CN100355514C - Method and equipment for forming plate of moderate thickness through laser shot blast - Google Patents
Method and equipment for forming plate of moderate thickness through laser shot blast Download PDFInfo
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- CN100355514C CN100355514C CNB2005100401169A CN200510040116A CN100355514C CN 100355514 C CN100355514 C CN 100355514C CN B2005100401169 A CNB2005100401169 A CN B2005100401169A CN 200510040116 A CN200510040116 A CN 200510040116A CN 100355514 C CN100355514 C CN 100355514C
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Abstract
The present invention provides a method and a device for forming plates with moderate thickness in a laser shot blast way. The device comprises a laser generator, a light conducting system, a laser shot blast head, a workpiece clamp system and a control system. According to the shape of the curved surface of a processed part and the shape of the distribution of a required stress field simulated by a computer control system, the distribution of impact wave pressure acting on the surface of plates and shot blast tracks are optimized. According to the optimized impact wave pressure and shot blast track distribution parameters, the computer control system automatically selects laser pulse parameters, a beam converting device parameters and optical mask parameters, and an NC compiling and processing program is applied to the computer control system to control tracks of the light conducting system and a working table. An intense laser with high energy and short pulse emitted by a laser can be converted into a plurality of group pulses through the beam changing device, an optical mask acts on an energy converting body at the surface of a workpiece, the energy converting body converts absorbed group pulse laser energy into shock wave pressure to act on the surface of the workpiece, and the forming is realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to mechanical manufacturing field, refer in particular to a kind of method and apparatus of the sheet material forming based on the high energy pulse Laser Peening Technology, it is applicable to shaping processing of the cut deal material spare that smooth curvature requires.Be specially adapted to be difficult to the processing of the small curve drip molding of the cut deal material that is shaped or can't be shaped at all with conventional method.
Background technology
Cut deal material drip molding has in aviation and national defense industry very to be used widely.Large scale structure parts on the aircraft such as wing, covering, integral panel and turbine engine blade etc. in order to bear effective structural loads and to satisfy aerodynamic performance, require to have the curvature shapes of accurate complexity, and keep the original architectural characteristic of material; Guided missile, rocket in the national defense industry, the shaping processing of parts such as nuclear reactor center reacting metal can container, except accurate profile will be arranged, mechanical mechanics property that its surface requirements is very high and surface quality.The processing of these cut deal material spares with traditional processing method, is shaped as mechanic shot peening, and the auxiliary bending forming of heating etc. is difficult to satisfy the instructions for use and the performance of part.
It is to utilize matter bullet stream high-speed impact plate surface is arranged that traditional mechanic shot peening is shaped, and easily produces work hardening, and makes and sprayed the surface and become coarse, reduces surface quality.Existing simultaneously peening system is very complicated, and after each shot-peening, bullet must be collected, cleaning, classification and broken grain are removed.Be difficult to accurate control owing to the mechanic shot peening parameter, thereby mechanic shot peening is shaped and still adopts the examination spray and the model method of inspection at present, causes the production cycle long, the cost height.And because the residual stress that mechanic shot peening produces is less, the sheet metal thickness that can be shaped less (＜5mm), the material of adaptation is limited.The auxiliary bending forming of heating is the main method of cut deal material of being shaped at present, its technology is at first sheet material to be processed to be heated to uniform temperature, YIELD STRENGTH is reduced, adopt die pressure to make it bending forming then, because heating has changed the tissue of material, make the mechanical property of shaping back part reduce, the surface produces residual tension, thereby influences service life.
With the present invention the most approaching be patent " CONTOUR FORMIMG OF METALS BY LASER the PEENING " (patent No.: WO0105549) of the Hackel Lloyd of California, USA university and Harris Fritz application, propose to produce residual stress with laser single-point hammering sheet metal surface, utilize residual stress to discharge again and produce little distortion shaping that little curvature is carried out, the accumulation of the little curvature by the each hammering of each point or implement repeatedly to impact in same point just can obtain larger sized bending.Its shortcoming is as follows: (1) is owing to be the bending that the residual compressive stress of utilizing the hammering of laser single-point to produce is induced, so deflection is little; (2) before the laser hammering, must on coating, use water as restraint layer again treating that shock surface applies energy-absorbing layer.This split processing method causes shortcomings such as utilization ratio of laser energy is low, data are unstable, poor reliability, but also need remove the postprocessing working procedures of rudimental energy absorbed layer together; Need extra water system when (3) using water as restraint layer, and frock clamp is complicated, and splashing of water is difficult to control, fragile optical mirror slip etc. in the laser hammering process.
(patent No.: ZL01134063.0), propose a kind of high-performance laser-impact Precision Forming Technology, it directly utilizes the intense pulse laser bundle, and (power density is greater than 10 for existing patent " a kind of laser-impact accurate forming method and device "
9W/cm
2, pulse width 8-30ns) and impact the flexible lamina of surface of the work, make its top layer gasification ionization and form shock wave, because the shock wave pressure peak value that produces surpasses the MATERIALS ' DYNAMIC yield strength, cause sheet material that obvious plastic deformation takes place.This method adopted is the plastic deformation that plate produces macroscopic view under the single laser impact, i.e. the technology of direct forming spill, spill overlap joint, and it is suitable for having pull and stretch than the part forming that requires.Because the spill that the shock wave pressure that each laser pulse is induced must make plate produce macroscopic view changes, thereby the pulsed laser energy that is adopted must be enough big, and this has brought higher requirement to laser instrument.Owing to be accompanied by surface peening in the laser impact forming process, cause the yield strength of sheet material to improve, follow-up distortion difficulty, the material plasticity that causes overlapping the zone flows relatively poor, the sheet metal thickness that can be shaped is limited, the roughness on surface can't guarantee that the cut deal material that therefore can not be used to have smooth curvature to require is shaped.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome above-mentioned shortcoming, (＞the method and apparatus that 6-15mm) is shaped is specially adapted to the precision form of smooth small curve plate material parts to be provided for the cut deal material that conventional method is difficult to be shaped.
The present invention adopts following method to realize above-mentioned purpose: according to the curve form of processing parts, simulate required Stress Field Distribution shape by computer control system, shock wave pressure and shot-peening track that optimization acts on panel surface distribute; According to shock wave pressure and the shot-peening track distributed constant optimized, computer control system is selected the parameter of laser pulse parameters, optical beam transformation device and optical mask automatically, and establishment NC procedure is used for computer control system with control light-conducting system, track that workbench is walked; The high-octane short pulse strong laser that laser instrument sends, can be transformed into several burst of pulses by the optical beam transformation device, act on the energy transfer medium of surface of the work by optical mask again, energy transfer medium is transformed into shock wave pressure to the burst of pulses laser energy that absorbs and acts on surface of the work, realizes being shaped.
The facular model of the laser beam that laser instrument sends can be a kind of in basic mode and the multimode, and pulse energy is 15-60J, and pulse width is 20-30ns.
Computer control system control profile scan measuring system, measure the deflection of plate in the plate contour peening, carry out error analysis, stress field and sheet metal deformation amount dynamic analog by computer control system again, regulate pulsed laser energy, shot peening strength and shot-peening track by laser controller and laser peening head, realize the precision form of plate.
The device of implementing this method comprises laser generator, light-conducting system, laser peening head, workpiece clamp system, control system.
Laser generator is formed by three grades: one-level is transferred the Q neodymium glass (laser oscillator of φ 16mm * 280mm), the long 800mm of resonator, the preposition neodymium glass of one-level (laser amplifier of φ 16mm * 200mm) and one-level neodymium glass (the laser main amplifier of φ 20mm * 500mm), the optical maser wavelength of being exported is 1.06 μ m, pulse energy is 10～60J, pulse width is 5～30ns, repetition rate 2Hz, maximum peak power density 5 * 10
9W/cm
2
Light-conducting system is to connect laser generator to the optic path system between the workpiece, is made up of light pipe, the mirror of turning back, optical beam transformation device;
Be provided with focus lamp and optical mask in the laser peening head, wherein the focus lamp group comprises focus lamp, rotatable mirror, prism, and optical mask can screen laser pulse according to the shot-peening requirement, thereby obtains required distribution of pulses mode.
Workpiece clamp system comprises 5-shaft linkage numerical control workbench and work piece holder, the workpiece plate clamping of energy transfer medium is posted in work piece holder in the surface, work piece holder is installed on the numerical control table, NC table, workbench realizes that according to the instruction of machine tool controller three are moved and the diaxon rotation, satisfy the required motion requirement of shot-peening process;
Control system is made up of profile scan measuring system, machine tool controller, laser controller, computer control system, controls laser controller, machine tool controller and profile scan measuring system respectively by computer control system.
The laser that laser generator sends connects the laser peening head through light-conducting system, under the control of laser controller the workpiece plate is implemented the shot-peening action, and workpiece clamp system is made multiaxial motion under machine tool controller control simultaneously, to obtain required shape; Laser controller, machine tool controller and profile scan measuring system, laser peening head link to each other with computer control system, thereby realize the effective control to the whole system course of work.
The invention process process is as follows:
According to the curve form of processing parts, by the required Stress Field Distribution shape of special-purpose computer control system simulation, shock wave pressure and track that optimization acts on panel surface distribute;
(1) according to parameters such as shock wave pressure of optimizing and track distributions, computer control system is selected the parameter of laser pulse parameters, optical transform device and optical mask automatically, and establishment NC procedure is used for control system with control light-conducting system, track that workbench is walked;
(2) cover energy transfer medium at surface of the work, excite high energy pulse laser, the burst of pulses that forms through the optical transform device passes through optical mask impact energy conversion body, is converted to the high-amplitude shock wave pressure and acts on surface of the work, with this deformation force as the plate Plastic Forming.By changing pulsed laser energy, pulse width, pulse shape and laser beam mode, can obtain the plastic deformation force of different sizes;
(3) according to selected pulse laser technological parameter, the pulse number of laser peening track and effect carries out stress application pulse in an orderly manner by Five Axis CNC System, realizes that predetermined stress fields distributes in the plate, realizes the sheet forming of required form;
(4) by the profile scan measuring system, measure the deflection of plate in the plate contour peening, carry out error analysis by computer control system, stress field and sheet metal deformation amount dynamic analog, regulate pulsed laser energy, shot peening strength and shot-peening track by control system, realize the precision form of plate.
The present invention is because the contour peening that adopts the high energy pulse laser beam to substitute to have the matter bullet to implement plate, thereby it is contactless shaping, and profiled surface does not have tangible mechanical damage, and surface roughness value is low, and fineness is good; Owing to adopt the power conversion body technique, realize having protected the transformation of laser energy to shock wave pressure surface of the work to avoid the fire damage of laser; Owing to adopted the optical transform device, adopt the burst of pulses pressure mode of action, improved the efficient that laser peening is shaped greatly; Owing to adopt the control impuls laser parameter, in the process of each laser action, plate does not produce the plastic deformation of macroscopic view, and forms the compressive residual stress of appropriateness at plate surface, thereby can adopt little energy to realize large deformation; Because by control laser parameter and effect track, the stress field division aspect of control surface of the work realizes sheet forming, so technical process and more easily realization of control; Because laser parameter is accurately controlled, so the good reproducibility of technical process, easily realize automated production; Because the laser peening process forms hardened layer and high-amplitude residual compressive stress at material surface, improved the stability of sheet forming spare, almost there is not resilience, therefore can realize the small curve part forming.The existence of the surface quality of drip molding raising simultaneously and high-amplitude residual stress can make the anti-fatigue performance of workpiece and anti-stress corrosion performance significantly improve, and has saved follow-up manufacturing procedure and surface treatment procedure.Because the laser peening process causes darker compressive residual stress (greater than 1mm), and the big I of residual stress accurately controlled by laser parameter, thereby has potential advantages aspect the flexible precision form of cut deal material.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 laser peening manufacturing process and schematic representation of apparatus.
Fig. 2 cut deal material laser peening shaping principle schematic.
The relation of laser peening number of times and sheet metal bending deflection under Fig. 3 straight line shot-peening track
The laser peening forming technology schematic diagram of Fig. 4 column type part
Fig. 5 laser peening shaping shape of a saddle part schematic diagram
The 1-laser generator 2-leaded light wall 3-multi-shaft interlocked workbench 10-of the mirror 4-optical beam transformation device 5-optical mask 6-shot-peening head 7-profile scan measuring instrument 8-work piece holder 9-machine tool controller 11-laser controller 12-computer control system 13-pulse laser beam 14-energy transfer medium 15-workpiece 16-drip molding of turning back
The specific embodiment
Describe the details and the working condition of the concrete device of the present invention's proposition in detail below in conjunction with Fig. 1.
This device comprises a laser generator (1) and light-conducting system, shot-peening head (6), workpiece clamp system, control system.The crystal that laser instrument adopts is Nd:YAG, and produce power is the laser pulse of 5～30 nanoseconds in 10～60 Jiao Er, duration, and the facular model of laser beam (13) can be various modes such as basic mode, multimode, and it is regulated and control by laser controller (11).Light-conducting system comprises leaded light wall (2), the mirror of turning back (3), optical beam transformation device (4), is provided with a plurality of focus lamps and optical mask (5) in the shot-peening head (6), can move in the vertical direction, and by regulating focus lamp and optical mask (5), can change spot size.Workpiece clamp system comprises work piece holder (8) and multi-shaft interlocked workbench (9), this device have moving of three coordinates and and two rotations, can realize five-axle linkage, be shaped thereby can implement laser peening to workpiece (15) easily.Control system is made up of profile scan measuring instrument (7), machine tool controller (10), laser controller (11), computer control system (12).The laser beam that is produced by laser generator (1) impacts on the workpiece (15) through shot-peening head (6) through leaded light wall (2), the mirror of turning back (3), optical beam transformation device (4), optical mask (5), profile scan measuring system (7), machine tool controller (10), laser controller (11) link to each other with computer control system, thereby realize the effective control to the whole system course of work.
Fig. 2 is a laser peening shaping principle schematic, the burst of pulses laser beam (13) of light-conducting system output sends from shot-peening head (6) in Fig. 1, act on the energy transfer medium (14) that sticks on the workpiece, energy transfer medium is converted into shock wave mechanical energy to the superlaser moment gasification, the ionization that absorb, acts on workpiece to be processed (15) surface.Workpiece (15) is fixed on the work piece holder (8) among Fig. 1, and work piece holder (8) is fixed on the multi-shaft interlocked workbench (9) again.Machine tool controller (10) sends numerical control and instructs multi-shaft interlocked workbench (9) to make multiaxial motion, under the burst of pulses laser action, makes slab interior produce required high-amplitude Stress Field Distribution, realizes sheet metal deformation and obtains the drip molding (16) of required form.
Figure 3 shows that the pulse laser beam (13) through shot-peening head output, is the experimental result that 45 steel of 8mm carry out shot-peening along a certain straight path to thickness, the sheet metal deformation behind the shot-peening be shaped as the V-arrangement that has fillet.Number of times along same paths increase shot-peening is respectively 1～3 time, and the bending deformation quantity of plate increases.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram on the laser peening shaping face of cylinder, pulse laser beam (13) carries out shot-peening along three straight lines that are parallel to each other to workpiece from shot-peening head (6) output back, distance between the shot-peening fillet makes when having the plane between two shot-peening fillets as enough big, just can form prismatic surface.When the close together of adjacent shot-peening fillet centreline space, the deformed area interconnects, and can form the smooth face of cylinder.
Figure 5 shows that the track shot-peening of optimizing according to computer control system, with the burst of pulses laser beam (13) of 6 * 6 Φ 2 to the continuous shot-peening of workpiece (15), obtainable saddle-shaped surface shape schematic diagram.In the shot-peening process, according to the amount of curvature of formation of parts, can constantly change laser parameter, realize Accurate Shaping.When certain bar or several curves carry out shot-peening, can obtain the shaped piece of composite curvature, as aircraft wing hyperbolicity pneumatic bending district up and down.
More shaping example is too numerous to enumerate, shot-peening track and shot peening strength different, and the shape of the various complexity that can be shaped is only illustrated its technical scheme and part embodiment here.
Claims (5)
1, a kind of method of cut deal material laser peening shaping is characterized in that: according to the curve form of processing parts, go out required Stress Field Distribution shape by computer system simulation, shock wave pressure and shot-peening track that optimization acts on panel surface distribute; According to shock wave pressure and the shot-peening track distributed constant optimized, computer system is selected the parameter of laser pulse parameters, optical beam transformation device and optical mask automatically, and establishment NC procedure is used for computer control system with control light-conducting system, track that workbench is walked; The high-octane short pulse strong laser that laser instrument sends, can be transformed into several burst of pulses by the optical beam transformation device, act on the energy transfer medium of surface of the work by optical mask again, energy transfer medium is transformed into shock wave pressure to the burst of pulses laser energy that absorbs and acts on surface of the work, realizes being shaped.
2, the method that is shaped of a kind of cut deal material laser peening according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the facular model of the laser beam that laser instrument sends can be a kind of in basic mode and the multimode, and pulse energy is 15-60J, and pulse width is 20-30ns.
3, the method for a kind of cut deal material laser peening shaping according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in laser impact forming, computer system control profile scan measuring system, measure the deflection of plate in the plate contour peening, carry out error analysis, stress field and sheet metal deformation amount dynamic analog by computer system again, regulate pulsed laser energy, shot peening strength and shot-peening track by laser controller and laser peening head, realize the precision form of plate.
4, a kind of cut deal material laser peening building mortion, it is characterized in that: device comprises laser generator, light-conducting system, laser peening head, workpiece clamp system, control system; Wherein laser generator is formed by three grades: one-level is transferred Q neodymium glass φ 16mm * 280mm laser oscillator, the long 800mm of resonator, the preposition neodymium glass φ 16mm of one-level * 200mm laser amplifier and one-level neodymium glass φ 20mm * 500mm laser main amplifier, the optical maser wavelength of being exported is 1.06 μ m, pulse energy is 10～60J, pulse width is 5～30ns, repetition rate 2Hz, maximum peak power density 5 * 10
9W/cm
2Light-conducting system is to connect laser generator to the optic path system between the workpiece, is made up of light pipe, the mirror of turning back, optical beam transformation device; Be provided with focus lamp and optical mask in the laser peening head, wherein the focus lamp group comprises focus lamp, rotatable mirror, prism; Workpiece clamp system comprises 5-shaft linkage numerical control workbench and work piece holder, and the workpiece plate clamping of energy transfer medium is posted in work piece holder in the surface, and work piece holder is installed on the numerical control table, NC table; Control system is made up of machine tool controller, laser controller, computer system, controls laser controller, machine tool controller respectively by computer system; The laser that laser generator sends connects the laser peening head through light-conducting system, workpiece clamp system is positioned at the below of shot-peening head and links to each other with machine tool controller, laser generator links to each other with laser controller, and laser peening head, machine tool controller link to each other with computer system respectively with laser controller.
5, a kind of cut deal material laser peening building mortion according to claim 4, it is characterized in that: be provided with the profile scan measuring system, it links to each other with computer control system.
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| CNB2005100401169A CN100355514C (en) | 2005-05-20 | 2005-05-20 | Method and equipment for forming plate of moderate thickness through laser shot blast |
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| CNB2005100401169A CN100355514C (en) | 2005-05-20 | 2005-05-20 | Method and equipment for forming plate of moderate thickness through laser shot blast |
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| CN100355514C true CN100355514C (en) | 2007-12-19 |
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