.05-0.2, and the fluoride of rare earth metal or oxide are amounted to rare earth metal to account for welding wire gross weight % be 0.005-0.2, and to account for welding wire gross weight % be 0.058-0.11 to the product of C, Si, Mn three's content in the described welding wire.
Also adding in the medicine core of the present invention has among Cr and the Mo one or both, and its content accounts for welding wire gross weight % and is 0.2-0.8.
To account for welding wire gross weight % be 0.06-0.15 to the content of C in medicine core of the present invention and the carbon steel crust.
Oxide TiO in the medicine core of the present invention
2+ SiO
2+ ZrO
2The content sum to account for welding wire gross weight % be 4.0-7.5.
To account for welding wire gross weight % be 0.001-0.012 to the content of B in the medicine core of the present invention.
B/Ti is 0.05-0.2 in the medicine core of the present invention.
In medicine core of the present invention and the carbon steel crust content sum of other compositions S, P, Sn and Bi account for welding wire gross weight % should be less than 0.035, wherein S is less than 0.015, P is less than 0.020, Sn is less than 0.001, Bi is less than 0.001.
Medicine core of the present invention and carbon steel crust design of chemical composition thinking are as follows:
TiO
2Be main slag former, arc stabilizer improves the moulding of weld seam and takes off slag, is the all-position welding indispensable material.Titanium in the ilmenite is amounted to TiO
2Addition is less than at 3% o'clock can not embody above-mentioned characteristic, greater than 6% o'clock because the oxygen content height, low-temperature impact toughness reduces, the slag blanket thickening influence gas easily generation pore of overflowing from the molten bath.Therefore be limited to 3-6.But tend to contain the Sn element in TiO2 raw material rutile, the too high levels of Sn can cause weld seam to crack, so the content of reply Sn is controlled.
C comprises C in the steel crust and the C in the medicine core, splashes and flue dust from reduction, and C is low more good more, wish below 0.02%, but collateral security weld metal mechanical property and molten iron flowability content at 0.06%-0.15% for well.Too high greater than 0.15% o'clock weld metal intensity, low-temperature impact toughness reduces, the flue dust and the increase of splashing.Crack sensitivity increases.
Si is main deoxidier, reduces the oxygen content of weld metal, improves low-temperature impact toughness, regulates the flowability of molten iron, and addition is less than at 0.3% o'clock can not embody above-mentioned characteristic, becomes sticky greater than 0.5% o'clock molten iron, and weld strength is too high, and low-temperature impact toughness reduces.Therefore be limited to 0.3%-0.5%.
Mn is main deoxidier, reduces the oxygen content of weld metal, increases weld metal intensity and crack resistance, improve low-temperature impact toughness, regulate the flowability of molten iron, addition is less than at 1.5% o'clock and embodies above-mentioned characteristic deficiency, too high greater than 3.1% o'clock weld strength, low-temperature impact toughness reduces.Therefore be limited to 1.5%-3.1%.
The B crystal grain thinning can improve low-temperature impact toughness, is adding the fashionable significant raising impact flexibility effect that has simultaneously with C, Si, Mn, Ti.Through test, when B/Ti is 0.05-0.2, improve playing a role clearly of impact flexibility.And when the product of C, Si, Mn three's content is 0.058-0.11, can satisfy-40 ℃ impact flexibility.
SiO
2Be slag former, rise and regulate slag fusing point and viscosity that improve appearance of weld, favourable weld seam is to the mother metal rounding off.Addition is less than 0.1 can not embody above-mentioned characteristic, greater than 1% o'clock because the oxygen content height, low-temperature impact toughness reduces, and causes the welding slag sintering on the weld seam easily, therefore is limited to 0.1-0.8%.
ZrO
2Be the all-position welding indispensable material, can improve the fusing point of slag effectively, make it the good weld seam that is covered in, prevent the tenesmus of vertical position welding molten iron, reduce sinter thickness, help the eliminating of weld seam gas.Addition is less than at 0.1% o'clock can not embody above-mentioned characteristic, too high greater than 0.6% o'clock weld metal intensity, and low-temperature impact toughness reduces.Therefore be limited to 0.1%-0.5%.
Al, Mg are strong deoxidiers, (wherein contain aluminium and amount to into Al and Mg calculating) with magnesium oxide, improve low-temperature impact toughness, addition is less than at 0.3% o'clock and improves the low-temperature impact toughness scarce capacity, greater than 1.3% o'clock because deoxidation products contains eliminating and the appearance of weld that fusing point rising setting rate that aluminium and magnesium oxide make slag accelerates to be unfavorable for weld seam gas, welding bead protrudes during vertical position welding, easily produces air drain.Therefore be limited to 0.5%-1.2%.
Fe is an iron powder, can improve conditions at the arc, regulates molten iron fusing point and viscosity.Addition is less than at 2% o'clock and embodies above-mentioned characteristic deficiency, and greater than 7% o'clock vertical position welding degradation, it is big that flue dust becomes.Therefore be limited to 2%-7%.
Na
2O, K
2O, Li
2O is an arc stabilizer, amounts to wherein K, Na or the content of Li or both sums 0.06%-0.28% that accounts for the welding wire gross weight.Addition is less than 0.06% o'clock arc stability deficiency, and electric arc is too concentrated, and vertical position welding molten bath molten iron turns up, the electric arc instability.Addition is elongated greater than 0.28% o'clock electric arc, the flue dust and the increase of splashing, the tenesmus of vertical position welding molten iron.Amount to the 0.04%-0.07% that wherein K content accounts for the welding wire gross weight.K content is in 0.04% instability of electric arc when following, and vertical position welding molten bath molten iron turns up, and K content is 0.07% when above, and the weld seam low-temperature impact toughness reduces.
Fluoride NaF, KF, LiF are arc stabilizers, and the 0.05%-0.2% that F content accounts for the welding wire gross weight is amounted in the dehydrogenation agent.Addition is less than 0.05% o'clock arc stability deficiency, and the dehydrogenation scarce capacity easily produces the weld porosity load mould.Addition is greater than the 0.2% o'clock flue dust and the increase of splashing.When with fluoride NaF, KF, LiF as arc stabilizer, during the dehydrogenation agent, the content that must guarantee Na in the welding wire or Li or both sums accounts for the 0.06%-0.28% of welding wire gross weight, and should guarantee that the content of K in the welding wire accounts for the 0.04%-0.07% of welding wire gross weight.
Oxide TiO
2+ SiO
2+ ZrO
2=4%-7.5%, oxide TiO
2+ SiO
2+ ZrO
2Bad less than 4% o'clock all-position welding technology.Oxide TiO
2+ SiO
2+ ZrO
2Too high greater than 7.5% o'clock oxygen content, low-temperature impact toughness reduces, and easily produces the weld porosity load mould.
The fluoride of rare earth metal or oxide have fixedly hydrogen, nitrogen, improve the effect of low-temperature impact toughness, amount to the 0.005%-0.2% that rare earth metal fluoride or oxide content account for the welding wire gross weight.Less than 0.005% o'clock very little to the effect of fixedly hydrogen, nitrogen, caused the electric arc shakiness to splash to increase, influence appearance of weld to the dilution of slag is excessive greater than 0.2% o'clock.The fluoride of rare earth metal or oxide can be buied on market.
Ni is favourable to improving low-temperature impact toughness, and the adding scope is 0.5-5%.
Cr has the effect that improves intensity and quenching degree, improves the ability of anti-atmosphere of weld seam and seawater corrosion.But the effect that reduces low-temperature impact toughness and percentage elongation is arranged, and Cr content is 0.2-0.8.
Mo has the effect that improves intensity, and in the effect that certain limit can improve low-temperature impact toughness, surpassing 0.5 intensity increases too much, and low-temperature impact toughness descends, and content can be controlled in 0.2-0.8.
S, the P, Sn and the Bi unit that remain in welding wire medicine core and the carbon steel crust have the crackle tendency that increases weld seam, must carry out strict control.S＜0.015, P＜0.020, Sn＜0.001, Bi＜0.001, S, P, Sn, Bi sum are not more than 0.035.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: 1, at low-alloy steel is the instructions for use of Hi-Stren steel, B, Ni and Ti raw material have been increased, under the prerequisite that guarantees weld strength, and studied B and C, Si, Mn, Ti and added simultaneously improving the effect of impact flexibility, define clearly B/Ti than and C, Si, Mn three adding fashionable correlation, improved-40 ℃ of low-temperature impact toughness of weld seam effectively, make it to satisfy the applying working condition of Hi-Stren steel all-position welding.2, the oxide or the fluoride of adding rare earth metal improve its fixedly effect of hydrogen, nitrogen, have improved the low-temperature impact toughness of weld seam effectively.Add strong deoxidier Al, Mg, improved the low-temperature impact toughness of weld seam, help the discharge and the appearance of weld of weld seam gas.3, can add Cr, the Mo element of certain content according to the needs that use, can under the prerequisite that guarantees low-temperature impact toughness, increase weld seam corrosion resistance and weld strength.4, control oxide TiO
2+ SiO
2+ ZrO
2Addition, guaranteed the processing performance of flux-cored wire all-position welding.5, the content of S, P, Sn, Bi reduces the tendency that weld seam cracks in the strict control welding wire.6 control the content of C in the welding wire on the whole, have guaranteed the mechanical property of weld metal; Can keep good arc stability and welding operation performance under the condition of big electric current, rapid welding, its weld seam is level and smooth, and weld metal has good low-temperature impact toughness and good crack resistance.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the product value of C among the present invention, Si, Mn three's content and the schematic diagram of ballistic work relation.
The specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with description of drawings and the specific embodiment:
The steel crust of flux-cored wire adopts mild steel, and its chemical composition sees Table 1.
Table 1: the chemical composition % of flux-cored wire steel crust
| C | Si | Mn | S | P | Sn |
| 0.034 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.0001 |
In medicine core of the present invention and the carbon steel crust content sum of other compositions S, P, Sn and Bi account for welding wire gross weight % should be less than 0.035, wherein S is less than 0.015, P is less than 0.020, Sn is less than 0.001, Bi is less than 0.001.
The chemical analysis of medicine core powder and raw material formation see Table 2.
Table 2: the formation of medicine core powder
| Drug core component | Constitute | Content (accounting for welding wire %) |
| TiO 2 | The rutile reduced ilmenite | 4-6.5 |
| Ti | The Titanium ferrotianium | 0.1-0.3 |
| Si | The ferrosilicon silicomangan | 0.3-0.5 |
| Mn | Ferromanganese silicomangan manganese metal | 1.5-3.1 |
| SiO 2 | Quartzy potassium, albite zircon sand zircon | 0.1-0.8 |
| ZrO 2 | The zircon sand zircon | 0.1-0.5 |
| Fe | Iron powder silicomangan ferromanganese reduced ilmenite ferro-aluminum | 2-7 |
| Al+Mg | Ferro-aluminum almag magnesium powder | 0.5-1.2 |
| Alkali metal oxide | K (potassic feldspar, potassium) | 0.04-0.07 |
| Alkali metal oxide | Na or Li or both and (albite soda ash sodium silicate) | 0.06-0.28 |
| Alkali metal fluoride | NaF KF LiF | F：0.05-0.2 |
| Rare earth metal | The fluoride of rare earth metal or oxide | 0.005-0.2 |
| C | C in the steel crust, iron powder, silicomangan | 0.06-0.15 |
| B | The B2O3 ferro-boron | 0.02-0.12 |
| Ni | The Ni powder | 0.5-5 |
| Cr | The little carbon Cr of Metal Cr iron | 0.2-0.8 |
| Mo | Mo iron | 0.2-0.8 |
At the interior charge core powder of crust (wide 14 millimeters, thick 0.9 millimeter) that mild-carbon steel strip is made, filling rate 10%-20% obtains the finished product welding wire of diameter 1.0-1.6 millimeter behind the overmolding tube reducing.
Each component content of medicine core is changed the back press different-diameter, different filling rates are made welding wire and are tested.The diameter of its flux-cored wire, filling rate and medicine core each component see Table 3.
When B/Ti is 0.05-0.2, improve playing a role clearly of impact flexibility.And when the product of C, Si, Mn three's content is 0.058-0.11, can satisfy-40 ℃ impact flexibility.
Table 3: welding wire and medicine core component proportioning test table
Continuous table 3: welding wire and medicine core component proportioning test table
Annotate: other hurdles include rare earth metal etc.
And S, the P, Sn and the Bi unit that remain in welding wire medicine core and the carbon steel crust have the crackle tendency that increases weld seam, must carry out strict control.S＜0.015, P＜0.020, Sn＜0.001, Bi＜0.001, S, P, Sn, Bi sum are not more than 0.035.
The mechanical property soldering test, general welding condition: 20 millimeters of electrode extensions, CO
220 liters/minute of gas flows.
1. the deposited metal welding condition is referring to table 4.
Table 4: deposited metal Mechanics Performance Testing welding condition
| Project | Welding condition |
| Welding current | 220-240A |
| Weldingvoltage | 26-28V |
| The welding number of plies | 7 layer of 14 road |
| Temperature between the road | 150℃ |
| Speed of welding | 250 millimeters/minute |
| Weld width | The 2/3-4/5 weld width |
2. the banjo fixing butt jointing welding condition is referring to table 5.
Table 5: the horizontal banjo fixing butt jointing mechanics Mechanics Performance Testing welding condition of flat butt joint
| Project | Welding condition |
| Welding current | 200-240A |
| Weldingvoltage | 26-28V |
| The welding number of plies | 4 layer of 6 road |
| Temperature between the road | 150℃ |
| Speed of welding | 250 millimeters/minute |
| Weld width | The 2/3-1 weld width |
3. upright banjo fixing butt jointing welding condition is referring to table 6.
Table 6: upright banjo fixing butt jointing mechanics Mechanics Performance Testing welding condition
| Project | Welding condition |
| Welding current | 160-200A |
| Weldingvoltage | 26-28V |
| The welding number of plies | 4 layer of 6 road |
| Temperature between the road | 150℃-200℃ |
| Speed of welding | The 100-200 millimeter/minute |
| Weld width | The 2/3-1 weld width |
4. flat fillet weld welding condition is with reference to table 5, and the fillet welding in the vertical position welding condition is with reference to table 6.
The crack resistance soldering test
Cracking test:
One. tiltedly the Y cracking test carries out with reference to GB4675.1.Tiltedly Y cracking test welding current parameter is with reference to table 8
Two. the welding procedure cracking test
1) angle welding cracking test:
12 * 150 * 500 millimeters of angle welding test plate (panel) sizes, 3.5 millimeters in gap.Angle welding test plate (panel) material EH36, angle welding crazing-resistance test welding condition are with reference to table 7:
Table 7: angle welding crazing-resistance test welding condition
| Project | Welding condition |
| Welding current | 300A |
| Weldingvoltage | 30-32V |
| Weld gap | 3.2-4 millimeter |
| Fusion length | 450 millimeters |
| Speed of welding | The 320-400 millimeter/minute |
| Leg | 6.5 millimeter |
2). the banjo fixing butt jointing cracking test:
25 * 150 * 300 millimeters of banjo fixing butt jointing test plate (panel) sizes, groove 30 degree, 6 millimeters in gap, reverse side adds the cushions.Test plate (panel) material EH36 or 650MPa level low alloy high-strength steel plate.Banjo fixing butt jointing crazing-resistance test welding condition is with reference to table 8:
Table 8: banjo fixing butt jointing crazing-resistance test welding condition
| Project | Welding condition |
| Welding current | 220A |
| Weldingvoltage | 26-28V |
| Weld gap | 6 millimeters |
| Fusion length | 300 millimeters |
| Welding method | The liner single welding |
| Speed of welding | The 140-200 millimeter/minute |
| Throat depth | The 2-3 millimeter |
The equal flawless of above binomial cracking test.
The overall merit of test welding wire process performance
Through testing: the composition in the welding wire of sequence number D1-D16 all satisfies scope of the present invention, and arc stability takes off slag and appearance of weld is good, the pore-free air drain, good mechanical properties, weld strength and low-temperature impact toughness all satisfy the requirement of Hi-Stren steel, are adapted to all-position welding.
D17, D19.-D22, the D24-D26 welding wire process is functional, but the product of C * Mn * Si＜0.058 low-temperature impact toughness deficiency.
D18K＞0.07 electric arc is longer, the product of C * Mn * Si＜0.058 low-temperature impact toughness deficiency.
The D23 welding wire process is functional, but the product of C * Mn * Si＞0.11 low-temperature impact toughness deficiency, and the crackle tendency increases.
Table 9 welding wire mechanical property
| D18 | 470 | 565 | 32 | 46 |
| D19 | 570 | 675 | 20 | 38 |
| D20 | 520 | 600 | 28 | 42 |
| D21 | 560 | 640 | 24.5 | 35 |
| D22 | 560 | 635 | 25 | 30 |
| D23 | 625 | 700 | 22 | 47 |
| D24 | 610 | 670 | 19 | 41 |
| D25 | 670 | 735 | 13 | 33 |
| D26 | 710 | 760 | 20 | 40 |
Referring to Fig. 1, in test sequence number D1-D26, when the product of C, Si, Mn three's content was the 0.058%-0.11% of welding wire gross weight %, its ballistic work was all more than 47J as can be seen; When the product of C, Si, Mn three's content less than welding wire gross weight % 0.058% or greater than 0.11% the time, its ballistic work all is not higher than 47J.
Claims (1)
1. a low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding comprises carbon steel crust and medicine core, and weight % is: mild steel crust 80-90, medicine core 10-20 is characterized in that: it is as follows that the composition of described medicine core and content account for welding wire gross weight %: TiO
23-6, Si 0.3-0.5, Mn 1.5-3.2, SiO
20.1-0.8, ZrO
20.1-0.5, Fe 2-7, Al+Mg0.5-1.2, Ni 0.5-5, B0.002-0.015, Ti 0.1-0.3, the oxide of alkali metal K, Na, Li or fluoride are amounted to the content 0.1-0.35 of K, Na, Li, K 0.03-0.07 wherein, Na or Li or both sums are 0.06-0.28, it is 0.05-0.2 that fluoride is amounted to F, the fluoride of rare earth metal or oxide are amounted to rare earth metal, and to account for welding wire gross weight % be 0.005-0.2, also adding in the described medicine core has among Cr and the Mo one or both, and its content accounts for welding wire gross weight % and is 0.2-0.8, oxide TiO in the described medicine core
2+ SiO
2+ ZrO
2The content sum to account for welding wire gross weight % be 4.0-7.5, to account for welding wire gross weight % be 0.058-0.11 to the product of C, Si, Mn three's content in the described welding wire, the content sum of other compositions S, P, Sn and Bi accounts for welding wire gross weight % less than 0.035 in described medicine core and the carbon steel crust, wherein S is less than 0.015, P is less than 0.020, Sn is less than 0.001, and Bi is less than 0.001.
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|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2007100529227A CN100515655C (en) | 2007-08-09 | 2007-08-09 | Low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2007100529227A CN100515655C (en) | 2007-08-09 | 2007-08-09 | Low alloy steel flux-cored welding wire for carbon dioxide gas protection welding |
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| CN100515655C true CN100515655C (en) | 2009-07-22 |
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- 2007-08-09 CN CNB2007100529227A patent/CN100515655C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| CN101804529A (en) * | 2010-04-06 | 2010-08-18 | 天津大桥焊材集团有限公司 | Flux-cored wire for 50kg all-position welding fire-resistant and weather-resistant steel |
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| CN102328156A (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2012-01-25 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | Reduced ilmenite type flux-cored wire |
| CN102328156B (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2013-05-08 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | Reduced ilmenite type flux-cored wire |
| CN104874942A (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2015-09-02 | 武汉铁锚焊接材料股份有限公司 | Flux-cored wire and application thereof to automatic trolley welding in vertical direction |
| EP3778112A4 (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2021-10-27 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Method for manufacturing flux-cored wire, flux-cored wire and method for manufacturing welded joint |
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| CN101104232A (en) | 2008-01-16 |
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