CN100424327C - 设有直接燃料注入燃烧系统的二冲程内燃机 - Google Patents

设有直接燃料注入燃烧系统的二冲程内燃机 Download PDF

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CN100424327C
CN100424327C CNB2004800149400A CN200480014940A CN100424327C CN 100424327 C CN100424327 C CN 100424327C CN B2004800149400 A CNB2004800149400 A CN B2004800149400A CN 200480014940 A CN200480014940 A CN 200480014940A CN 100424327 C CN100424327 C CN 100424327C
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安力高·利路
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/08Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with positive ignition
    • F02B23/10Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with positive ignition with separate admission of air and fuel into cylinder
    • F02B23/104Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with positive ignition with separate admission of air and fuel into cylinder the injector being placed on a side position of the cylinder
    • F02B23/105Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with positive ignition with separate admission of air and fuel into cylinder the injector being placed on a side position of the cylinder the fuel is sprayed directly onto or close to the spark plug
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01MLUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
    • F01M13/00Crankcase ventilating or breathing
    • F01M13/04Crankcase ventilating or breathing having means for purifying air before leaving crankcase, e.g. removing oil
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B25/00Engines characterised by using fresh charge for scavenging cylinders
    • F02B25/14Engines characterised by using fresh charge for scavenging cylinders using reverse-flow scavenging, e.g. with both outlet and inlet ports arranged near bottom of piston stroke
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01MLUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
    • F01M13/00Crankcase ventilating or breathing
    • F01M13/04Crankcase ventilating or breathing having means for purifying air before leaving crankcase, e.g. removing oil
    • F01M2013/0433Crankcase ventilating or breathing having means for purifying air before leaving crankcase, e.g. removing oil with a deflection device, e.g. screen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01MLUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; LUBRICATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING
    • F01M13/00Crankcase ventilating or breathing
    • F01M13/04Crankcase ventilating or breathing having means for purifying air before leaving crankcase, e.g. removing oil
    • F01M2013/0461Crankcase ventilating or breathing having means for purifying air before leaving crankcase, e.g. removing oil with a labyrinth
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00Other engines
    • F02B75/02Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
    • F02B2075/022Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
    • F02B2075/025Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00Other engines
    • F02B75/12Other methods of operation
    • F02B2075/125Direct injection in the combustion chamber for spark ignition engines, i.e. not in pre-combustion chamber
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
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Abstract

一种二冲程内燃机,其特征在于:它包括一个气缸(2),一个附有连接杆的活塞(4),一个气缸盖(3),其在燃烧室的一边封闭所述气缸(2),一个曲轴箱(12),其在所述燃烧室的对边封闭所述气缸(2),一个插入所述气缸盖的火花塞(5),及一条燃气排放管(8),其进气口设于所述气缸(2)接近所述活塞(4)下止点的内表面;其特征在于:它还设有:一条进气管(6),其设有设于接近所述活塞(4)下止点的燃烧室进气口(13)(后称为《换气口》),以及其它设于所述气缸(2)中接近所述曲轴箱(12)的位置或所述曲轴箱中的进气口,一条把润滑油输送到所述进气管(6)的管道(7),一个感应驱动轴的旋动速率及角位的传感器(9),以及一个倾斜地插入气缸壁(2)的燃料喷射器(1)。

Description

设有直接燃料注入燃烧系统的二冲程内燃机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种设有直接燃料注入燃烧系统的二冲程内燃机。
背景技术
往复式二冲程内燃机获全球公认为设计最简单的内燃机,因此除了设有发动机、发电机组、链锯、割草机、水中使用的舷外发动机等的所谓四轮电动车外,活塞排量介乎50cc至125cc的摩托车及小摩托车等小型汽车亦采用此类内燃机作为推进器。采用设计「简单」的推进系统,是由于此类汽车属于低增值制品,因此推进系统及其它组件的工业成本需要维持于低水平。其它因素包括低重量(高功率重量比)及有限维修。
虽然二冲程内燃机设计简单、低成本,但存在一系列缺点,包括高度重迭进气及排气相。使用时,许多曲柄转角的新鲜充气口及燃气排气口均打开,估计超过40%的新鲜空气泄漏,引致废气中含有高比例的未燃碳氢,难以符合现时及未来采用的「反污染」标准。
另一产生污染物的重要原因是有关把润滑剂与燃料混合的润滑方法。
此方法指,一旦蒸发了汽油,润滑剂会形成一层薄水滴,与新鲜空气一同输送到燃烧室,并按比例排放,因而产生黑烟(燃油未完成燃烧过程)、污染排气管及阻塞灭音器。润滑剂被燃料稀释并降低其效用,因此必须保持汽油中高浓度的润滑剂,令情况恶化。
从上述可见,有关缺点是由空气进入燃烧室前空气与燃料混合而成的进料种类而造成的。为减少上述缺点,已采取各种方法,一般是把燃料直接输送到燃烧室。其中的例子是大型二冲程柴油推进系统,但有别于柴油推进系统,二冲程柴油推进系统存在不少缺点,包括混合燃料的困难,导致异常的燃烧及操作。事实上,在二冲程及四冲程柴油推进系统中,混合燃料的问题是通过准确设计设有旋涡的进气管及燃烧室而解决,尤其是通过在高压下操作的精密注入系统,压力在纯机械系统下可达至1000bar,在所谓的「共同轨道」系统下更可达至更高的压力。通过有关的燃料注入压力水平,燃料被分散成水滴般的大小(极高的燃料雾化程度),能在极短的时间内与新鲜空气完全混合。只有高润滑能力的柴油才可达至如此高的压力(高黏度)。不含润滑能力的汽油(低黏度)并不能达至高压力,因为会引致压力系统(泵)与喷射器的磨擦(金属与金属的直接磨擦)。
在各种解决上述问题的方法中,只有奥比度发动机公司(Orbital Engine Corp.Ltd.)所开发的系统能达至正面效果。通过采用特别精密的注入技术,成功发展汽车专用的二冲程推进系统,效能令人满意,与四冲程推进系统比较,污染排放度较低。事实上,奥比度发动机(Orbital Engine)开发并完善了称为「空气辅助注入」的注入技术,通过以低气压压缩空气的辅助,大小为10bar左右,能增加燃料雾化(减少水滴的平均直径,又称为沙德直径(SMD))。奥比度发动机通过利用压缩空气的膨胀能力,以输送液态燃料,并提供所需的分散能量,达至低沙德直径的燃料注入,纯机械注入系统的能量则由上述高压注入提供。通过此类注入系统,奥比度发动机能发展汽车专用的二冲程推进系统,从污染排放度的角度看,其效能可与四冲程推进系统相比拟。
奥比度发动机最近此技术应用到一部拥有50cc活塞排量的二冲程内燃机中。此项产品大大减少燃料与润滑剂的耗用,以及污染物的排放。从前,以上结果需要使用复杂的装置才能做到(试想象采用大型压缩机生产50cc发动机的压缩空气)。事实上,除大型压缩机外,此技术提供不少于两个「喷射器」,一个把汽油注入到预备混合室,另一个把混合室与燃烧室连接。两个「气阀」均由控制器管理,可见有关技术的复杂性,引致生产成本及维修成本上升,因此奥比度的技术极少应用于低增值的小摩托车中。
用于此类推进系统的技术必须成本低廉(整个推进系统增值有限),并可在减少污染物方面改善推进系统的「效能」,藉以符合现时及未来的法律。
本发明的一般用途为改善上述缺点,使现有的二冲程推进系统较传统二冲程推进系统拥有至少以下其中一项优点:
-有限的未燃碳氢排放量,
-大大减少相同能量下的燃料及润滑油消耗,
-有限成本,及
-有限的维修需要。
发明内容
本发明通过低成本或极低成本的注入装置,采用纯机械方式直接注入燃料至燃烧室内,以达至上述优点。
有关装置需要采用大批生产的商用汽车喷射器,确保工业成本低廉。
尤其是,本发明的二冲程内燃机包括以下特征:
-一个气缸(2),
-一个附有连接杆的活塞(4),
-一个气缸盖(3),其在燃烧室的一边封闭所述气缸(2),
-一个曲轴箱(12),其在所述燃烧室的对边封闭所述气缸(2),
-一个插入所述气缸盖的火花塞(5),及
-一条燃气排放管(8),其进气口设于所述气缸(2)接近所述活塞(4)
下止点的内表面;其特征在于:它还设有:
-一条进气管(6),其设有设于接近所述活塞(4)下止点的燃烧室进气口(13)(后称为《换气口》),以及其它设于所述气缸(2)中接近所述曲轴箱(12)的位置或所述曲轴箱中的进气口,
-一条把润滑油输送到所述进气管(6)的管道(7),
-一个感应驱动轴的旋动速率及角位的传感器(9),
-一个倾斜地插入气缸壁(2)的燃料喷射器(1),其倾斜角度令注入所述燃烧室的燃料喷流冲击所述火花塞(5)旁的气缸盖(3)壁,其安装位置使所述活塞(4)在上止点时置于所述喷射器(1)及所述燃烧室之间,及
-一个控制器(10),其根据所述传感器(9)的输出讯号,所述控制器(10)将所述火花塞(5)的点火时间、所述喷射器(1)的开启时间与及驱动轴的循环活动互相协调,并根据使用者设定的旋动速率、发动机负荷及加速规定,调整所述内燃机每个周期的燃料注入量。
附图说明
以下附图对本发明的实施例作出说明,并解释本发明装置的目的及特征。
图1是本发明设有直接燃料注入系统的二冲程内燃机的部件分解图;
图2是根据图1实现的内燃机(上半部)侧面剖视图;及
图3是图2内燃机的仰视图。
具体实施方式
如上图所示,图1内燃机的各个部件有下列意义。
1:喷射器,
2:二冲程往复式内燃机气缸,
3:同一内燃机的气缸盖,
4:活塞及与其相连的连接杆,
5:火花塞,
6:进气管(不设蝶形或门式气阀),
7:润滑油输入管道,
8:排气管,
9:rpm或驱动轴定位传感器(感测器),
10:用以协调喷射器及火花塞的电子控制器,
11:确保空气单向流动的单向叶片阀,
12:内燃机曲轴箱(槽)
在建议附图中,当更清楚描述本发明时,通过已知方式实现压力化系统及润滑系统的部分一概省略。
图2的实施例剖视图显示模型喷射器及气缸盖壁的建议倾斜角度(并非必须遵守)(图中标号为13的进气管及标号为8的管道,其入口看似伸进燃烧室,与现实不符,实是视觉效果)。
本发明的操作方式如下:当活塞(4)刚封闭换气口(13)(空气输入),燃料会通过喷射器(1)注入到气缸(2)中。在这情况下,由于气缸及燃烧室的气压低,喷射器(1)只需低气压便可喷注入其中。燃料喷流注入燃烧室,并冲击位于火花塞(5)旁气缸盖(3)上的燃烧室壁。受冲击后,将产生两个综合效应。首先是起动了所谓的次级雾化,亦即是在燃料点滴在主要燃料喷流冲击燃烧室壁后,燃料点滴将会从燃烧室壁分离并散布在燃烧室内。第二个效应是燃料冲击射流产生液体与固体的高对流热能交换系数,因此冲击在气缸盖壁(一般位于吸热机较高温度组件之间)的燃料射流吸收热量,从而提升热含量,并促使燃料快速蒸发。以上效应,配合燃料长期处于燃烧室(在首次压缩冲程中注入燃料)、锥形的燃烧室,以及火花室置于受冲击区旁的中央位置,确保在所有内燃机的操作速率下,混合物均不能燃烧。因此,只需根据旋动速率和发动机负荷调整燃料注入量(以及注入位置及点燃程序),便可调整内燃机,更可以强力空气输入燃烧,大大减少未燃碳氢及一氧化碳的产生。
另一优点是,即使在最缓慢的运作下,废气中常有大量分子氧,因为在内燃机缺乏节气阀的情况下,会有最多的空气流过,造成氧化催化器的有效运作,氧化催化器通常安装于此类内燃机的排气管中。大量空气减低高峰期的燃烧温度,从而减少氧化氮的产生。
关于「静态」操作情况,在内燃机操作初期,气缸盖的内壁温度与四周温度相近,需要指示喷射器注入更多燃料(增加燃料)。由大量燃料注入引致初级及次级雾化增加,藉以弥补受「热」气缸盖壁引致的燃料蒸发减少,并开始启动内燃机及逐步加热。在传感器(为更清晰的描述而省略)侦测内燃机加热期间,控制器(10)将逐步减少燃料的大量注入,直至达到稳定的阶段。由于在此期间活塞是位于喷射器及燃烧室之间,气缸上的喷射器位置可避免其受到高气压及燃烧所产生的温度所影响。
从上述描述可推断以下优点。
在使用上,本发明采用汽车专用的喷射器注入燃料。喷射器可轻易安装于小型二冲程内燃机的气缸壁上,并以合乎其设计的方式操作。由于喷射器是在压缩冲程初期用作喷射燃料,因此喷射器把燃料输送到低气压的环境中,而所有的注入压力是用作向注入燃料提供能量。液体从小孔中流出时,「逆流-顺流」压力同样重要,而并非只靠逆流(注入)压力。
通过把喷射器安装于气缸壁上,可实现保护喷射器免受压力及燃烧期间的高峰期温度所影响,实现方式是使接近上止点的活塞置于燃料泄孔及喷射器的前面,以确保喷射器更耐用。与安装于气缸盖上的喷射器或气阀比较,安装于气缸上的喷射器有较少的碳质燃烧残渣。
本发明采用喷射器及机械汽油泵以取代汽化器。组件的更替只涉及有限的成本增长,合乎经济效益。通过直接注入,废气中的未燃碳氢会因输入箱及排气箱重迭而大大减少。
纯机械注入(在没有压缩空气的辅助下以低压注入汽油)需要采用有效的控制器,能根据使用者当时控制的变速器调整内燃机的速率、温度等,从而调整注入的燃料。
就润滑方式的问题而言,二冲程内燃机一般在润滑的情况下操作。润滑剂是通过量泵与汽油混合或输送到输入器中,然后再输送到干燥的曲轴箱中,成为吸入空气的气泵。通过采用直接注入的方式,汽油并不流过曲轴箱,令润滑油不再添加到曲轴箱中,因此本发明可把汽油直接注入输入器并渗入曲轴箱。由于汽油不再「流过」曲轴箱,因此只需小量的润滑油,约减少50%。
其它的任何未背离本实用新型的精神下所作的实质或原理上的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换或替换方式,都包含在本实用新型的保护范围之内。
其中一个改变是把管道(6)的进气口安装于较低的位置。除了安装于图1所示曲轴箱旁的气缸气缸盖外,管道亦可安装于曲轴箱内,而无须改变内燃机的操作。

Claims (8)

1. 一种二冲程内燃机,它包括:
-一个气缸(2),
-一个附有连接杆的活塞(4),
-一个气缸盖(3),其在燃烧室的一边封闭所述气缸(2),
-一个曲轴箱(12),其在所述燃烧室的对边封闭所述气缸(2),
-一个插入所述气缸盖的火花塞(5),及
-一条燃气排放管(8),其进气口设于所述气缸(2)接近所述活塞(4)下止点的内表面;其特征在于:它还设有:
-一条没有设有任何节气阀的进气管(6),其设有设于接近所述活塞(4)下止点的燃烧室进气口(13),以及其它设于所述气缸(2)中接近所述曲轴箱(12)的位置或所述曲轴箱中的进气口,
-一条把润滑油输送到所述进气管(6)的管道(7),
-一个感应驱动轴的旋动速率及角位的传感器(9),
-一个倾斜地插入气缸壁(2)的燃料喷射器(1),其倾斜角度令注入所述燃烧室的燃料喷流冲击所述火花塞(5)旁的气缸盖(3)壁,其安装位置使所述活塞(4)在上止点时置于所述喷射器(1)及所述燃烧室之间,及
-一个控制器(10),其根据所述传感器(9)的输出讯号,所述控制器(10)将所述火花塞(5)的点火时间、所述喷射器(1)的开启时间与及驱动轴的循环活动互相协调,并根据使用者设定的旋动速率、发动机负荷及加速规定,调整所述内燃机每个周期的燃料注入量,所述喷射器(1)的开启在压缩冲程开始时进行。
2. 如权利要求1所述的内燃机,其特征在于:它还包括一个置于所述进气管(6)内使空气只可单向流动的单向气阀(11)。
3. 如权利要求1所述的内燃机,其特征在于:所述控制器(10)在每个周期控制所述喷射器(1)的开启,开启时间为所述活塞(4)在压缩冲程开始时刚封闭所述燃烧室进气口(13)之后。
4. 如权利要求1所述的内燃机,其特征在于:它还包括一个内燃机温度传感器,所述控制器(10)根据所述温度传感器侦测出的温度调整所述内燃机每个周期的燃料注入量;在所述内燃机操作初期,若未达到操作温度,则增加所述燃料注入量。
5. 如权利要求1所述的内燃机,其特征在于:所述气缸盖(3)的内表面呈锥形,所述火花塞(5)位于其中央。
6. 如权利要求5所述的内燃机,其特征在于:所述气缸盖内表面与一面对所述气缸口的平面相互之间呈33.1度角。
7. 如权利要求6所述的内燃机,其特征在于:所述喷射器(1)与所述平面相互之间呈32.5度角。
8. 如权利要求2所述的内燃机,其特征在于:所述曲轴箱(12)与所述活塞(4)的往复运动用作一吸气泵。
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