CH706747A2 - Process for hydration, tightening and care of the skin, for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds with electrolysis water produced with diamond electrodes. - Google Patents

Abstract

Process for the hydration, firming, disinfection and care of skin, for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds with diamond electrodes produced electrolysis water. The new process demonstrates that with the help of novel water electrolysis technology using electrolyzed neutral (pH 7.34 and a maximum salt content of 0.9%) electrolysis water prepared with boron-doped diamond electrodes or other chemically stable metallic electrodes, with electrical overpotential, a new, natural, sustainable and cost-effective cosmetic and medical method, which is excellently suited for hydration, firming, disinfecting and care of the skin, and for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds.

Description

State of the art

So far, fatty creams and tinctures or talc-containing powders have been used for hydration, tightening and care of skin, for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds. A supply of oxygen to the skin or wounds is no longer optimally guaranteed and also offers the best breeding ground for bacterial and viral, secondary infections due to the remanent surface moisture together with organic substances.

Technical area

The new invention is to show that with the help of the new water electrolysis technology using electrolyzed neutral electrolysis water (pH 7.34), made with boron-doped diamond electrodes or other chemically stable, metallic electrodes, with an electrical Overpotential of 2-4 volts, a new process has been developed that is ideally suited for hydration, tightening, disinfection and care of skin, for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds.

Presentation of the invention

introduction

Electrolytically produced, oxidative water (EOW)

Electrolytically oxidative water (EOW) or chemically active water destroys microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts and protozoa by oxidative radicals not chemically, but physically. Because of its high oxidative reduction potential (ORP), “active water” damages the cell wall membranes of pathogens. The pathogen is compromised, which leads to an osmotic or hydrogen overload inside the cell. The damaged cell membranes allow an increased water transfer between the cell membranes, which leads to a hydrogen flooding of the cells, and these are filled faster than the cells can get rid of the water. This fact leads to the bursting of the cells or to the cell death of pathogens due to a pressure explosion in a few seconds. Since it is a physical principle of destruction, there is no evidence of resistance to pathogens. At the same time, the water molecule clusters that make up water are electrochemically split from 14 to 18 in certain cases up to 60 molecules per cluster into 3 molecules, which leads to a 3-4-fold improvement in cell membrane resorption.

Principle of electrolysis: Example of electrolysis with a zinc iodide solution (any electrode material): If you connect two metal plates (electrodes) or boron doped diamond electrodes, each with a cable and a device that generates direct current, e.g. a battery or a rectifier - and transfers these platelets into a beaker with an aqueous solution (any ions) and now applies a voltage, a substance is formed on both metal platelets, the ions of which are present in the solution. The voltage source causes a lack of electrons in the electrode connected to the positive pole (anode) and an excess of electrons in the other electrode connected to the negative pole (cathode). The aqueous solution between the cathode and anode contains electrolytes, which are positively or negatively charged ions. The positively charged cations in an electrolysis cell migrate to the negatively charged cathode when a voltage is applied (attraction of opposing charges). They pick up one or more electrons at the cathode and are thereby reduced. The opposite process takes place at the anode. There, the negatively charged anions give off electrons, which means they are oxidized. The number of electrons consumed by the reduction at the cathode corresponds to the electrons taken up by the anode. The electrolysis of aqueous saline solution produces the same volume of hydrogen gas as chlorine gas. The electrolysis of water produces twice as much hydrogen gas as oxygen gas, because the two positively charged protons of a water molecule migrate to the cathode and there each have to take up an electron so that hydrogen is formed, while the doubly negatively charged oxygen anion at the anode has to give up two electrons at the same time to combine to form the oxygen molecule. The minimum voltage that must be applied for electrolysis is referred to as the deposition potential, while electrolysis of water or aqueous salt solutions is also referred to as the decomposition voltage. This voltage (or a higher voltage) must be applied in order for the electrolysis to take place at all. For every substance, for every conversion of ions to two or more atomic molecules, the decomposition voltage and the deposition potential can be determined using the redox potential. The redox potential provides many other important information for electrolysis, for example for the electrolytic decomposition of metal electrodes in acid or for reducing the decomposition voltage by changing pH values. For example, the redox potential can be used to calculate that the formation of oxygen at the anode during the electrolysis of water in a basic solution (decomposition voltage: 0.401 V) occurs at a lower voltage than in acidic (decomposition voltage: 1.23 V) or neutral ( Decomposition voltage: 0.815 V) solution, on the other hand hydrogen forms more easily at the cathode under acidic conditions than under neutral or basic conditions). If there are several reducible cations in an electrolyte solution, then after the redox series, the cations on the cathode are reduced that have a more positive (weaker negative) potential in the redox series (voltage series), which corresponds to the 0 potential of the proton Hydrogen electrode voltage come as close as possible. During the electrolysis of an aqueous ion-containing solution, hydrogen is normally formed at the cathode.Also when there are several types of anions that can be oxidized, those that are in the redox series as close as possible to voltage zero, i.e. a weaker positive redox- Have potential. Normally, the electrolysis of aqueous NaCI at the anode produces oxygen and not chlorine. After the decomposition voltage is exceeded, the current strength increases proportionally with the increase in voltage. According to Faraday, the amount by weight of an electrolytically formed substance is proportional to the amount of current that has flowed (current strength multiplied by time). For the formation of 1 g of hydrogen (approx. 11.2 liters, two electrons are required to form a hydrogen molecule) from aqueous solution, an amount of current of 96485 C (As) = 1 Faraday is required. With a current of 1 A between the electrodes, the formation of 11.2 liters of hydrogen takes 26 hours and 48 minutes. In addition to the redox potential, the overvoltage (overpotential) is also important. Due to kinetic inhibitions on electrodes, a significantly higher voltage is often required than can be calculated from the calculation of the redox potential. Depending on the material properties of the electrodes, the overvoltage effects can also change the redox series, so that other ions are oxidized or reduced than would have been expected based on the redox potential. Shortly after the electrolysis has been switched off, an ammeter can be used to detect a current surge in the other direction. In this short phase, the reverse process of electrolysis, the formation of a galvanic cell, begins. In this case, electricity is not used for the implementation, but electricity is generated for a short time; this principle is used in fuel cells. If you force a separation of individual molecules or bonds through electrolysis, a galvanic element acts at the same time, the voltage of which counteracts the electrolysis. This voltage is also known as the polarization voltage.

As an additional effect in the water electrolysis process, the water molecule clusters are electrochemically cut down from 14-18 molecules to 2-3 molecules per cluster by the production of OH-hydroxide ions on the surface of the electrodes, resulting in a This leads to a 3-4-fold increase in the dissolving power of the water and increases the resorption potential through cell membranes by 2 to 3-fold.

[0006] In addition, the water becomes slightly alkaline during the electrolysis process. This is understandable, since protons (H +) are converted into H2 (hydrogen) during electrolysis, which means that OH ions remain, which increase the pH value. For this reason, the acid capacity increases from 1.37 mmol / L to 3.42 mmol / L up to pH 4.3.

Electrodes

There are only a few anode electrodes which remain inside during the electrolysis so do not go into solution at all. Boron-doped full diamond is the newest material that does not dissolve at all during electrolysis. Inhibition phenomena at the anode, which lead to an overvoltage in the formation of oxygen, are observed above all with full diamond anodes (overvoltage: 3–4 V) and platinum electrodes (1.2 V. With these, the electrolysis of aqueous saline solution produces chlorine instead of oxygen. At zinc and lead overvoltage: 0.78 V) and especially mercury cathodes (0.80 V), hydrogen protons show a considerable overvoltage and the formation of hydrogen only takes place at a much higher voltage. The considerable overvoltage of hydrogen at the mercury cathode, in which the sodium is bound as an amalgam and therefore withdrawn from the equilibrium, is used for the technical production of caustic soda. Due to the considerable overvoltage at this electrode during hydrogen formation, the redox series changes and instead of hydrogen protons, sodium cations now migrate to the mercury cathode.

Electrolysis of water

The electrolysis of water consists of two partial reactions that take place on the two electrodes. The electrodes are immersed in water, which is made slightly conductive by the presence of mineral ions, and oxygen is then obtained. Positively charged hydronium ions (H3O +) migrate in the electrical field to the negatively charged electrode (cathode), where they each take up one electron. This creates hydrogen atoms, which combine with another hydrogen atom created by reduction to form a hydrogen molecule. What remains are water molecules in 2- and 3-molecular cluster form.

[0009] 2 H3O + 2e + → H2 + 2 H2O

The separated, gaseous hydrogen rises to the cathode. The negatively charged hydroxide ions migrate to the positively charged electrode (anode). Each hydroxide ion gives off an electron to the plus pole, so that oxygen atoms are created that combine to form oxygen molecules. The remaining H + ions are immediately neutralized by hydroxide ions to form water molecules.

4 OH <-> → O2 + 2 H2O + 4e <->

Here, too, the separated oxygen rises as a colorless gas at the anode. The overall reaction equation for the electrolysis of water is:

[0013] 4 H3O + 4 OH <-> → 2 H2 + O2 + 6 H2O

The hydronium and hydroxide ions on the left come from the autoprotolysis of water:

[0015] 8 H2O → 4 H3O <+> + 4 OH <->

[0016] The electrolysis equation can therefore also be written as follows: 8 H2O → 2 H2 + O2 + 6 H2O

[0017] or after shortening the water: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2

Hydroxide ion

The hydroxide ion is a negatively charged ion that is formed when bases react with water. Its chemical formula is OH <->.

A general base B reacts with water according to the following scheme:

[0020]

The pH of the resulting solution can be determined on the basis of the concentration of the hydroxide ions. To do this, you first calculate the so-called pOH value.

POH = -log c (OH <->)

[0023] And from this the pH value:

PH = k-OH

For each temperature there is a k.

Under standard conditions, k = -14.

[0027] Hydroxide ions are also contained in pure water at 20 ° C. in a concentration of 10 7 mol · 1 -1. This is related to the autoprotolysis of water according to the following reaction equation:

[0028]

Admission

Our own early tests and other test results led to the submission of license applications to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, USA), which issued a general license for electrolysis water in December 2002 and was granted the status "GRAS" (Generally Regarded as Safe ) distinguished.

Electrolyzed oxidative water received FDA (USA Food and Drug Administration), USDA (United Status Department of Agriculture) and EPA (USA Environmental Protection Agency) approval for general applications in the food sector, for food surface disinfection, for Dairy, meat and restaurant technical applications.

The corresponding pages of the FDA and USDA grant numbers read 21 CFR 173, 178,182, 184 & 198.

The EPA grants and publications page is 40 CFR 180.940 and that of the National Organic Program is 21 CFR 178.1010.

In Japan, electrolysis water is approved as a food additive.

With the electrolysis water product HYDROSEPT, the inventor holds the rights to a biocide entry at the Federal Office of Public Health in Bern, Switzerland.

The new invention is to show that with the help of a novel electrolysis technology and the use of electrolyzed water, made with boron-doped full diamond electrodes or platinum-titanium or chemically stable, metallic mixed electrodes with an electrical overpotential, means electrochemical separation of the water molecule clusters from 14–18 molecules to 2–3 molecules, the hydration potential of water for percutaneous penetration can be increased by 3 to 4 times. As a result, skin, wounds or tissue with burns can be rehydrated much better and faster, as the water molecules are much smaller and cell membranes can pass through osmotic forces more quickly.

Since there are free electrons in the electrolysis water thanks to the electrical overpotential of the boron-doped diamond electrodes, what is known as electrical microstimulation manifests itself in the skin or wound cells upon contact with skin tissue, which leads to increased cell metabolism and thus regeneration and doubles the healing process of tissues. This means that wounds heal twice as quickly in practical use!

In addition, thanks to the electrochemical splitting of the water molecules and the salts dissolved in the water, salt-containing neutral electrolysis water produced with diamond electrodes has oxidative radicals such as ozone (03), hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorides, hypochlorides, acids and other peroxides such as peroxydisulfates, Peroxydicarbonates, singlet oxygen, and hydroxide radicals etc.

These radicals, which are made from the ions of the natural minerals in the water and by adding NaCl (table salt), preferably 5 grams per liter, have an excellent biocidal effect in the mix against bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, bacteriophages and monocygotes and can easily penetrate tissue and cell membranes. This results in an excellent disinfection performance without toxic residues or fat or color components, as is the case with many disinfectant creams or tinctures. At the same time, the oxygen ions produced electrochemically during electrolysis also contribute to the stimulation of the intracellular metabolic processes, which contribute significantly to cell regeneration. The hydrogen ions also formed during electrolysis neutralize and also eliminate toxic radicals that can arise in dermatological inflammatory processes.

The use of electrolysis water of this type does not leave any toxic residues, but only salts that contribute to the prevention of re-infections and also to the drying out of damaged wound cells.

Conventionally produced electrolysis water in generators with membrane technology (diaphragm) is not stable and efficient for the specified applications and also contains only chlorine compounds. (Hypochlorite OCI and hypochlorite acid HCIO).

In addition, the new medical and cosmetic technology is extremely user-friendly, since the electrolysis water solution can be applied with the help of a spray or Mister and then dries quickly, since the evaporation point is only 72 ° C in contrast to normal water. There is also no need to apply bandages or compresses. The treatment can be repeated numerous times a day as required. In addition, the electrolysis water is not cytotoxic up to 1000 ppm free chlorine content.

The use of electrolysis water in these forms is also very cost-effective compared to other medical or cosmetic products or antibiotics and also does not generate any resistance to germs, since the disinfection effect is based on cold oxidation, against which organisms such as germs can biologically can not protect!

The invention is efficient, inventive, and innovative for the reasons mentioned above. The inventor is not aware of any similar technologies for the hydration, tightening, disinfection and care of skin, for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds, which are produced using diamond electrodes.

The new treatment technology was successfully tested in the laboratory and in practical application tests and assessed as very efficient, ecological and sustainable.

Plant components

Technical aids

An electrical ELECTROLYSIS MACHINE with a storage tank contains the following essential parts: 1. Electrolysis generator with preferably one or more single-chamber electrolysis cells, connected in parallel, with preferably boron doped diamond electrodes or metallic mixed electrodes with electrical overpotential, pump made of corrosion-free material with a suction capacity of preferably 100 to 1000 liters per hour and 4 bar pressure, filter with preferably 50 mesh, flow meter up to 1000 liters per hour, pressure regulation with preferably 2 taps and 2 manometers, electric water flow sensor, electronic control unit with time-controlled automatic electrode reverse polarization, redox meter, m Siemens / cm conductivity Meter and water thermometer sensor. 2. Water tank made of corrosion-resistant plastic, preferably with a capacity of 1000 liters, with electrical level control and tank ventilation device. 3. Brine container with injection pump or venturi, which is connected to the electrolysis machine via a hose connection. 4. Filling station for spray devices. 5. Spray device with manual control or battery operated pump with adaptable nozzle for spray regulation with a droplet size of preferably 50 microns. Alternatively as a corrosion-resistant spray can under air pressure. 6. Microfiber cloth for removing grease layers and dirt with electrolyzed water.

Implementation of the invention

The invention is to be demonstrated using the example of cosmetic and medical applications.

A HYDRATION OF DRY SKIN

The skin (Gr. Derma; also Kutis from Latin cutis) is functionally the most versatile organ of the human or animal organism. The skin serves to delimit inside and outside (envelope organ), protect against environmental influences, represent, communicate and maintain homeostasis (inner balance). Furthermore, the skin takes on important functions in the area of metabolism and immunology and has a wide range of adaptation mechanisms. The human skin tolerates the pH value of 5.5 best.

[0048] The water balance in the skin cells is therefore of crucial importance!

The skin is hydrated due to the electrostatic forces between the charged ions and the water dipoles (ion-dipole interaction). With the formation of hydrogen bridges to the first hydrate shell, further water molecules can accumulate and thus form another hydrate sphere.

The hydration energy is used as a measure of the tendency of the ions to combine with water molecules. This is the energy that is required to bring the ions from the aqueous solution into the vacuum.

The number of bound water molecules and the strength of the bond depend on the size and the charge of the ions. With the same charge, the smaller ions build up a larger hydrate shell than the larger ones. An "aq" on the ion indicates that the ion is hydrated:

In the case of small and / or multiply charged cations, the bound water molecules can release protons; one speaks of cation acids (see Lewis acids). The solvent water may not be removed from solutions containing cation acids: Anions are generally much larger than cations and therefore less hydrated.

If non-polar and uncharged (ie water-hostile) particles are in aqueous solution, so-called hydrophobic effects occur. This also includes hydrophobic hydration. The water in the immediate vicinity of the non-polar particle (e.g. a xenon atom or a non-polar molecular group (e.g. an alkyl group) then has a little more structure and the translational and rotational mobility of the neighboring water molecules is reduced. Because the hydrophobic effect is also in the vicinity of large biomolecules, where water is arranged next to both polar and non-polar groups of molecules, this effect plays an extremely important role in many biochemical processes.The same phenomena occur with the hydration of the skin.

Parts of the skin and their functions

The skin protects against heat loss and external influences and is used to absorb contact stimuli. In addition, the individual components fulfill specialized functions:

Hair: Protection against heat loss and sun rays Horny layer: protection against injuries and dehydration Germ layer: replicates skin cells Melanocytes: Protection of the genetic information in the cell nucleus from UV radiation Free nerve endings: absorption of touch stimuli and pain sensation Lamellar bodies: absorption of pressure stimuli Sweat glands: production of sweat, protection against overheating through evaporation Cold receptors: reception of temperature stimuli «cold» Heat receptors: reception of temperature stimuli «warm» Hair follicle muscle: heat storage by straightening the vellus hair Sebum: production of sebum (fat) Sensory corpuscles: recording of stimuli Fat storage: protection against pressure and hypothermia Blood vessels: temperature regulation and supply of the skin cells with nutrients and oxygen

The skin as a border organ

The skin protects the organism against the penetration of pathogens and gaseous, liquid or solid foreign substances in the broadest sense, against mechanical injuries, radiation damage, but also against liquid, electrolyte and protein losses which take on life-threatening proportions in the event of severe burns. It is colonized by bacteria and fungi, the so-called resident skin flora. The Langerhans cells function as antigen-presenting cells in the skin.

Mass transfer

Substances from the environment are absorbed and released to varying degrees in different animals via the body surface. These can be gaseous, liquid or solid (dissolved in an aqueous medium). The exchange of substances can take place actively (with expenditure of energy) or passively (in the direction of an osmotic gradient).

The gases can be the uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide (skin respiration), but also nitrogen and inert gases. Water can be absorbed or released to regulate water and serve as a transport medium for dissolved gaseous or solid substances. Dissolved substances can be salts (intake or release), nutrients (many endoparasites only feed themselves this way), excretion products, but also toxic substances from the environment (such as organic lead compounds).

Heat balance

The body can regulate its heat balance through the skin. The skin with the sweat glands counteracts overheating. Through the production of sweat and the evaporation that is possible as a result, heat is dissipated from the capillary vessels running close under the skin, which are wide open for this purpose (see sweating). With the help of the subcutaneous fatty tissue and, to a lesser extent, that of the hair, heat is retained. When it is cold, the skin and the subcutaneous fatty tissue are only slightly supplied with blood and both act as an insulator layer. The hair can only take on a minor insulating function due to the small amount of coat humans have. Nevertheless, one can still clearly observe the working principle of a fur dress. When it comes to goose bumps when it's cold, the arrector pili muscle straightens the hair. A closed hair allows a much better protection against hypothermia.

UV radiation protection

The strength of the incident UV radiation on the earth's surface depends on the time of day, the geographical location, the season, the altitude, the respective thickness of the ozone layer, the cloudiness and many other local parameters. The following protective mechanisms exist against the harmful effects of UV radiation on the skin and the underlying tissue:

While the coat (fur) of mammals or the plumage of birds protects very effectively against the adverse consequences of UV radiation, since it absorbs or reflects the majority of UV radiation, the unclothed person is largely unprotected.

The stratum corneum of human skin normally absorbs and reflects about 10% of UVB and half of UVA radiation. The skin initially reacts to constant increased UV exposure by thickening the horny layer. As a "light callus", this is particularly strong after sunburn.

The protection of the skin through pigmentation is based on the physical absorption of UV rays by pigments. Many animals have skin pigmentation. In the animal kingdom, however, the variable pigmentation of human skin represents a unique option for adapting and protecting against UV radiation. There are hardly any animals whose skin is able to change the pigmentation as much as humans.

What is known as “immediate pigment darkening” refers to a short-term tanning of the skin that lasts only a few hours after exposure to UV radiation. The instant tanning is based on both a change in the chemical conformation of the melanin molecules and a redistribution of the pigment bodies in the epidermis; it has almost no protective effect against UV radiation.

The (delayed) UV tanning does not begin until about 72 hours after the UV exposure. The melanocytes of the skin react to UV radiation with the increased production and release of eumelanin (or pheomelanin in people with skin type 1), which gives the skin a brown (pheomelanin: reddish) hue and absorbs UV to a high degree, with pheomelanin being essential absorbs less UV. The ethnically different skin colors of the people result from the respective skin types. The sweat of the human body contains urocanic acid which absorbs UVA radiation.

The first hominids may have had poorly pigmented skin covered with dark hair, similar to today's chimpanzees. Relatively soon in the hominid evolution, naked, darkly pigmented skin was likely to have developed, which served as UV protection. With the spread to the north, which is less sunny, the pigmentation could decrease, presumably in order to be able to generate better vitamin D. This could have resulted in survival benefits, particularly during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

The skin as a contact and sensory organ

The skin represents the visible part of the human body. As such, the skin fulfills a number of communicative functions. The skin is equipped with different types of receptors for the absorption of stimuli and thus for surface sensitivity: Pain receptors: They are located in the dermis, their density varies depending on the body region (up to 200 / cm <2> skin). Pressure receptors (Vater-Pacini bodies): They are used to perceive pressure sensations and are located in the subcutaneous tissue. Their density is up to 100 / cm 2. Thermoreceptors (free nerve endings): They are particularly close to the chin, nose, auricle, ear lobes (9 to 12 / cm <2>) and lips (> 15 / cm <2>). The human skin has a total of around 250,000 cold receptors. The number of heat receptors is only about 1/10 of that, and they also work significantly more slowly than cold receptors. Stretch receptors (Ruffini bodies): They register the stretching state of the skin and are located in the dermis (stratum reticulare). Their density is up to 2 / cm 2 skin. Touch receptors (Meissner bodies and Merkel cells): Touch receptors are found in hairless skin. They are particularly dense (distance: 1 to 5 mm) in the Fingertips, lips, tongue, nipples, the external genital organs and the anus region. Hair follicle receptors: They register the position of the hair.

By regular, daily use by means of a spray device, electrolysis water can be applied to all skin areas to be treated, especially on the face, which leads to a completely saturated HYDRATION of the skin cells through the rapid absorption of the small water molecule chains, which leads to the general state of health contributes to the skin and at the same time disinfects and electrically micro-stimulates the skin. Minerals and trace elements that are in or added to the water can also be smuggled into the skin in order to support metabolic processes such as growth and protective functions of the skin.

B SKIN FIRM

By hydrating at full saturation, the skin is tightened and wrinkles disappear. This condition only lasts if the HYDRATION is repeated daily by regular spraying and the electrolyzed water containing minerals can be absorbed on the skin and dries.

C SKIN CARE FUNCTIONS

A skin-caring state is achieved through regular applications by spraying the electrolysis water. Acne and age spots disappear and the talc production automatically adapts to the needs of environmental influences. Excessive fat build-up on the skin disappears and normalizes. An extremely attractive and healthy skin is formed, which lasts with regular treatment and leads to extremely good well-being for the user.

The electrolysis water is also ideal as an after shave and can even be perfumed for this purpose!

D FIGHT AGAINST YOUTH AND OLD ACNE

Acne (from Greek

"Tip, sharpness, zenith, acme") is a collective name for diseases of the sebum gland and hair follicles, which initially produce non-inflammatory comedones, but later can also give rise to a number of inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules and lumps. Mostly the sebum follicles are affected, in some forms of acne the terminal and vellus hair follicles.

Skin symptoms or diseases that are similar to acne are also called acneiform (from Latin acneiformis).

etymology

Acne as a term for the skin disease was borrowed from English into German in the 19th century. There, reference was made to a late Latin source which, through a transcription error, turned the Greek accusative plural (with m) into Latin acnas. According to Kluge, the introduction took place in English in the sense of "blossom" in originally English rosy-drop, according to the Online Etymology Dictionary, derived from the pointed appearance of the acne lesions papules and pustules.

is related to Greek

«Pointed» (in German medical usage, compare the Akren, also Akrobat) and originally related to the Latin acutus, «acute» and German corner.

Epidemiology

Acne is the most common skin disease worldwide. 70 to 95 percent of all adolescents have acne skin changes, particularly the face and the upper trunk area. The incidence of the disease peaks between the ages of 15 and 18 years. In the majority of cases, spontaneous regression occurs after puberty, of which 2 to 7 percent result in significant scarring. In 10 percent of the cases, the disease persists beyond the age of 25. 10 to 30 percent of those affected require drug therapy.

Forms of acne

Acne is systematized according to age, cause and severity or degree of severity.

The best known and most widespread is acne vulgaris or "common acne", sometimes also called acne simplex. "Usually" here means that the acne occurs due to the increased influence of androgens during puberty and subsides by the beginning of the third decade at the latest. Because its causes lie in changes in the body's metabolism, acne vulgaris is one of the endogenous forms of acne.

A distinction is also made according to age:

Acne neonatorum: acne in newborns

Acne infantum: acne in prepubescent childhood (from the third month of life)

Acne tarda: acne in advanced adulthood, here usually after the age of 25.

Acne of endogenous cause is possible in principle at any age. Metabolic diseases come into consideration as background in particular in prepubertal and advanced adulthood.

However, acne can also be caused “from the outside”. Well-known exogenous forms of acne are:

Acne aestivalis, also known as “Mallorca acne”, appears after exposure to UV. The background is presumably the reactions of free radicals with the lipids from fatty cosmetics, sunscreens or the body's own sebum, from which inflammation-promoting substances emerge.

Acne cosmetica, occurs after use of comedogenic cosmetics.

Acne medicamentosa, arises from the use of drugs containing barbiturates, lithium or corticosteroids, anabolic steroids abuse and overdoses of vitamin B6, B12 or D2.

Acne venenata - the "contact acne". These include chlorine, oil and tar acne.

Acne inversa is an often severe inflammation of the sebum glands and terminal hair follicles, preferably in intertriginous areas such. B. armpit, groin and gluteal crease. The pathogenesis is not fully understood; tobacco smoking often appears to play a role as a special exogenous factor.

A distinction is made between acne comedonica and acne papulo-pustulosa and acne conglobata according to its degree or severity. The complexion of acne comedonica is characterized by comedones and at most a few, very slight inflammations (papules). Scarring is not to be feared. Papules and pustules dominate in acne papulo-pustulosa, scarring as a result of the inflammatory processes is possible. Acne conglobata refers to the additional appearance of fistula comedones and nodules, which can result in significant scarring.

Pathogenesis

Due to increased sebum production (seborrhea) and a cornification disorder at the outlet of the sebum follicle, comedones form. If these become inflamed, papules, pustules or nodules develop. Acne is one of the diverse (polymorphic) skin diseases with a complex genetic background. Studies on homozygous twins showed that both twins were affected very similarly in 98 percent of the cases in terms of age of onset, sebum production rate and number of comedones. In contrast, a study with heterozygous twins found that only one twin was affected in half of the cases. There were also little to no similarities in sebum production and comedone count in these cases. A familial accumulation was observed: If both parents had acne, then the risk of acne disease for their children is over 50 percent.

Other causes are: Bacteria: Recent research results show that the onset of the acne inflammation process does not require excessive colonization (hypercolonization) with Propionibacterium acnes. Nonetheless, the bacteria that occupy the resulting wound play a role in the further course of the inflammatory process.Androgens: Androgens stimulate the increase in the volume of the sebum gland (sebum hyperplasia) as well as keratinocyte proliferation or the development of a proliferation hyperkeratosis in the duct of the affected follicle.

Ligands of Peroxisome Proliferation Activating Receptors (PPAR): Human sebum glands are abundantly endowed with PPAR. Among the various PPAR subtypes, PPARα is particularly involved in the regulation of lipid synthesis. The 5-lipoxygenase product leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is one of the strongest naturally occurring PPARα ligands. Together with androgens, it stimulates lipid synthesis in the sebum glands.

Comedogenic substances: Comedogenic substances, for example from cosmetics, because of their material properties, prevent the exfoliation of the corneocytes (retention hyperkeratosis) and thus promote the formation of comedones (comedogenesis).

Smoking: Research showed that cigarette smoke contains high amounts of arachidonic acid and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These initiate a phospholipase A2-dependent signaling pathway that can further stimulate the pro-inflammatory effects of arachidonic acid.

Stress: The stress hormone CRH is able to influence lipid genesis and the conversion of DHEA to testosterone in the sebocytes. To what extent this has an effect in practice and whether the knowledge opens up new therapeutic approaches remains to be clarified.

Consequences and complications

Acne-related inflammation can be accompanied by redness, swelling, itching and tenderness. In the case of major inflammation, there is also a risk of lymph node swelling, headache, fever and sepsis. The outbreak of folliculitis / furunculosis can be promoted by smear infection. Heaviness, d. H. highly inflammatory forms of acne are associated with scarring. Furthermore, acne can lead to psychological and social problems for those affected, as it is perceived as stigmatizing. Phobic disorders, neuroses, relationship disorders, bullying of the person affected by their social environment, depression and suicidality are possible.

treatment

The best treatment for any type of acne is treatment with electrolyzed water. Electrolysis water penetrates deep into the skin and oxidizes and disinfects the follicle excrement and sebum secretions, which leads to the healing of inflammations. The remaining salt, preferably NaCl, on the skin has a permanent effect against bacteria and prevents new infections and is used to regulate the hydration of the skin and its functions and metabolism.

By regularly spraying on the electrolysis water every day and letting it dry, preferably 150 ppm of free chlorine, 1 ppm of ozone and 0.7 ppm of H2O2, 5-10 times a day, acne can under normal conditions without further medication and in compliance with some dietary measures (not greasy and eat strongly seasoned) cured and avoided.

E TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS

Psoriasis or psoriasis (old Gr.

in ancient times incorrectly equated with the

"Scabies") is a disease that occurs in typical cases as a skin disease, which is mainly manifested by scaly, punctiform to palm-sized areas of skin (often on the knees, elbows and scalp) and changes in the nails. In this respect, it is a systemic disease in the form of a non-contagious, inflammatory dermatosis. In addition, psoriasis can also affect other organs, especially the joints and associated ligaments and adjacent soft tissues, as well as the eyes and the vascular system. The etiology of psoriasis is probably multifactorial (hereditary disposition, autoimmune reaction) and has not yet been conclusively clarified.

story

A scaly skin disease, which was probably psoriasis, was already described by the Greek doctor Hippocrates (approx. 460-370 BC). The term psoriasis was used for the first time by the doctor Galenus, who used it to describe flaking in the eye and scrotum area. However, based on current research, this was probably eczema.

For a long time, psoriasis was not distinguished from scabies caused by mites. Presumably, psoriasis was also often confused with leprosy; It is believed that many “lepers” did not suffer from leprosy but from psoriasis and other dermatoses.

October 29 was declared World Psoriasis Day (Psoriasis Day).

causes

Hereditary disposition

Psoriasis is to a considerable extent hereditary, therefore familial accumulation is observed, with occasionally several generations being skipped. To date, however, it is not known whether psoriasis is inherited as a dominant or recessive inheritance. It is assumed that it is triggered by the interaction of variants of different genes and environmental influences. The risk of an identical twin of an affected person also getting sick is 65–72%. [1] About 2-3% of the population in Central Europe are affected by the disease, while the proportion in the USA is about 4-5%. Psoriasis is almost non-existent among Inuit, Indians, Black Africans and Aborigines; in Japan and the People's Republic of China the prevalence is between 0.025 and 0.3%, most common among Kazakhs (up to 12%). Psoriasis does not break out in all hereditary maize carriers; In addition to the hereditary disposition, other, mostly still unknown, factors must probably be added.

The fact that in hereditary diseases actually disadvantageous genes are retained over thousands of years is an attempt to explain by other selection advantages of those affected. For psoriasis it is postulated that people prone to psoriasis suffer less from skin infections because they have more defensins (antibacterial proteins contained in the cells of the stratum corneum of the skin).

Immune system malfunction

It is assumed that this is an autoimmune T-cell-mediated immune reaction in which the immune system recognizes the body's own tissue as foreign and attacks it. A pro-inflammatory environment develops in the affected tissues.

Surprisingly, an Italian study found a prevalence of 18 percent with latent tuberculosis infection among a good 400 people suffering from psoriasis. Whether the infection is a risk factor for psoriasis or whether both infection and psoriasis are favored by the same defect in the immune system must be further investigated.

Manifestation on the skin

The affected persons typically have monomorphic, reddish, mostly round, island-shaped, sharply delimited and slightly raised foci. These efflorescences are found mainly on the scalp, elbows, kneecaps and around the navel and anus, above the coccyx and knuckles and under the earlobes. In general, areas of the skin that are often stretched (such as the joints mentioned, but also e.g. the calves) or otherwise mechanically stressed (e.g. under the belt) are affected. The scalp psoriasis occupies a special position. The hairy head is the most frequently affected skin area of psoriasis in both juvenile forms and adults. According to the German Dermatological Society in the guideline on psoriasis of the hairy head, statistical information on the frequency of scalp involvement in psoriasis fluctuates between 50 and 80 percent. The scalp counts a. due to their sensitivity and the thick hair to the so-called "difficult-to-treat areas".

The upper skin (epidermis) of a healthy person renews itself within 26 to 27 days. During this time, new skin cells are formed and the aged (keratinized) skin cells (keratinocytes) are almost invisibly rejected by the body. In healthy skin, the keratinocytes provide mechanical, microbial and chemical protection for the skin. The transcription factor STAT3 is normally only activated after a skin defect and then triggers the repair process by increasing the number of keratinocytes and activating the cutaneous T cells.

In psoriasis, on the other hand, the keratinization of the affected areas takes place both accelerated - the skin layer renews itself prematurely within only 3 to 7 days - and increased (hyperkeratotic) and with loss of the granular stratum structure and function disturbed (parakeratotic) . The reasons are the increased DNA synthesis and the increased mitotic activity of the basal cells of the epidermis. The STAT3 is activated even if there is no skin defect, and consequently unadjusted remodeling processes in the epidermis are ongoing.

In psoriasis, due to the accelerated renewal, the aged skin cells form silvery, coarse, lamellar scales which have a sebum-like, silvery consistency reminiscent of candle wax (candle wax phenomenon). The underlying tissue, the lowest cell layer of the epidermis, the border to the dermis, has a strong blood supply due to the increased growth and therefore appears as a strong reddening under the easily removable scales. Even deeper cell layers are easily detached (phenomenon of the last membrane). If this thin membrane can be peeled off, this is almost always a sure sign of psoriasis. After removal, punctiform bleeding occurs (phenomenon of bloody dew, Auspitz phenomenon).

The infiltration of neutrophils, which leads to microabscesses (“Munro abscess”) under the horny layer, is also typical.

The severity of the disease is determined primarily for the evaluation of therapy results with the PASI score.

The mental stress of psoriasis sufferers is generally greatly underestimated; however, according to more recent studies, they are in the order of magnitude of heart attack patients. Many sufferers experience their illness as a severe impairment of their personal quality of life. They feel socially isolated, suffer from a lack of self-esteem and often also from depression. The fact that the rate of alcohol abuse in psoriasis is significantly higher than that of the general population can be both a consequence and an aggravating non-specific irritation of the skin disease.

Psoriasis vulgaris

Type I (60-70% of cases) manifests itself before the age of forty, has a familial frequency and is more severe than type II in its course. 95% of this form is with the histocompatibility antigen HLA-Cw 6 and HLA-Dr 7 as well as with HLA-B 17 and HLA-B 57 coupled. All genes are on the short arm of chromosome 6.

The typical first manifestation of psoriasis vulgaris is psoriasis guttata, which often occurs after contact with trigger factors such as drugs (β-blockers, lithium, antimalarials, etc.) or a streptococcal infection. However, it can subside again or turn into a vulgaris. Localization points of psoriasis vulgaris are the scalp (psoriasis capilitii), the intertriginous spaces, the flexor surfaces (psoriasis inversa), the palms and soles of the feet (psoriasis palmarum et plantarum), the genital and the anal localization (with a rhagade in the anal notch as typical Sign applies).

Type II (30-40% of cases) late manifestation often only after the age of forty. It is usually associated with nail psoriasis or joint problems (psoriatic artrithis). The HLA coupling is only slight and there is no familial accumulation. Most of them are easier gradients.

Zumbusch type. (0.5–2.5% of cases) skin involvement with pustular formation and increased coupling with HLA-B27, observed above all from the age of 50, rarely earlier.

The causes of this mostly generalized form of psoriasis are still largely unexplained. It is assumed that unusually large amounts of the neutrophil chemotactic interleukin-8 flow in, which explains the massive migration of neutrophils into the stratum corneum. The influx leads to sterile pustules. In addition to IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), which leads to cutaneous inflammatory reactions and systemic symptoms, is of major importance.

The clinical course is characterized by an acute attack of fever. Within a few hours, extensive erythema with pustules develop, first at the points of contact with the skin (e.g. under the breast) and later generalized, with pustules that can confluent in severe cases.

Within 24 hours, the number of leukocytes increases, the calcium content decreases, as does the albumin content in the blood plasma. In the further course there are always new attacks of fever and generalized pustules.

Generalized pustular psoriasis

This special form of psoriasis can be fatal without therapy, including internal applications (see below) and is also triggered by cosmetic products (see below).

Psoriasis pustulosa palmaris et plantaris

Barber type If the general condition is good, the pustules are only on the hands and feet.

Acrodermatitis continua suppurativa

Hallopeau type; see also Hallopeau's disease. The pustules are on the acres (these are: fingers, toes, hands, feet, nose, chin, eyebrow and zygomatic arches), especially on the fingers. Nail and hair loss are possible.

Manifestation on the skin appendages

If the scalp is severely affected, the hair follicles can be impaired, which, as a special form of island-shaped hair loss, results in alopecia psoriatica.

Changes to the nails of toes and fingers are sometimes the only symptom. It comes to nail matrix psoriasis (pit or dimple nails, "oil stains" or yellowish discolored oil nails), to nail bed psoriasis (distal onycholysis) and to subungual onychodystrophy (crumb nail, nail thickening).

Participation of other organs

With and without (substantial) involvement of the skin, psoriasis can also affect other organs:

Arthropathic psoriasis also called psoriatic arthritis

Inflammatory changes in the joints and associated ligaments and adjacent soft tissues, with and without simultaneous changes in the skin and with and without overlap with Bechterew's disease with evidence of HLA-B27.

eyes

Inflammations of the interior of the eye (uveitis) occur more frequently in psoriasis, are often associated with inflammations of the retina as well, and have further peculiarities compared to other forms of uveitis.

Cardiovascula

Psoriasis is an independent, significant risk factor for arterial diseases of the cardiovascular system. A comparison over 14 years of around 127,000 psoriasis sufferers with over 550,000 comparable patients without psoriasis showed in 2006 that per 1,000 person-years for patients with severe psoriasis of the skin it was 5.13, for mild psoriasis it was 4.04, in contrast with patients without psoriasis there were only 3.58 heart attacks. Young patients with severe skin psoriasis were at greatest risk. More recent, similarly extensive studies, for example in Denmark, confirmed this and showed that people with psoriasis are at increased risk of stroke and cardiac arrhythmias.

Diagnosis

Psoriatic phenomena

Candle phenomenon: By scratching the psoriasis focus with a wooden spatula, the loosely adhering, silvery-white scales, which are reminiscent of the scraping of a wax candle, fall off.

Phenomenon of the last membrane: When scratching further, a lamellar thin membrane can finally be removed.

Auspitz phenomenon / phenomenon of bloody dew (= phenomenon of point-like bleeding): After removal of the parakeratotic material and the last membrane, point-like bleeding occurs.

Differential diagnoses

Reiter’s disease

Of the numerous diseases which can run similar to psoriasis, only this is mentioned here. The full picture with the triad of joint inflammation (arthritis), conjunctivitis (conjunctivitis) and inflammation of the urethra (urethritis) is probably triggered by an autoimmune reaction after bacterial infection, even if this is not always remembered. If there are visible skin changes near the inflamed joints that are similar to those of psoriasis, Reiter’s disease is a differential diagnosis to psoriatic arthritis.

Course, triggering or aggravating factors [edit] The disease progresses differently in each patient. In some patients it appears to heal and only occurs once in a lifetime (in around 25% of patients), while other patients alternate between phases with strong and little or no activity of the disease.

Many affected persons report serious physical or psychological stressful situations as the initial triggering factor, such as a severe flu infection, an operation or even drastic private experiences such as the death of a close relative. In women in particular, severe hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy, for example, have resulted in an outbreak and a so-called "psoriasis surge" for the first time. The fact that psoriasis often breaks out for the first time during puberty could also belong in this context. Most often the disease only shows up between the ages of 20 and 30 (Type I, see above). In individual cases, psoriasis already occurs in childhood and then represents an additional and mostly underestimated psychological burden for the child. Especially in autumn and winter it comes because of the additional skin stress from dry heated air and wet and cold climatic conditions and probably also because of less UV radiation leads to flare-ups.

In addition, psoriasis can be triggered and worsened by numerous drugs such as: beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, lithium salts, antimalarials, interferons, tetracyclines, terbinafine, NSAIDs and folic acid.

Risk factors are also cosmetic preparations of everyday life, in particular if they dry out the skin (for example alcohol-containing lotions) or irritate it chemically, such as shaving foam, hairspray and hand washing preparations. Even cosmetic products that are actually intended to alleviate psoriatric symptoms can lead to their deterioration and even dangerous generalized pustular psoriasis, such as the numerous shampoos that contain zinc pyrithione.

Nonspecific stimuli such as injuries, friction, operations, sunburns or the like are also observed as trigger factors for psoriasis. Psoriasis is therefore one of the diseases in which the Koebner phenomenon can be demonstrated. Obesity, alcohol abuse and stress can also make psoriasis worse.

treatment

On the basis of the understanding of psoriasis as a genetically co-conditioned disease and the fact that gene therapy has not yet been available, no cure can be expected from other types of treatment, but only an alleviation of the symptoms. In addition, as with all diseases with a phased course and spontaneous improvement, it is difficult to distinguish the effectiveness of treatment methods with regard to this relief from the placebo effect on the one hand and spontaneous improvement (remission) on the other. This applies to treatments based on both medical and alternative medicine. Treatment is graded depending on the severity of the disease and the involvement of possible organs.

The above-mentioned ELECTROLYSIS WATER has proven to be one of the best psoriasis treatment methods. When used as an immersion bath or in a spray process, very good results are obtained in most cases. The oxidation potential of the electrolysis water to oxidize dead skin cells to H2O and C02 play an essential role as well as the disinfection effect, the accelerated rehydration of the skin and the electrical micro-stimulation and the salt content of the electrolysis water, which in combination lead to healing processes of the skin tissue in psoriasis.

F DECUBITUS TREATMENT

A pressure ulcer is an area of local damage to the skin and underlying tissue. The decubitus ulcer is also called pressure sore, bed sore, or ulcer. The term decubitus (Latin., Compare Etymology) is also synonymous.

The decubitus ulcers can be care errors and are therefore also rated as an indicator of the quality of care.

etymology

Decubitus ulcer

The term decubitus, a neo-Latin word coined in the 19th century, presumably comes from decumbere, decubitum ("to lie down", especially for sleeping, eating or having sex). It is also possible to derive from the Latin decubare ("to lie"). What is meant in each case is the sick person's "sagging". The resulting pressure sores were called gangraena per decubitum, which is derived from the Greek gàngraina,

"Eating ulcer" derives and meant "putrid wound from lying down" (compare gangrene). They were later shortened to bedsores, so that the term can now refer to both the cause (bedsores) and the result (pressure ulcer). The word ulcer has been used in German-speaking countries since the 16th century. It is derived from Schwären (old high German sweran), "pain", "swell", "fester" and originally meant "that which festers".

According to JB Shea, decubitus ulcers are divided into four grades and according to Walter O. Seiler, three stages:

Grade 1: circumscribed reddening of the skin that cannot be pushed away with intact skin. Further clinical signs can be edema formation, induration and local overheating.

Grade 2: partial loss of skin; The epidermis and parts of the corium are damaged. The pressure damage is superficial and can clinically appear as a blister, abrasion, or shallow ulcer.

Grade 3: Loss of all skin layers including damage or necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue that may extend up to, but not below, the underlying fascia. The pressure ulcer shows up clinically as a deep, open ulcer.

Grade 4: Loss of all skin layers with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscles, bones or supporting structures such as tendons or joint capsules, with or without loss of all skin layers.

Stage A: wound “clean”, granulation tissue, no necrosis

Stage B: The wound was covered with a greasy covering, residual necrosis, no infiltration of the surrounding tissue, granulation tissue, no necrosis

Stage C: wound like stage B with infiltration of the surrounding tissue and / or general infection (sepsis)

Emergence

The term pressure ulcer refers to the local pressure load as a decisive development factor. The following formula applies: pressure x time. If external pressure acting on the vessels exceeds the capillary pressure of the vessels, trophic disturbances occur. This limit value is often referred to in the literature as the physiological capillary pressure. As a rule, the dead weight of the respective (immobile) body part is sufficient for this. Various studies to determine the capillary pressure (among others by E. M. Landis, K.-D. Neander, Yamada and Burton) provided pressure values between 32 and 70 mm Hg, which led to an interruption of the blood supply.

If a pressure load that exceeds the capillary pressure threshold lasts longer, the subsequent undersupply of the cells with oxygen (hypoxia) and nutrients leads to a reduction in the oxygen partial pressure to 0 mm Hg (ischemia) and an accumulation of toxic (acidic) Metabolic products and, as a result, necrosis of the tissue and irreversible damage to nerve cells. The increase in the acidic metabolic products triggers a reflex in healthy people, which leads to a relocation and thus relief of the endangered skin areas before the corresponding areas suffer permanent damage. In elderly and sick people, these reflexes are often only limited or no longer available, so that in these groups of people the necessary relief of the tissue does not occur. The body reacts to the subsequent acidification of the tissue by widening the vessels (vascular dilatation) so that these areas of the skin are supplied with more blood - the result is a reddening of the skin that remains even under pressure - a decubitus grade I. Areas with low soft tissue coverage (muscles or fatty tissue) and outwardly curved (convex) bony abutments are particularly at risk, as the pressure that arises cannot be sufficiently distributed due to the lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue, such as the sacrum, the heels, the rolling hills of the thigh bones and the Ankle.

The development of a pressure ulcer must be seen as a multifactorial event, a distinction being made between intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. While the intrinsic factors “lie in the patient himself” (reduced mobility, old age / old age, diet, dehydration, body weight, additional illnesses, infections, urinary or fecal incontinence, sensory disorders, the extrinsic factors are determined by the patient's environment and can thus - in the best case - by mobilization and the choice of a suitable aid as well as correct repositioning (see also pressure ulcer mattress) and consistently planned care of the person affected.

Other extrinsic factors that favor the development of a pressure ulcer are:

Shear forces lead to twisting of the blood vessels; trophic disorders are the result. Especially in older people, in whom a decrease in the water content of the skin leads to a loss of elasticity, shear forces can also lead to a separation of entire skin layers from one another; Friction leads to injuries on the skin surface; Temperatures in non-physiological areas and high levels of moisture lead to a softening (maceration) of the upper skin layer, which is more prone to injury.

Furthermore, the following factors promote pressure ulcers: Fever → sweating and increased oxygen consumption Urinary and fecal incontinence, plus acidic pH Obesity → pressure from more weight, increased sweating Cachexia → insufficient padding due to a lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue Paraplegia, as possible pressure points (especially on the buttocks) are not noticed in time.

Further factors: heart failure, diabetes mellitus, immune deficiency and poor general condition.

Scoring systems on which points are awarded for various categories (for example mental state, physical state, mobility, ...) have proven to be favorable as instruments for assessing the pressure ulcer risk based on intrinsic factors. Patients below a certain number of points are then considered to be at risk.

As early as the 1950s, Doreen Norton developed the Norton scale. It was not until 1985 that this inadequate and sometimes vaguely formulated scale was expanded to become the modified Norton scale. In addition to the Medley and Waterlow scales, which are based more on specific patient ideas or care areas, the Braden scale is primarily used in the USA today, which introduces the categories of "friction and shear forces" and "sensory sensitivity".

Open decubitus ulcers can be viewed as entry portals for pathogens which not only cause local infections. A decubitus lesion can therefore lead to a whole range of serious and possibly fatal secondary diseases such as pneumonia or even blood poisoning (sepsis) due to the spread of pus over the bloodstream.

prevention

Anti-decubitus pillows. Right side view. Gel and foam combination

Air-filled anti-decubitus pillows. Prevention (prophylaxis) consists in avoiding pressure points, for example by exposing or padding protruding bone points (contact points are predilection points), alternating positioning of the helpless (see therapy, positioning plan in professional care) and optimized skin care. As a natural method, mobilization comes first in prophylaxis. Attention must be paid to the fluid balance. Dehydrated people are more at risk of pressure ulcers. Urinary or fecal incontinence can also lead to skin damage.

An important aid for decubitus prophylaxis are special sheepskins or anti-decubitus pelts made from virgin wool, because they have a pressure-relieving effect, reduce shear forces and have very good moisture dissipation which can prevent skin maceration. Large clinical studies show a decrease in pressure ulcer cases when sheepskins are used in accordance with Australian Standard 4480-1.1998. Since these skins can be washed at up to 95 °, hygiene is no longer a problem.

An important factor in pressure ulcer prophylaxis is to try to put yourself in the position of the person affected, e.g. B. Trying out a wheelchair cushion. If you have to sit on it for a few hours, but it is too hard and you can't feel it, it can quickly lead to a pressure point. In the case of bedridden people, attempts will be made to reduce the pressure on the tissue by means of causal therapeutic systems for pressure relief such as soft positioning, alternating pressure mattresses, furs or positioning pillows. A two-hour repositioning affects the time factor in which the endangered skin areas are exposed to pressure, with the aim of minimizing this.

It is important to maintain proper personal hygiene, keeping the skin clean, intact and dry, e.g. B. in incontinent patients regular partial washes with electrolysis water as a care product on the skin and avoid drying it out, and a regular change of incontinence products. If there is incontinence, it should be treated.

It is also important to avoid wrinkles and food scraps in items of clothing, incontinence materials or bed pads, as these can quickly lead to pressure points if there is little or no change in position (for example in wheelchairs or bedridden people).

The psychological situation of the person concerned is also not to be neglected, since he can be more likely to be stimulated for his own motivation, nutrition, mobilization, prophylaxis, etc. if a holistic care concept is applied. He should participate in social life and meet other people instead of just spending the day in his bed or room.

A balanced diet rich in vitamins and nutrients is also one of many prerequisites for avoiding pressure ulcers. This is especially important if there is a large skin defect that has led to a loss of protein via the wound.

treatment

The above-mentioned ELECTROLYSIS WATER has proven to be one of the best DECUBITUS treatment methods. When used as an immersion bath or in a spray process, very good results are obtained in most cases. The oxidation potential of the electrolysis water for the oxidation of dead suppurated tissue cells to H2O and C02 play an essential role as well as the disinfection effect, the accelerated rehydration of the skin and the electrical micro-stimulation and the salt content of the electrolysis water, which in combination lead to healing processes of the wound tissue in bedsores . The healing process is accelerated up to twice as much in practical application.

G OPEN LEG TREATMENT IN DIABETICS (GANGRA)

As a gangrene or gangrene (plural the gangrene; Greek.

"Eating ulcer", literally "the eroding wound") is the term used to describe tissue necrosis, usually as a result of insufficient blood supply, in which the affected tissue disintegrates through decomposition and autolysis (self-digestion) and changes color as a result of hemoglobin degradation. In the past one also spoke of a dry fire or a wet fire or gangrene. The term gas fire is still in use today for an infected gangrene with gas-forming clostridia.

The definitions and morphological classifications are slightly different depending on the literature. The following structure is based on that of the Pschyrembels.

A distinction is made between a) dry, b) moist gangrene and c) gas burn. The first shows shrinkage and leather-like drying (mummification) as a result of water loss, while the second is characterized by bacterial attack and has a fluid and fine consistency. In gas gangrene, on the other hand, the bacteria in the dead or dying tissue form blisters under the skin, causing the tissue to peel off quickly.

Since bacteria are usually present in gangrene, the resulting infection often contributes to the rapid spread of cell death. If the bacteria enter the bloodstream, the condition becomes critical (septic blood poisoning) and, if not promptly given appropriate antibiotic treatment, death is common.

Occurrence

Gangrene occurs primarily in the extremities, for example as a result of peripheral arterial occlusive disease or diabetic microangiopathy. The feet are affected more often than the hands, in this case one also speaks of a foot burn. Lung abscesses and aspiration pneumonia can lead to pulmonary gangrene (gangraena pulmonis). As a result of a mesenteric infarction or an ileus (intestinal obstruction), the affected section of the intestine, the small or large intestinal gangrene, can die. In dentistry, gangrene is an infection-related necrosis of the pulp, i.e. the nerve-supplied part of a tooth.

Older pathological differentiations are

Gangraena arteriösclerotica - gangrene caused by arteriosclerosis (compare arterial occlusive disease)

Gangraena senilis - so-called old age burn, also due to arteriosclerotic changes

Gangraena emphysematosa - gas burn or intoxicating burn with edema caused by clostridia, mostly of the muscles, predominantly as a result of tears

Gangraena congelationis - gangrene in frostbite (as the third degree of severity)

Genital acuta gangrena - gangrenous inflammation of genital organs

Gangraena nosocomialis - so-called hospital fire (see also hospital fever)

therapy

The above-mentioned ELECTROLYSIS WATER has proven to be one of the best GANGRAEN treatment methods. When used as an immersion bath or in a spray process, very good results are obtained in most cases. The oxidation potential of the electrolysis water for the oxidation of dead suppurated tissue cells to H2O and CO2 play an essential role, as well as the excellent disinfection effect, the accelerated rehydration of the skin and the electrical micro-stimulation and the salt content of the electrolysis water, which in combination with the healing processes of the wound tissue in GANGRÄEN to lead. The healing process is accelerated up to twice as much in practical application. In most cases, necrectomy (removal of dead tissue) or amputation is unnecessary and can be avoided.

H GENERAL WOUND TREATMENT Importance of wound treatment

In the narrower sense, this is understood to mean, in particular, the permanent care of chronic wounds. Of these, decubitus ulcers, diabetic foot syndrome and vascular ulcus cruris are the most common and affect around three to four million people in Germany. The annual cost of treating chronic wounds was estimated at 2.15 to 3.25 billion euros in 1997, and around five billion euros in 2008. Due to the progressive aging of the population and the simultaneous increase in obesity and diabetes mellitus, further burdens are to be expected in the coming years.

therapy

As one of the best general WOUND treatment methods, physiological ELECTROLYSIS WATER with a salt content of max. 0.9% and a pH of 7.34, with preferably 150 ppm free chlorine, 1 ppm ozone, 0.7 ppm H2O2. In most cases, very good results are obtained when used as an immersion bath or in the spray process, or in the catheter irrigation process. The oxidation potential of the electrolysis water for the oxidation of dead suppurated tissue cells to H2O and CO2 play an essential role, as well as the excellent disinfection effect, the accelerated rehydration of the skin and the electrical micro-stimulation and the salt content of the electrolysis water, which in combination lead to healing processes of the wound tissue. The healing process is accelerated up to twice as much in practical application. In most cases, necrectomy (removal of dead tissue) or amputation is unnecessary and can be avoided. At the same time, applications with UV, infrared or laser radiation can also be used in parallel, which support the healing process combined with electrolysis water as a physiological disinfecting and cleaning solution.

K TREATMENT OF SUNBURN AND BURN WOUNDS

In medicine, a burn (combustion, burn injury, burn trauma) is damage caused by excessive exposure to heat. This can be caused by hot liquids (scalding), vapors or gases, the effects of flames and explosions, strong sunlight (sunburn), electric current or friction. The burn primarily damages the skin and mucous membrane. This must be distinguished from cold burns, a special form of frostbite that causes damage that is locally comparable to burning.

A burn injury that exceeds a certain level has not only locally limited consequences for the organism concerned. Depending on the extent of the immediate damage, secondary circulatory shock and general inflammatory reactions of the body (SIRS, sepsis) can occur, which in the worst case are associated with a loss of function of organs initially uninvolved (e.g. acute kidney failure). The entirety of these systemic disorders is called a burn disease.

therapy

Since the therapy of the severe burn disease is extremely complex and difficult, special medical centers have specialized in the treatment.

First aid, cooling

Small-area burns should be cooled immediately after the heat source has been removed in order to alleviate the pain of the person affected and to prevent the affected area from spreading through hot tissue parts. Cool, but not cold tap water (~ 20 ° C) is used to cool small burns. Chilling with ice carries the risk of causing frostbite and should be avoided. You should also only use low-germ water (ideal: electrolysis water) to prevent infections. The well-being of the person concerned must be taken into account when cooling. If large burns were cooled, the body would lose too much heat, which is prognostically very unfavorable. The study situation on the subject of cooling is very vague, there are hardly any controlled studies that have proven a positive effect. The only positive result of cooling is an analgesic (pain-relieving) effect, which makes cooling appear sensible for small burns.

Burned clothing or other objects burned into the skin are removed in specialist clinics and remain on the person concerned until then.

If the person concerned becomes unconscious, the basic first aid measures apply (stable lateral position, resuscitation). After cooling, the burn wound should be covered with a sterile, if possible non-fluffy wound dressing (ideally a metal wound dressing) and presented to the doctor. Oil, flour or other household remedies must not be applied to the burn wound. Special gel or ointment supplies do not need to be applied and are not part of first aid for burns.

Volume replacement

From a burned body surface area of 20% (10% in children), the effect of the capillary leak plays the decisive role in the initial course of the burn disease (see section “Effect on the whole organism”).

The most important objective in the first minutes and hours of therapy is to increase blood volume by infusing fluid. The assessment of the amount and type of funds requires a brief preliminary consideration: At the time of these therapeutic measures, it must be assumed that the capillary leak is maintained by active immune processes. Protein-rich blood plasma is constantly lost in the tissue, as the damaged epithelium does not represent an effective barrier for the large protein molecules. On the one hand, there is a considerable loss of blood volume, which has to be compensated for by administering considerable amounts of water, especially in the first minutes and hours after the injury. On the other hand, there is a significant increase in the colloid osmotic pressure in the tissue and thus a perpetuation of the process, since the high colloid osmotic pressure binds water in the tissue.

In this case, crystalloid infusion solutions such as Ringer's acetate are the agent of choice. Crystalloid solutions initially have the disadvantage that they enter the tissue very quickly. However, since they do not build up any additional pressure in the tissue and the water can be quickly mobilized into the vascular system after the epithelium has healed, they have decisive advantages in the course of therapy.] Colloidal solutions are contraindicated because they increase the colloid osmotic pressure in the tissue, which leads to edema formation accelerate and withdraw fluids from the body (rebound effect).

According to the Parkland formula (also called Baxter formula), 4 ml of crystalloid fluid per kg of body weight per percent of the burned body surface area are to be infused in the first 24 hours after the injury (4 ml x kg body weight x% body weight spent). Half of this is given in the first eight hours and a quarter in the next eight hours and in the following eight hours.

The calculation based on this formula represents a reference point, but should be adapted to the individual case. The amount of agent to be infused is based on parameters of body function. These include the heart index, the amount of oxygen in the blood, vascular resistance and urine production.

Therapy of sepsis and multiple organ failure

In addition to the development of severe sepsis, the effects of volume deficiency, tissue edema and the immune reaction threaten the occurrence of cardiovascular failure, acute lung failure, acute kidney failure, liver failure and intra-abdominal compartment syndrome.

treatment

The above-mentioned ELECTROLYSIS WATER has proven to be one of the best general SUNBURN and BURN WOUND treatments. In most cases, very good results are obtained when used as an immersion bath or in the spray process, or in the catheter irrigation process. The oxidation potential of the electrolysis water to oxidize dead suppurative tissue cells to H2O and C02 play an essential role, as well as the excellent disinfection effect, the accelerated rehydration of the skin and the electrical micro-stimulation and the salt content of the electrolysis water, which in combination with the healing processes of the BRAND- Lead wound tissue. The healing process is accelerated up to twice as much in practical application!

Claims (6)

1. Method for hydration, tightening, disinfection and care of skin, for the treatment of dermatoses, sunburn and general wounds with diamond electrodes produced electrolysis water by means of spray, immersion and catheter irrigation or microfibre cloth as applicators. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrolysis water has a pH of 7.34 and a maximum salt concentration of 0.9%. 3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the electrolysis water described in an electrolysis generator with preferably one or more single-chamber electrolysis cells, connected in parallel, preferably with boron doped diamond electrodes or metallic mixing electrodes with electrical overpotential, pump from corrosion-free Material having a scooping power of preferably 100 to 1000 liters per hour and 4 bar pressure, filter preferably 50 mesh, flow meter to 1000 liters per hour, pressure control with preferably 2 taps and 2 pressure gauges, electric water flow sensor, electronic control unit with time controlled automatic Electrode reverse polarization, redox meter, mSiemens / cm conductance meter and water thermometer sensor is equipped. 4. The method according to claims 1, 2, and 3, characterized in that the electrolysis plant via a water tank made of corrosion-resistant plastic, preferably with 1000 liters content with electrical level control and tank venting, a brine tank with injection pump or venturi, with the electrolysis machine connected via a hose connection and has a filling station for spray devices. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydrogenating, disinfecting and microelectrically stimulating electrolysis water by means of a sprayer or Mister, or by immersion or catheter irrigation or in special cases with a microfiber cloth on the skin parts or wounds to be treated can be applied. 6. The method according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the produced electrolysis water contains micro-clusters of 2-4 water molecules, which has an improved cell membrane permeability and has disinfecting oxidative radicals, such as hypochlorite, hypochlorite acid, ozone, Hydrogen peroxide, mineral peroxides, oxygen and hydrogen, and also has an excess of electrons in the aqueous solution which can induce electrical micro-stimulation of the eukaryotes in tissue cells to stimulate metabolic processes in cell tissues to accelerate cell regeneration.