CN100371069C - 铼掺杂纳米二氧化钛降解有机污染物催化剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
铼掺杂纳米二氧化钛降解有机污染物催化剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂:本发明涉及一种纳米TiO2光催化剂的改性,以2%~6%(质量百分比)的Re掺杂到纳米TiO2中,Re7+存在于TiO2晶格内,Re,O和Ti成键,构成Re2Ti2O11纳米复合微粒,由于在纳米TiO2中掺杂Re7+催化活性比纳米TiO2有所提高,而且由于激发波长红移,使其吸收光谱与太阳光谱较为匹配,突破TiO2只能利用387nm以上,只占达地面的太阳光辐射总量的3%左右的紫外光的局限,提高了对可见光的利用率,为在自然光照射下,采用曝晒法处理有机污染物创造了条件,具有实际应用价值。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及一种稀散元素催化剂
背景技术:
随着环境污染的日益严重,环境污染治理已引起广泛关注,光催化氧化技术为治理有机污染物提供了一条新途径,因TiO2具有化学性质稳定、价廉无毒和光催化性能较好等特点,而成为近年来光催化技术的研究热点。研究发现TiO2光催化氧化染料废水、含酚废水、农药、医药废水、含油废水、含表面活性剂、氰化物等废水均取得了较好的效果。但是由于TiO2光催化剂本身的一些缺陷,限制了其应用,其禁带较宽,只能对紫外光有响应,而且电子和空穴容易复合,所以催化效率较低,众多对TiO2改性的研究发现,金属离子掺杂是提高TiO2光催化活性的一种有效手段。从化学观点看,掺杂金属离子有利于光生电子和空穴的分离,提高其离子效率。此外,掺杂金属离子后,TiO2吸收带也会发生红移,又可使其吸光范围向可见光区拓宽,这两种效应均可提高TiO2光催化活性。许多国内外研究工作者通过表面修饰的手段对TiO2进行掺杂改性,常见的改性方法大多采用贵金属、过渡金属和稀土元素,如Pt,Fe,Cu,Mn,Cd,Sm,Y,Ce,Eu等,有关铼元素掺杂TiO2光催化研究至今未见报道。
发明内容:本发明根据TiO2光催化剂存在的缺陷,对TiO2催化剂进行改性以提高TiO2催化活性达到在自然光照射下有较高的催化活性。为达到上述目的,本发明所采取的技术方案:一种铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂,其特征在于:在纳米TiO2中掺杂Re7+,Re7+存在于纳米TiO2晶格内,Re,O和Ti成键构成Re2Ti2O11纳米复合微粒。
表征:外观白色粉末,TEM检测粒径50~70nm;紫外-可见漫反射光谱,在400~800nm区域产生吸收峰;X射线衍射(XRD)谱图,无Re2O7晶体结构特征峰;红外透射(FTIR)光谱图,在500cm-1处出现Re-O键的吸收峰。
本发明铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂是按照以下方法制备:
在纳米TiO2中按质量百分比掺入Re2O7(以铼计),加入适量的蒸馏水剧烈搅拌4~6h,超声分散10~30min,100℃以下烘干。倒出烘干后的催化剂,用研钵研碎,放入坩锅在马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升温至600~700℃,热处理1.5~3h后可制得活化的铼掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂,用研钵进一步研磨制得白色粉末催化剂。
上述制得的铼掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂(以下用TiO2-Re表示),经紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪测定(见图1),在TiO2中引入Re7+,可以在400~800nm区域形成新的吸收峰,引起吸收带红移,新吸收峰出现的原因归结于Re7+具有空的5d轨道,可容纳电子和空穴,它取代半导体中的阳离子组分在半导体中引入杂质能级,使得半导体光生电子在吸收较低能量时即可发生跃迁,光谱红移,光响应范围大。也可能是半径较小的Re7+(0.53)进入晶格后必然引起Ti4+(0.68)原有配位场改变,增强斯塔克效应,使TiO2禁带宽变窄从而引起紫外吸收带边红移,此外,在TiO2中掺杂Re7+离子,其离子半径小,还会引起半导体晶格的畸变,增加缺陷位置等多方面的作用,从而影响TiO2的光吸收行为。在可见光区,掺杂样品的吸光性能增强,也说明Re7+并未富集在TiO2表面,而是进入TiO2晶格所致。
X射线衍射谱图物相分析看出(见图2):Re7+的离子半径为0.53,而Ti4+的离子半径为0.68,Re7+的离子半径较小,使得Re7+很容易地渗入到TiO2的晶格当中。图2给出掺杂Re7+的TiO2以及未掺杂的TiO2的X射线衍射图谱。从图2可见,未掺杂TiO2和掺杂的TiO2 X射线衍射图谱没有明显的区别,表明样品已晶化,都呈锐钛矿结构;表明掺杂离子已完全进入TiO2的晶格,铼均匀地分散在TiO2晶格中,与之形成了固溶体,高温焙烧时,Re,O和Ti成键,形成了Re2Ti2O11导致在纳米复合微粒中检测不到Re2O7晶体结构的X射线衍射谱图特征峰。
红外透射光谱的分析,图3分别为Re7+掺杂TiO2和TiO2粉末的红外透射光谱,450~800cm-1宽带为TiO2晶体表面的Ti-O键的伸缩振动,1640cm-1的峰为催化剂表面吸附水分子H-O-H键间的弯曲振动;3400cm-1左右出现一个由O-H伸缩振动引起的峰。比较样品Re7+掺杂TiO2和TiO2的红外光谱能够发现,前者在500cm-1左右出现一个新的响应宽峰,它应是Re-O键的吸收峰,这也表明掺杂的元素Re以氧化物的形态存在于TiO2表面,有利于吸收能量,这对激发TiO2产生电荷载流子有利,故掺杂铼元素可提高其光催化活性。
从上述检测结果可看出,Re7+掺杂TiO2内不是简单的混合,而是引起结晶结构的变化,因此使光催化剂TiO2活性提高。
按上述方法制备的Re7+掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂,按下述方法测试催化剂催化性能:
准确称取由甲胺磷配成的浓度为1.0×10-4mol/L的溶液100mL,加入到底面积为50cm2自制的玻璃反应器中,加入1.000g/L上述实验方法合成的Re掺杂TiO2催化剂,固定温度25℃,然后将试样放入功率为300W紫外灯下辐照,反应1h后取样,对其进行分析测定PO4 3-含量,以此计算甲胺磷降解率并确定Re掺杂TiO2的催化性能。
不同Re7+掺杂量催化性能比较:
| Re<sup>7+</sup>掺杂量(%) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 降解率(%) | 33.80 | 38.22 | 45.56 | 63.63 | 41.94 |
从试验结果看出在纳米TiO2以质量百分比掺杂Re7+的量为2%~6%,最佳掺杂量5%。
Re掺杂量从2.0%增加到5.0%时甲胺磷降解率明显提高;Re掺杂量超过5.0%后,随着其掺杂量的增加甲胺磷的降解率反而下降。这可能是因为在氧化钛光催化剂中引入低浓度杂质离子对光催化有利,而高浓度的杂子离子则抑制催化剂的光催化活性。当掺入浓度较低时,增加杂质离子的浓度,载流子的俘获位会随之增多,使得载流子寿命延长,提高光生载流子的分离效果,为载流子的传递创造了条件,因而活性提高。当杂质掺杂超过一定浓度后,光生载流子在杂质位点上多次俘获后较易失活,掺杂离子反而成为电子和空穴的复合中心,不利于载流子向界面传递。并且过多的掺入量会使半导体粒子表面空间电荷层厚度增加,从而影响吸收入射光量子。
煅烧温度对Re7+掺杂纳米TiO2催化性能的影响:
将TiO2和Re7+掺杂TiO2分别在不同温度下煅烧2h后用于甲胺磷光催化降解反应,结果见下表。
| 煅烧温度(K) | 673 | 773 | 873 | 973 | 1073 | |
| 降解率 | TiO<sub>2</sub>-Re | 21.00 | 35.00 | 45.18 | 63.63 | 20.05 |
| TiO<sub>2</sub> | 6.77 | 15.04 | 29.50 | 15.04 | ||
可以看出,TiO2和TiO2-Re的光催化活性均随着煅烧温度的升高而增大,分别在873K和973K达到最大值,之后随着煅烧温度的升高,TiO2的光催化活性迅速下降。这主要是因为在煅烧温度较低时,催化剂结晶度低,光生电子-空穴易复合,同时催化剂表面可能包覆着一些有机物(如醇等),活性中心被覆盖,因而降低了催化剂的活性。随着煅烧温度的升高,催化剂结晶度提高,粉体表面的杂质被分解或脱附,催化剂活性增高。但随着煅烧温度继续升高,TiO2粒径长大,比表面积下降,表面羟基浓度减小,导致TiO2粉体的催化活性迅速下降。而Re7+掺杂TiO2复合粒子在高温(>873K)处理时仍保持了较高的光催化活性,这主要是因为在煅烧过程中少量Re7+的存在对TiO2的结晶及晶型转化过程具有较大的抑制作用,使催化剂保持了较大的比表面积。
本发明的铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂,可按通常纳米TiO2光催化剂使用方法,在紫外光照射下,通入空气或加入氧化剂降解有机农药、医药、染料及其有机化工合成中排放的污染物。
本发明的铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂由于在纳米TiO2中掺杂Re7+催化活性比纳米TiO2有所提高,而且由于激发波长红移,使其吸收光谱与太阳光谱较为匹配,突破TiO2只能利用387nm以上,只占达地面的太阳光辐射总量的3%左右的紫外光的局限,提高了对可见光的利用率,为在自然光照射下,采用曝晒法处理有机污染物创造了条件,具有实际应用价值。
附图说明:
图1是本发明铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂与纳米TiO2的紫外-可见漫反射光谱图
图2是本发明铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂与纳米TiO2的XRD谱图
图3是本发明铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂与纳米TiO2的FTIR谱图
图中:1.铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂
2.纳米TiO2
具体实施方式
为说明本发明的催化性能,以下具体实施例结合对污染物的降解做进一步说明,其对有机污染物降解不限于本实施例。
实施例1
在10g纳米TiO2中掺入以铼计(下同)5%的Re2O70.65g,加入适量的蒸馏水剧烈搅拌5.0h,超声分散15min,100℃以下烘干。倒出烘干后的催化剂,用研钵研碎,放入坩锅在马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升温至700℃,热处理2.0h后可制得活化的铼掺杂TiO2催化剂,用研钵进一步研磨制得白色粉末催化剂。
表征:外观白色粉末,粒径50~70nm,紫外-可见漫反射光谱,在400~800nm区域产生吸收峰;X射线衍射物相分析,无Re2O7晶体结构特征峰;红外透射(FTIR)光谱图,在500cm-1处出现Re-O键的吸收峰。
用上述制备的铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂进行农药甲胺磷降解,其操作和结果如下:
在玻璃反应器中,加入浓度为1.0×10-4mol/L的甲胺磷溶液100mL,溶液pH 6.8,然后加入上述制得的铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂0.1g,将300W紫外灯悬挂在反应器上方,再把反应器置于恒温水槽中,保持光催化温度在40℃以下。空气由反应器底部鼓入,以搅拌反应液并提供氧气,每隔一定时间取样分析用钼蓝比色法测定PO4 3-浓度并计算出有机磷降解率。
按相同方法用纳米TiO2做对照。
| 时间(min) | 30 | 60 | 120 | 150 | 180 | 240 | |
| 降解率 | TiO<sub>2</sub>-Re | 32.17 | 63.63 | 82.73 | 90.21 | 90.39 | 90.42 |
| TiO<sub>2</sub> | 14.32 | 29.50 | 47.84 | 55.71 | 63.57 | 69.30 | |
实施例2
按照实施例1的方法,将300W紫外灯照射换成300W高压汞灯照射,其它同实施例1。照射180min,甲胺磷降解率90.35%。
实施例3
取相同浓度的甲胺磷溶液,按上述方法加入催化剂,将反应器放置太阳光辐照12小时,甲胺磷降解率为43.26%,辐照24小时,降解率64.40%。
相同条件的纳米TiO2,辐照12小时,甲胺磷降解率只有5%左右。
实施例4
按照实施例1方法,在制备铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂时,煅烧温度为600℃,其它同实施例1。
3小时甲胺磷降解率为67.58%,该结果低于煅烧温度700℃的降解率,高于用纳米TiO2的降解率。
实施例5
按照实施例1方法,在制备铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂时,Re的加入量分别按质量百分比2%、4%和6%即分别加入Re2O70.26g、0.52g和0.78g,其它同实施例1。照射3小时甲胺磷降解率,其结果2%为69.86%,4%为85.52%,6%为79.36%。
实施例6
配浓度40mg/L的酸性红染料溶液100mL,加入实施例1制备的铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂0.1g,在与实施例1相同的条件进行降解反应,反应150min,染料溶液降解率89.3%。
取相同浓度的酸性红染料溶液100mL,按上述方法加入催化剂,将反应器放置太阳光辐照12小时,染料溶液降解率50.10%,辐照24小时,降解率65.50%。
Claims (1)
1.一种铼掺杂纳米TiO2降解有机污染物催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于其制备方法如下:在10g纳米TiO2中掺入Re2O7,加入适量的蒸馏水剧烈搅拌5.0h,超声分散15min,100℃以下烘干,倒出并用研钵研碎,放入坩锅在马弗炉中以2℃/min的速度升温至700℃,热处理2.0h后,用研钵进一步研磨制得白色粉末催化剂;
其中,Re2O7的掺入量为0.26g、0.52g、0.65g或0.78g。
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