CN1005015B - Device for masticating dough to manufacture bread and baking products and for dissolving and homogenizing food and fodder components at a low temp. - Google Patents
Device for masticating dough to manufacture bread and baking products and for dissolving and homogenizing food and fodder components at a low temp. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1005015B CN1005015B CN86102813.9A CN86102813A CN1005015B CN 1005015 B CN1005015 B CN 1005015B CN 86102813 A CN86102813 A CN 86102813A CN 1005015 B CN1005015 B CN 1005015B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- planetary
- screw
- helical flight
- food
- center bolt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 19
- 235000008429 bread Nutrition 0.000 title 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000010006 flight Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021067 refined food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BGOFCVIGEYGEOF-UJPOAAIJSA-N helicin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=CC=CC=C1C=O BGOFCVIGEYGEOF-UJPOAAIJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
- B01F27/60—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a horizontal or inclined axis
- B01F27/72—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a horizontal or inclined axis with helices or sections of helices
- B01F27/721—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a horizontal or inclined axis with helices or sections of helices with two or more helices in the same receptacle
- B01F27/722—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a horizontal or inclined axis with helices or sections of helices with two or more helices in the same receptacle the helices closely surrounded by a casing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/435—Sub-screws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/435—Sub-screws
- B29C48/44—Planetary screws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/83—Heating or cooling the cylinders
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Manufacturing And Processing Devices For Dough (AREA)
- Mixers Of The Rotary Stirring Type (AREA)
- Apparatuses For Bulk Treatment Of Fruits And Vegetables And Apparatuses For Preparing Feeds (AREA)
- Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)
Abstract
An apparatus for the low-temperature homogenisation and working of ingredients for food-stuffs and feed- stuffs such as dough is provided which permits a rolling kneading action to be effected on the ingredients without causing substantial shearing thereof. The apparatus comprises a planetary arrangement of flighted spindles , the planetary spindles being disposed around a central spindle . The flights on the planetary spindles engage with the at least one flight of the central spindle and also with at least one flight formed on the internal wall of a cylindrical housing . The ingredients which are to be gently homogenised and worked by being subjected to a rolling kneading action between the planetary spindles , the central spindle and the internal wall of the housing .
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of food and feed each component homogenising and process equipment.
Known food extrusion equipment has single screw extruder (DE-PS3023124) or twin worm extruder (DE-PS2461543).This class machine continuous operation, and be well suited for multiple application target, because it can make each processed food composition mix very evenly.
The good homogeneous effect mainly is to reach by each part of food of extruding is sheared.Shear action at first is to realize by being located at scraper plate on the rotary worm and the relative velocity between the static inwall of hollow cylinder.
The shortcoming of this extrusion equipment is that the part of numerous food product is arranged, and particularly relates to amyloid product, and they can cause bad influence when being sheared.
Though can reduce shear action by the measures such as structure of taking to reduce the worm screw rotating speed and changing the worm screw scraper plate, yet so just can not improve stationary part in machine and the relative velocity between the rotating part.
The objective of the invention is to make a kind of equipment, this equipment can dissolve each food composition and each feed ingredient as safe as a housely and these compositions is evenly distributed well.Should in processed food composition and feed ingredient, there be to realize under the situation of remarkable shear action continuous kneading process.
Above-mentioned purpose is realized by following measure, comprise in the equipment that one has the charging aperture of band loading hopper and the rotating homogenize of hollow cylindrical shell and one and the organisation of working of charging hole within it, the inwall of shell has helical flight, the row of shell extremely has the thrust ring that bears buffer brake, said mechanism is a shaft type planetary mechanism, this mechanism comprises that one has the center bolt of helical flight and the planetary-screw with helical flight that evenly disposes around center bolt, center convolution can be driven, its helical flight is meshed with the helical flight of planetary-screw, and the helical flight of planetary-screw is meshed with the helical flight of hollow cylindrical outer casing inner wall.
Because in equipment of the present invention, center bolt is by an electric driver and a decelerator driven rotary, and the helical flight of center bolt is meshed with the helical flight of planetary-screw, thereby make it to rotate together, so realized rolling movement between these machine parts, what at this moment the raw material between two parts was suffered is the kneading load of rolling.
When having between the inwall of spirality scraper plate on raw material arrives with the planetary-screw of center bolt interlock and shell accordingly, this process again repeats.Planetary-screw is meshed with helical flight on being located at outer casing inner wall by their helical flight, and therefore produces further rolling movement between these machine parts, thereby integrates dough under temperature conditions as safe as a house.
By the rolling movement of machine parts, can also not have obvious shear action, that is food is produced under the situation of tangible frictional heat.Realization is to the rolling extruding of dough or each part of food.Yet in general extrusion equipment, the phenomenon that food is sheared with frictional heat is inevitable, because this class machine at first is a kind of cutter, thereby more or less can in food, cause frictional energy, so the possibility of processing is extremely limited under safe temperature.
The structure that adopts the very little material of coefficient of friction to make thrust ring is good, because owing to the helical form moulding of equipment middle scraper has produced a planetary-screw axial force towards thrust ring, this axial force must be born by equipment.
Planetary-screw is made different length with respect to the length of center bolt at the raw material input, has formed the accepting chamber between machine feed end planetary-screw, and this helps rubbing the charging of each part in the dough.Particularly outstanding is the overload that they have avoided planetary-screw, because there is not the situation of impact type ground charging.
Or rather, because the length difference of planetary-screw can be implemented the kneading effect of staged ground.The volume of accepting chamber can stepped amplification or is dwindled, thereby helps the safe charging in the equipment.
The part helical flight of planetary-screw is removed, to constitute the part periphery on the screw rod, make and to consider to accept to process those more special doughs relatively more responsive high temperature, because can be when obtaining the good evenly effect of equipment the adaptive capacity of temperature reduced and adjust kneading effect, that is reduce to put on their rolling load to each part of food according to each part of food.By means of planetary-screw is designed accordingly, can adjust the degree of its kneading degree and homogenising to every kind of food to be processed.
Center bolt and discharge with endless screw device can not interconnect with relatively rotating, it be equipped with stirring arm the axle by transmission.
Embodiments of the invention have been shown in the accompanying drawing.
Wherein:
Fig. 1 is the equipment profilograph;
Fig. 2 is the II-II cross section enlarged drawing among Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the center bolt and the planetary-screw expanded view in Fig. 2 III-III cross section, the planetary-screw that wherein has part to shorten;
Fig. 4 is the version of the local no scraper plate of another kind of its planetary-screw;
Fig. 5 is the equipment profile that connects the discharge with endless screw device behind the vertical band;
Fig. 6 is the horizontal equipment profile with preposition feeding screw;
In the equipment that Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 schematically illustrate, a center bolt 1 is arranged, planetary-screw 2, the shell 4 of thrust ring 3 and band loading hopper 5.
Spiral helicine scraper plate 1a is arranged on center bolt 1, and the rubbing board 2a of it and planetary-screw 2 intermeshes, thereby planetary-screw 2 is rotated, and around center bolt 1 operation.Center bolt 1 is by not in addition transmission of the decelerator that has electric driver mechanism of expression in the drawings.
Planetary-screw 2 is meshed with helical flight 4a on the shell 4 by its scraper plate 2a, and rolls along the inwall of shell.
Shown in Figure 3 is expanded view, has wherein represented the planetary-screw 2 that shortens step by step, thus the accepting chamber 5 and 6 that has formed stepped amplification and dwindled in the machine porch, to improve the input condition of various food compositions.
In version of the present invention shown in Figure 4, the helical flight 2a on the planetary-screw 2 is fallen a part by turning, so formed columniform screw portion 7.
Between this screw portion 7, center bolt 1 and shell 4, formed a bigger free space 8, therefore made the rolling pressure of dough kneading littler than the pressure of the spire office that is in engagement in this position.Length and quantity according to the planetary-screw 2 with cylindrical part can accept to integrate the sort of dough that safe temperature is had specific (special) requirements.
Version shown in Figure 5 is specially adapted to integrate into the loose food of dough.
The various compositions that will be integrated infeed from charge door 9, prevent that by being fixed on the stirring arm 11 of axle on 10 material from piling up.
Between center bolt 1, planetary-screw 2 and shell 4 walls, various parts integrate mutually, and arrive the cylindrical chamber 12 that is made of hollow cylinder 14 through the conveying effect of spiral rubbing board, and discharge with endless screw device 13 rotates in hollow cylinder 14.
In the bottom of cylindrical chamber 12, return defeated spiral 15 by one, can prevent that the dough part from invading and being bonded on the bearing 16.
Discharge with endless screw device 13, center bolt 1 and be bearing on the bearing 17 the axle 10, by one not in the drawings the expression driving mechanism, by being bearing in axle head 18 driven rotary on the bearing 16.Each part solubilising of food after via hole 19 be transported on the conveyer belt 20.
Shell 4 shown in Figure 5 can also additionally be transferred to certain temperature desired by temperature adjustment passage 21 with operating temperature.
In equipment shown in Figure 6, preposition feeding screw 22, by means of the worm screw 22 that is contained in the housing 24, each composition of dough is imposed less pressure, thereby the raw material that infeeds through funnel 23 has been improved automatically by the flow of this equipment, and till can bring up to the maximum operation temperature that each part of food allowed the time always.
Claims (3)
1, a kind of food and and feed each component homogenising and process equipment, it comprises that one has the charging aperture of band loading hopper (5) and the hollow cylindrical shell (4) and a rotating homogenize and an organisation of working of relief hole within it, the inwall that it is characterized in that shell has helical flight (4a), the exhaust end of shell has the thrust ring (3) that bears buffer brake, said mechanism is a shaft type planetary mechanism, this mechanism comprises that one has the center bolt (1) of helical flight (1a) and the planetary-screw with helical flight (2a) (2) that evenly disposes around center bolt (1), center bolt (1) can be driven, its helical flight (1a) is meshed with the helical flight (2a) of planetary-screw (2), and the helical flight (2a) of planetary-screw (2) is meshed with the helical flight (4a) of hollow cylindrical shell (4) inwall.
2, according to the described equipment of claim 1, it is characterized by: planetary-screw (2) is made different length with respect to the length of center bolt (1) at the raw material input.
3, according to the described equipment of claim 1, it is characterized by: the part helical flight (2a) of planetary-screw (2) is removed, and makes it have part periphery (7).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP3517/28.6 | 1985-05-11 | ||
| DE19853517128 DE3517128A1 (en) | 1985-05-11 | 1985-05-11 | DEVICE FOR KNOWING DUMPS FOR BREAD AND BAKERY PRODUCTS AND FOR TEMPERATURE-LOW EXCLUSION AND HOMOGENIZATION OF FOOD AND FEED INGREDIENTS |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN86102813A CN86102813A (en) | 1986-11-05 |
| CN1005015B true CN1005015B (en) | 1989-08-23 |
Family
ID=6270565
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN86102813.9A Expired CN1005015B (en) | 1985-05-11 | 1986-04-23 | Device for masticating dough to manufacture bread and baking products and for dissolving and homogenizing food and fodder components at a low temp. |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS61260829A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1005015B (en) |
| CH (1) | CH669308A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3517128A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2581510B3 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2175513B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1191791B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8600925A (en) |
| SU (1) | SU1463117A3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2813791C1 (en) * | 2023-06-13 | 2024-02-16 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И.Т. Трубилина" | Feed mixer |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19607664C2 (en) * | 1996-02-29 | 1998-01-02 | Fritsch Rosemarie I | mixer |
| DE19847103C1 (en) * | 1998-10-13 | 1999-10-28 | 3 & Extruder Gmbh | Continuously working fluid material processing machine |
| DE10055772A1 (en) * | 2000-11-10 | 2002-05-29 | Buehler Ag | Ring extruder intake |
| DE10150006A1 (en) * | 2001-10-11 | 2003-04-17 | Buehler Ag | Ring extruder for processing powders, pellets or flock material has a conveyer screw element with a section which does not intermesh with a screw element on an adjacent screw shaft |
| DE102007059299A1 (en) * | 2007-05-16 | 2008-11-20 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Device for processing products to be degassed |
| DE102011112081A1 (en) | 2011-05-11 | 2015-08-20 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Process for processing elastics |
| CN103307900B (en) * | 2012-03-15 | 2015-07-22 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | Multi-rotor stirring device for metal slurry and using method of multi-rotor stirring device |
| RU2603030C2 (en) * | 2012-04-20 | 2016-11-20 | Интерконтинентал Грейт Брендс Ллк | System and method for manufacturing chewing gum |
| EP2906406B1 (en) * | 2012-10-11 | 2019-07-17 | Entex Rust & Mitschke GmbH | Extruder for processing polymeric materials tending to adherence |
| DE102017001093A1 (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2017-10-26 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Degassing during the extrusion of plastics with sintered metal filter discs |
| DE102015001167A1 (en) | 2015-02-02 | 2016-08-04 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Degassing during the extrusion of plastics |
| DE102016002143A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Filling module in planetary roller extruder design |
| DE102017006638A1 (en) | 2017-07-13 | 2019-01-17 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Filling module in planetary roller extruder design |
| WO2019166125A1 (en) | 2018-02-28 | 2019-09-06 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Method for producing and processing polymers and polymer mixtures in a modular planetary roller extruder |
| CN110896972A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-03-24 | 宿州麦香缘食品有限公司 | Dough extrusion device |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1053728A (en) * | 1900-01-01 | |||
| NL258520A (en) * | 1960-03-25 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| DE2158246C3 (en) * | 1971-11-24 | 1979-06-28 | Eickhoff-Kleinewefers Kunststoffmaschinen Gmbh, 4630 Bochum | Device for the preparation and extrusion of thermoplastics |
| DE2719095C2 (en) * | 1977-04-29 | 1984-07-05 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Screw press for processing plastic masses, in particular plastics and rubber |
| DE2726962C2 (en) * | 1977-06-15 | 1982-09-02 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Device for the preparation and extrusion of plastic masses, in particular plastic or rubber |
| DE3036397A1 (en) * | 1980-09-26 | 1982-05-13 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | DEVICE FOR PREPARING POWDERED RUBBER MIXTURES |
-
1985
- 1985-05-11 DE DE19853517128 patent/DE3517128A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-04-11 NL NL8600925A patent/NL8600925A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-04-17 GB GB08609425A patent/GB2175513B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-04-23 CN CN86102813.9A patent/CN1005015B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-05-05 SU SU864027394A patent/SU1463117A3/en active
- 1986-05-07 IT IT20333/86A patent/IT1191791B/en active
- 1986-05-09 JP JP61105029A patent/JPS61260829A/en active Pending
- 1986-05-09 CH CH1892/86A patent/CH669308A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-05-09 FR FR8606702A patent/FR2581510B3/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2813791C1 (en) * | 2023-06-13 | 2024-02-16 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И.Т. Трубилина" | Feed mixer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT8620333A1 (en) | 1987-11-07 |
| CH669308A5 (en) | 1989-03-15 |
| DE3517128A1 (en) | 1986-11-13 |
| SU1463117A3 (en) | 1989-02-28 |
| IT1191791B (en) | 1988-03-23 |
| IT8620333A0 (en) | 1986-05-07 |
| GB2175513B (en) | 1988-02-17 |
| NL8600925A (en) | 1986-12-01 |
| GB2175513A (en) | 1986-12-03 |
| JPS61260829A (en) | 1986-11-19 |
| FR2581510A1 (en) | 1986-11-14 |
| FR2581510B3 (en) | 1987-10-30 |
| GB8609425D0 (en) | 1986-05-21 |
| CN86102813A (en) | 1986-11-05 |
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| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C13 | Decision | ||
| GR02 | Examined patent application | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C19 | Lapse of patent right due to non-payment of the annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |